憑墟
廣漠寒山碧海蒼天，三墳五典八索九丘
张纯如认为美国社会长期忽视南京大屠杀，在书里试图分析其原因。张著出版后，有的书评人否认美国社会忽视南京大屠杀，指出美国虽然没有出专书、没写进历史教科书，但一直有人研究。有的书评人批评作者一味站中国立场、以中国代言人自居。对于华裔美国人，这是诛心之论。但就这本书而言，这种批评有失公允。张著（第209-10页）完整记录了南京国际委员会的贝德士等人遭到中华人民共和国批判、软禁和驱逐的事实。如果中国共产党人是中国人，这种行为按照中华文化属于忘恩负义。作者并没有不加分析站在中国的立场上。
外籍华人的身份认同、效忠国家和自处之道，因人而异，见仁见智。但张女士去世多年，印太形势已经豁然开朗。印太和平威胁来自何方，是曾经军国主义当道的日本，还是现在厉害了我的国，美国社会已达成共识。
张纯如写作此书的另一意图，是为了让华裔美国人世代不忘南京大屠杀的“历史遗产”。这份遗产如果是历史经验，的确是有价值的。如果是血海深仇，就毫无价值。章开沅先生说得好，“我们回忆充满恐怖与罪行的往事，决不是为了复仇，而是为了寻求真理与伸张正义，同时也是为了汲取历史经验，教育包括日本在内的全世界人民，反对侵略战争，维护世界和平。”
有人煽动对日本的仇恨，说什么“原子弹下无冤魂”。实际上，长崎核爆死难者绝大部分是无辜平民，还包括至少8名盟军战俘、上百名中国人、上千名朝鲜人。仇恨日本的人，无视当代日本社会承认历史、热爱和平的主流，但他们一般不会拒绝使用日本产品。
中日是近邻，两国关系历史复杂。小泽 征尔1935年出生在伪满洲国奉天市，在中国生活到6岁。他父亲小泽 开作是满洲国协和会、华北新民会的创始人之一，积极推动日本侵华事业，因为崇拜策划九一八事变的关东军军官板垣 征四郎和石原 莞尔，从二者名字中各取一字，就成了征尔、后来举世闻名的指挥家。中国一直将小泽征尔视作友好人士。小津安二郎的人生就更复杂了，曾是日本侵华毒气部队的一员，担任班长，后升军曹；南京大屠杀期间曾到句容，其后驻扎南京数月；其战时日记曾写到慰安妇。但小津战后影片人情味浓郁，体现普遍人性、东方道德、和平倾向，被认为是“史上最具人文精神的导演。”
严肃认真的批评是学术尊重的一种形式，可惜张纯如女士再也听不到我们的意见，再也没有改进著作的机会。张著2011年英文版增添了她先生布雷特·道格拉斯（Bretton Douglas）新写的跋。跋写得好，客观全面。在道格拉斯先生看来，前妻发病原因复杂，包括对日本右翼的忧惧、家族遗传、多次流产带来的身心创伤、经常熬夜、新书推介的辛劳、不信西医常服中药、骄傲等因素，跟张母说的不完全一样（265-68页）。无论如何，愿逝者安息。
2007年底日本同时代社出了张著日语版。张女士如果知道，不知是否会为日本社会的容量感到些许欣慰。
我手头有本复刻版《高等科国史》，是日本文部省编写和发行的历史教科书，原版发行于1945年7月31日。当时学制里的高等科，相当于现在的初中一、二年级。教科书出版两个星期后日本投降，所以并未真正投入使用。前几年右翼促成当年历史教科书再版，以右翼人权活动家自居的三浦 小太郎先生写了一篇解说词附在书后。解说词的结语，“我们在令和时代的使命，是尝试建立一个新的‘神国’，一个‘开放的神国’，远离狭隘民族主义、霸权主义、排他性原教旨主义以及将自己价值观强加于人的那种意识形态。”这段结语，除了“神国”的说法仍令人不安，其余似乎问题不大。不论再版者用意，这本书无疑具有时代标本意义，我们正好可以从中了解军国主义日本当年的思维和立场。
我料到军国主义者会有一套强盗逻辑，没想到竟似曾相识。该书最后一章《昭和的宏谟》【宏谟，宏谋之意】，讲满洲事变的意义和大东亚战争的使命，声称：满洲事变的缘由，在于西方列强尤其是英美长期对日本的压迫和遏制。美国操弄中国仇日排日反日，英国在新加坡加强军事。蒋介石统一中国之后，在美国怂恿下，压迫在华和人，抵制日货，蹂躏日本在华利益，触发九•一八满洲事变。事变之初，日方坚持克制。但中国竟诉诸国联，国联偏袒中国。国联背后，是一战确立的凡尔赛体系，代表旧的世界秩序。满洲事变动摇旧世界秩序，是大东亚建设的发端。
日本人感受到西方压力，从1850年代被迫开国时就开始了，称当时签订的开国条约为“不平等条约”。在凡尔赛和约谈判期间，日方诉求中反种族歧视的成分是合理的、获得中方支持，但日本力争取得跟列强同等地位的目标未能实现。长期遭人欺压的弱国心态，常会刺激民族主义疯狂生长，到国家已经强大时都不能止步。日本在日俄战争中击败沙俄后，就已成为远东第一强国，但民族思维还是弱国心理。新型强国坚守弱国心理，不啻民族灾难，给日本带来毁灭性打击。
历史会重复。不一定是抵制日货，可以是“去风险”，抵制一带一路、太阳能板、锂电池和电车。不一定是大东亚共荣圈，可以是“命运共同体”。掠夺的不一定是他国矿藏，可以是外国先进的知识产权。军国主义日本挑战的是一战确立的国际秩序，现在中、俄挑战的是二战确立的国际秩序；共同点是挑战、破坏规则，而不是维护、遵守规则。当年日本、现在中国谋求的，都是民族振兴，和相应的“国际新秩序”。“富国强兵”，是日本军国主义的核心内容，也是共产党中国的基本国策。富国落实到强兵，就是试图用暴力征服理性、破坏规则。富国强兵是军国主义，“落后就要挨打”难道不是？“落后就要挨打”是典型的社会达尔文主义，跟日、德、意法西斯主义的主张没有本质区别。
历史的教训，值得警醒。
南京大屠杀已经87年了。如果我们总结不出真正的历史教训，纪念馆修得再悲壮，在围绕历史问题的外交纠纷中态度再强硬，学术争议中调门再高，都毫无意义。日本法西斯主义在二战中遭受毁灭性打击，战后得以有效抑制。倒是当代中国，存在沦为法西斯主义国家的现实危险。历史的教训，在延续，在转移。
什么是法西斯主义？《韦氏词典》是这样定义的，“一种民粹主义政治哲学、运动或政权（如意大利墨索里尼政权），宣扬民族和种族高于个人，与独裁领导人领导的集权专制政府相关，其特点是严酷的经济社会管制和暴力镇压反对派。”
在南京大屠杀87周年之际，我们看到，历史的教训，对于当前中日两国，其实大体相同。对于中国人民，中国法西斯主义并不比日本法西斯主义更可接受。
20241213初稿
20250129从日本返回美国后改定
2 我和DYLM网友类似，出于好奇，跟读三篇。有点不解：本篇有点文不对题：题为“87年前，南京沦陷”，我以为讲的是战史---这是本人的研究兴趣。中英文文献中从未见过1937年南京战役的专文（更无专著）。但通篇是对张书的批判性很强的书评。当然我对博主没有DYLM网友那样的批评。但我很好奇，提一建设性的建议：博主能否以你的观点，写一篇类似《有关南京大屠杀之我见》，在张的贡献的基础上，从她的不足之处中，以你的观点介绍一下应该如何描述这场人间悲剧。比如，综合博主多方查找的资料，比较精准的对受害人数的估计。
作为一个华人后代，对祖国能有如此激情，弥足珍贵。她的书不能用纯学术的尺子去量，而要着眼于其历史贡献。可以说，全世界华人加起来都不如张女士对这段历史介绍的贡献大。其他学者虽然是先驱，治学很严谨，但是西方人认识日本侵华历史却不是从他们那儿得来的，而是张纯如用她的巨著把这个铁门敲开的。
评价张纯如不能着眼小处，还是要看她伟大的贡献。
冯兄，仅供讨论。
Bretton Douglas: I believe Iris’s prolonged fear and apprehension about Japanese right-wing extremists, her genetics, her multiple miscarriages, her countless all-nighters, her strenuous book tours, and her herbal supplements all may have contributed to her breakdown in Louisville in August of 2004. Paula Kamen wrote that one form of mental illness is the inability to control one’s fears. This is how Iris’s fears escalated: When our son Christopher started showing signs of autism, she discovered that many believed vaccines were the cause. She dug deeper and found that vaccines and drugs given to Gulf War veterans caused various illnesses. Around the same time, we went to see the 2004 version of The Manchurian Candidate, in which the government used mind control on Gulf War soldiers. The movie heightened her anxiety. She spent the next few days preparing for an upcoming business trip to Louisville to meet with Colonel Arthur Kelly and interview survivors of the Bataan Death March. Instead of sleeping, she spent the next few nights visiting web sites on autism, Gulf War Syndrome, and many conspiracy theories. We were all quite concerned about her at the time she left for Louisville, but we thought if she went on the research trip she would focus on her work and not on all the conspiracies. However, her mind began to play tricks on her due to the lack of sleep. She believed that the government was trying to poison her, so she refused to eat or drink anything after she left our home. Her condition deteriorated rapidly due to the deprivation of food, water, and sleep. She called her mother in terrible condition, and her mother contacted Colonel Kelly. When Colonel Kelly and his wife, a retired nurse, saw her condition, they called for an ambulance. Iris had never met Colonel Kelly in person; she became convinced they were part of a conspiracy to do harm to her, so she tried to flee. Police and paramedics forced her to go to the Louisville Hospital for extensive tests. She was placed in the psychiatric ward, where, according to Iris, she was repeatedly threatened by the orderlies. By this time she was firmly convinced that they were trying to drug her or poison her, so she once again refused to eat, drink anything, or sleep while she was there. If Iris had her breakdown at home surrounded by people she loved and trusted, it would not have been nearly as traumatic for her. Instead, she concluded that the people who had tried to help her in Louisville were all part of a Bush Administration conspiracy to harm her. During the last three months of her life, we could never get her to let go of that belief. After her parents brought her home from the Louisville hospital, we had trouble finding a good psychiatrist to treat her. To compound the problem, Iris was not a cooperative mental health patient. Iris’s experience solving our fertility problems caused her to lose respect for most medical doctors. Iris would so thoroughly research the topic that she would overwhelm the doctors she met. After that experience, she had very little faith in most medical doctors. This was a time when we desperately needed to find a good psychiatrist. We even more desperately needed Iris to follow the treatment plan, but she fought it every step of the way. Iris’s parents and I thought it would be a good idea to bring her to a bipolar personality support group, so they brought her to a meeting at Stanford University. The people she saw there were not winning the battle with bipolar disorder. Almost none of them were working, and many were on five or six medications. Iris described them as zombies, and she said she would never allow herself to be medicated like that. Shortly afterwards, her psychiatrist formally diagnosed her with bipolar personality disorder, meaning she should be treated with mood-stabilizing drugs rather than antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs. The suicide risk for mental health patients goes up during changes in medication. After Iris’s death, her mother did a lot of research on the drugs prescribed to Iris, and she discovered that Asians may be more sensitive to many of the commonly prescribed drugs. These drugs have been tested on very few Asians because they make up such a small portion of the US population, so the medications pose more risk of side effects to Asian patients. This was likely the case with Iris. The powerful antipsychotic and mood-altering drugs she took seemed to cause many side effects on her. Two days after the diagnosis and change in medication her mother found a gun safety course brochure from Reed’s Gun Shop in Iris’s purse. This was the first indication we had that she had any plans to buy a gun. When we questioned her, she told us she believed the US government was out to get her, and she needed a gun to protect herself. The combination of meeting the heavily medicated bipolar personality disorder patients, Iris’s formal diagnosis of bipolar personality disorder, her change of medications, and the resulting side effects all put Iris in a very unstable state. Iris’s parents, her psychiatrist, and I tried to find people who were successfully coping with bipolar personality disorder to talk to Iris and to give her encouragement, but we ran out of time. After her experience in Louisville, Iris firmly believed the Bush Administration meant to do harm to her. She was hopeful that John Kerry would defeat George Bush in the November 2004 election, but Bush’s victory was announced on November 3. Her thoughts of four more years of persecution were too much for her. The police investigation after her death concluded that she purchased the first handgun on the very next day. The last factor that I believe led to Iris’s suicide was something that no one else has mentioned: Pride. In her suicide note, she wrote: “It is far better that you remember me as I was—in my heyday as a best-selling author—than the wild-eyed wreck who returned from Louisville.” On a personal level, Iris was completely unpretentious. She drove a Geo Metro for five years. If someone had stopped by our home unannounced, they would likely find Iris wearing glasses, no makeup, a t-shirt, and a baggy pair of sweats. However if Iris made a public appearance, her hair and makeup were always perfect, she wore her contacts and a conservative business suit, and she always had a speech prepared and rehearsed. She invested a tremendous amount of time and effort into building up and maintaining her public persona. I don’t believe she felt like she could maintain that after her breakdown.
Chang, Iris. The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II (pp. 265-268). Basic Books. Kindle Edition.
好奇心引着我看完了你的第一篇，有点不解其意，所以硬着头皮看了第二篇，不料更不解了，看完第三篇，恍然大悟你狐狸尾巴里藏的什么货！
你批评张纯如的书不专业，带着感情，或南京大屠杀的数据，时间，细节不合理，也许都有一定道理。在中国的历史，传统文化中对人命的漠视，对数字的模糊，常常以”数万将士阵亡”这种形容看得我一头雾水，不知是2，3万？或是5-6，7-8万人？多少将？多少士？
民国时期，百姓民智未开，政府腐败，地方割据，日日内战，国贫民弱，实在缺乏一个现代国家基本架构和能力。在兵荒马乱，面对强敌的慌乱时刻，要统计被屠杀的军民人数，姓名，具体细节，你实在是书生谈兵，太高估了一个腐败政府的能力。其后，改朝换代，后任政府党天下，根本不关心前朝军民的生死血泪。
所以，对与南京大屠杀这一人类惨史的记录，一定有诸多细节上的矛盾，甚至错误，但是日军大规模残酷杀害我同胞军民的事实是铁的事实！！故意纠缠于数字，或一些细节，不是蠢，就是极卑鄙！以为旁人看不出你企图以细枝末节，来转移注意力，借以局部细碎的小错误，来否定大事实！
二战中，纳粹到底屠杀了多少犹太人？遇难者是谁？有多少吉普赛人也在其中？从来就没有人纠缠于数字的精确，或遇难者的具体名字。纳粹屠杀犹太人就是铁一般的事实！
你反天朝，是你的自由。但不要为了你的政治诉求，去消费30万军民的血海深仇
只要强了，干什么都是高尚的。
只要是弱了，被打了，连喊疼，都是错。