驳张氏姐弟关于淞沪抗战和东北战场的“间谍说"

驳张氏姐弟关于淞沪抗战和东北战场的“间谍说"

  读了张朴先生驳斥章立凡的文章，有几个问题觉得讲得不符合历史事实，这里提出来请教张先生。
1，八一三淞沪之战是挑起的？按照张先生的说法，这场战争不是日本人挑起，而完全是中方按照斯大林的指示挑起的。张先生这种颠覆历史的说法可有充分证据？这里是张先生的说法：
//卢沟桥事变后，按照苏联人的指令，担任京沪警备司令官要职的张开始不断劝蒋介石在远离华北的上海主动发起大战。……不久，张治中先发制人。八月八日，经张一手挑选的派驻上海虹桥机场的部队，打死日本官兵各一人。日本人的表现是希望大事化小，小事化了。但张治中以“上海的形势突然告急”为理由，率大批军队在十二日清晨占领上海。//
以下是一般历史书籍对这段历史的陈述：
８月９日，驻沪日本海军陆战队官兵两人驱车闯进虹桥机场进行武装挑衅，被中国保安部队击毙。日军以此为借口，要挟中国政府撤出上海保安部队，并同时向上海增兵。这是最初的起因。８月１３日，日本海军陆战队以虹口区预设阵地为依托，向淞沪铁路天通庵站至横滨路的中国守军开枪挑畔，并在坦克掩护下沿宝山路进攻。８月１４日，中国政府发表《自卫抗战声明》。淞沪抗战由此掀开。这是一个基本的历史事实，为海峡两岸曾经为抗日战争流过血的人们所公认。希望张先生提出充分的证据来推翻这一公论。
张朴引了一段纽约时报记者阿本德的话来支持他这种中方挑起战争说：

//纽约时报驻华记者阿本德当时写道：“人人都说是日本人进攻上海，事实完全相反。日本人不想，也没有准备在长江一带有敌对行动。迟至八月十三日，他们在上海的部队还如此之小，十八、九日的时候，差点被扫进江里。”//

这里引证的纽约时报驻华记者阿本德的说法没有说明出处，非常片面，误导读者。这里，我把这位纽约时报记者阿本德（HALLETT ABEND）在1937年12月9 日发给《纽约时报》的文章转录在此，以供大家明鉴：
JAPAN LAYS GAINS TO MASSING OF FOE
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Welcomes Further Chance at Nanking to Wipe Out the Nation’s Armies
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HUGE AREA IS LAID WASTE
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Foreign Military Officers Are Amazed by Chinese Destruction in Their Retreat
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By HALLETT ABEND
Special Cable to The New York Times.
SHANGHAI, Thursday, Dec. 9. - Now that the Japanese campaign against Nanking is nearly completed, certain matters hitherto termed military secrets may be revealed.
Long ago, members of the staff of General Iwane Matsui, the Japanese commander here, told the writer they were delighted because the Chinese kept pouring divisions into the Shanghai area. When the total reached forty divisions, or about 400,000 men, the Japanese were jubilant. When the total reached nearly eighty divisions, with more troops still coming downriver, the Japanese were almost incredulous at their good luck or the ineptitude of their enemy.
“It seems almost unbelievable that the Chinese high command or their German advisers have not realized our whole desire has been to get the Chinese armies into one mass so we could destroy them,” a member of General Matsui’s staff told the writer many weeks ago.
Massed Forces Bombed
“At the beginning of hostilities China had nearly 2,000,000 armed men, widely scattered. Instead of scattering these forces in hilly, mountainous terrain, where it would be extremely difficult to employ our superior mechanical equipment, China has thrown huge, massed forces against us in the vicinity of Shanghai.
“Actually they have been sometimes too numerous for proper military use, affording magnificent targets for our shells and bombs. If some secret Chinese faction planned upon giving us an opportunity for wholesale destruction of China’s immense armies things could not have been managed more to our satisfaction.
“History will record this campaign around Shanghai, as far as China is concerned, as one of the most foolhardy, wasteful campaigns on record. Certainly this must have been done in utter defiance of the plans of China’s able German military advisers.”
The Japanese officer paused reflectively and then continued:
“Of course, China’s gesture around Shanghai served the purpose of getting this war on the front pages of the world’s newspapers. Possibly China believed that by forcing the fighting around the foreign-controlled areas she would succeed in bringing the United States, Great Britain or some other power into the hostilities on her side. If this was true it was a woeful miscalculation.”
Best Troops Threatened Others
What happened, according to the Japanese version, was that China used Chiang Kai-shek’s well-disciplined Central Government divisions largely in the role of supervisory divisions behind the front lines with orders to shoot units that showed signs of wavering. Division after division of poorly equiped, poorly disciplined provincial forces were poured into the front lines and destroyed by Japanese aerial bombings and artillery fire.
Meanwhile the Japanese Army was being derided abroad because it was unable to break the Chinese defenses and unable to make progress in the difficult Shanghai terrain, but when the Japanese bombed the supervisory divisions the Chinese retreat soon followed.
The Japanese high command professes to be pleased because nearly 300,000 men are making a stand in the Nanking-Wuhu area for a brave “fight to the last man” because the invaders will have a further chance to carry out their aim to destroy China’s vast armies.
Foreign military observers remaining in Nanking are amazed by the extent of the Chinese destruction of everything within the zones they still control. Most of this destruction is said to be purposeless, serving no military use for the advantage of the Japanese except to force the invaders to use tents instead of billeting in buildings. The Taiping rebellion about the time of the Civil War in the United States involved a far greater area but though the destruction wrought then has become proverbial with the Chinese it was not nearly as thorough as what has been going on since the retreat from Shanghai, according to foreign military men.
“Not since the armies of Genghis Khan turned the sites of once-populous cities of China into grazing lands has there been any such systematic destruction as that going on in the lower Yangtze area at the hands of the Chinese themselves,” a neutral military observer told the writer.
“Japanese aerial bombings and artillery fire have been destructive in comparatively narrow ranges, mostly military objectives, but all such damages combined will not equal one-tenth the destruction achieved by the Chinese armies. From the way the Chinese are behaving you would think they did not expect to recover any semblance of control in this part of China in the next century. You would think they were laying waste land belonging to some bitter foe.
Vast Wealth Destroyed
“It is incredible that they are adopting this ’scorched earth’ policy against forces which must certainly be only temporary invaders and are not going to attempt to colonize Chinese soil. What is being destroyed represents the savings of thrifty generations of hard-working Chinese.
“Those who advocate the policy of frenzied destruction of towns, cities and countryside do not pause to think that they are utterly wiping out hundreds of millions of dollars’ worth of accumulated wealth and that this property, if not destroyed, could have been taxed by the Chinese Government at no distant future, thereby helping the nation to refinance its rehabilitation. This rich area, which had been one of the most thickly populated in the world, will need vast sums to rebuild what is vanishing in flames.”
The only acceptable explanation seems to involve the ancient Oriental idea of “saving face,” the Chinese believing they enhance their prestige if their retreat leaves only a barren wilderness of smoking ruins for the invaders to occupy. This policy ignores the welfare of millions of Chinese who have fled from this fighting zone.
How the millions of refugees are to be fed and housed through the Winter is a serious problem because their own government cannot do anything for their relief.
从这段引文可以看出，阿本德发给纽约时报的报道非常清楚，日本方面绝不是没有准备大规模的战争，更不是害怕中国把大规模军队投入淞沪地区。相反，日本军方非常高兴有此机会大规模消灭中国军队。如果说为了某种政治目的而硬要掩盖日本挑起战争这一事实，就完全超出了学术的范围。
2，在中国方面，是谁要把这场战争扩大，是蒋介石还是张治中？了解一点国民党军队系统常识的人都很清楚。1937年8月中，在淞沪抗战打响后，蒋介石下达全国动员令，把全国临战地区分为五个战区，开始把内地的军队迅速运到淞沪地区。关于当时中央政府和军事最高首脑对淞沪抗战的看法和态度，我引几段资料供张氏姐弟参考：
1）蒋介石的态度和行动。 当时任国民党军队的训练总监部总监唐生智在回忆中说，蒋介石曾当时对他坦言:“上海这一仗，是要打给外国人看。” 希望这一仗打大，引起西方各国对在华利益的关切而干涉。后来，陈诚的日记也证明了唐生智讲的这一点。8月中旬，当时的军政次长陈诚从上海返回南京，向蒋介石提出扩大沪战的建议：“敌如在华北得势，必将利用其快速装备，沿平汉路南下，直驱武汉，于我不利，不如扩大沪战一牵制之。”陈诚在日记中记载了他对蒋介石作此建议后的回应:“一定打”。以陈辞修对蒋介石的忠诚和他在国民党中的地位，他的日记应该是可靠的。
2）中华民国政府驻外使节的说法。：
八一三淞沪抗战开始后，中国驻英国大使郭泰祺曾警告英国外相艾登，“上海是英国在华利益的中心，如果中国在这里战败，日本将控制整个中国市场，因此中国作战不只是为了自己，也是为了英国”。
驻法大使顾维钧也主张，以上海之战正世界之视听:“毫无疑问，在上海前线许多精锐军队是要丧失的。问题在于，是运用这些军队坚守上海，从而在国外产生心理上的效果呢？还是后撤到一个偏僻角落进行战斗，这个地方不为任何人所知，也就不会有任何人表示关心，但是损失是相同的？全世界都知道上海在什么地方，战斗是为了什么。在上海集中了西方各国最大利益，西方人士将仔细阅读报纸上的战况报道，马上会得出印象。所以我们主张政府尽可能坚守上海一线。”
从基本观点看，蒋介石，郭泰祺，顾维钧的看法和我前面所引纽约时报记者阿本德的报道是完全一致的。
淞沪抗战到今天，快70年了。对这场战争的具体战略战术，成败得失有不同的评价很正常，但对是谁应负挑起这场战争的责任是不能混淆的，是谁领导和主持了这场抗战的事实也是不容更改的。
3，卫立煌在国民党失去东北中时所起的作用。下面是张朴的说法：
//卫立煌“卫立煌接到蒋介石的召唤时，人在巴黎。他马上跟驻法国的苏联大使馆联系，通过他们跟中共互通消息。从此他的每一步骤都事先跟毛泽东商量。按毛的意思，把国民党军集中在几个大城市里，使百分之九十的东北一枪不发地成了中共的地盘，这些大城市变成孤岛，让中共军队一个个地宰割。”//
张朴的这一说法避而不谈时间。当然，张戎，张朴两姐弟都不是学历史，搞学术研究的，不能很专业地来论证这个问题，可以理解。但在谈到基本史实时竟然完全不提时间，仿佛整个东北大局就这样被卫立煌毁掉了。这里的关键问题是，卫立煌何时到东北走马上任？卫立煌上任时东北的形势如何？而张朴偏偏对此避而不谈。
内战初起，蒋介石任命熊式辉为东北行营主任，杜聿明为东北保安司令长官。中共在四平战败后改变战略，让开大路，占领两厢，深入农村搞土改，争取民众的支持。而此时由陈诚错误地决定解散东北伪满部队，使得林彪的部队得到巨大的战斗力补充。如果要说国民党中有人为中共提供了帮助，要数陈诚此举为甚。到1947年夏季，东北的形势已经对中共非常有利。在此条件下，东野在林彪指挥下接连发起夏季，秋季，冬季攻势。杜聿明由于病重难以支持，在夏季攻势刚结束，于1947年7月8日离开东北到关内就医。1947年7月12日，陈诚以参谋总长的身份到东北视察整顿，8月初到沈阳接替了熊式辉的东北行辕主任，并撤销了东北保安司令部，独揽了东北的军政大权。
本来林彪在1947年的夏季攻势和国民党军队各有胜负，林彪再攻四平未得手，士气受挫。但陈诚入主东北后，形势发生逆转。1947年10月1日起，林彪发起强大的秋季攻势，11月5日攻势结束。林彪在这1个月零5天的攻势中消灭了国民党7万多人，新攻占领城市17座。此时中共已在东北的人员，土地，媒，电，交通的控制上占了优势。国民党军队实际已经被分割在若干大城市中。张朴的“卫立煌使百分之九十的东北一枪不发地成了中共的地盘" 说法岂非笑话？中共军队三打四平，从1947年夏到1948年的三大攻势，何来一枪未发之说？而此时卫立煌又在哪里？此公于1947年10月初赶回中国后,尚在上海南京一带接受蒋介石的任命,

对东北的危局，陈诚采取的是“重点防守，保持军力，保住沈阳” 的被动防御措施。1948年元月，林彪再次发起冬季攻势，全歼新5军，俘获军长，挥军直达沈阳市郊。陈诚在东北的战略全面失败。在这种险恶的形势下，蒋介石亲自飞抵沈阳重新部署。蒋撤销行辕，成立东北剿总，临阵换将，任命卫立煌为剿总司令。蒋说服了从法国考查回来的卫立煌到东北接手这个危局。卫立煌于1948年1月22日抵沈阳，而陈诚是2月5日离开沈阳。卫立煌真正在东北掌握大局是从2月份开始。卫入主东北不到半年，在1948年8月,中共已掌握了东北全境土地的97%,总人口的86%，铁路运输线的96%。国民党在东北的失败只是时间而已，谁也挽回不了这个败局。东北的大局在卫立煌就任剿总前就已经形成，现在要倒过来把东北的局面归之仅掌权6个月的于卫立煌真是太牵强，难以服人。
顺便再说几句，张氏姐弟反复强调中共是靠潜伏在国民党内的红色间谍打下江山，是想说明一个什么问题呢？用谍报人员打入敌方内部本来就是战争的一部分，读过历史的人都知道，这没有什么稀奇的，古今中外都如此。其实，应该研究的问题是为什么这些人会心甘情愿给共产党当间谍，这才是问题的关键。连张氏姐弟的老爹当年都千里迢迢跑到延安投奔共产党，其他人当间谍又有什么奇怪呢？希望张氏姐弟好好想一想，以当年自己的父亲投奔共产党的思想来看，要是他当时在国民党的机要部门工作，一定也会是共产党的好间谍。不知张氏姐弟能否同意在下这个推论？

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