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美国国内对立到了什么层度?

(2020-01-04 06:54:47) 下一个
在美国,最大的侮辱是子女娶嫁敌党,共和党人尤其不能接受
 
 
美国党派之恨超过种族之分(《华邮》The starkest divide Americans see isn’t black-white. It’s red-blu),在2016年末皮尤就有过类似的结论(《纽时》A Measure of Identity: Are You Wedded to Your Party?),对于子女择偶党派选择不在乎的不到一半,而这项2018年的研究(The great partisan divide in the US is now deciding who Americans marry)夫妻政见相反的不到6%。
 
美国国内所谓进步保守之间的敌对,基本上是两党,民主党和共和党之间的敌对,党确实给大家一个意识形态吵架的平台,所以选举党的候选人人格往往是次要的,党才是唯一主要的,美国这种自愿的“听党的话,跟党走”的选择也许对中国人、华裔是个意外,中国不能不听党的话,美国人牢骚多,但投票也没脾气。只有明白这个道理,才会理解为什么中国人华裔把经济利益作为一个人的第一核心利益的想法是个误解,经济利益很重要,但事实证明那通常不是第一因素,不仅仅中国人,很多白左也纳闷底层白人为什么投票投了伤害自己的利益的票,也是同一个原因。
 
那是说美国人本质上跟“缺乏现代公民意识的”中国人一样贱吗?我就不伤你的心了,在越亲的人越无法沟通的原因一文里说过人有只见自己想见的东西,其余视而不见的本事,所以人有本事给自己打造一个“事实空间”,自己有自己的一套事实,一个现实,联邦结党更会加强这种心态。这种选择自然跟中国缺乏自由不一样,但没有自由和放弃自由,最终结果如何并不容易说清,因为专制是自由的敌人,民主也是自由的敌人
 
两项2014年的调查体现两党领导阶层的组成和意向也反映了这一社会现状:
 
Farina figure1
国会极化程度
 
Farina 3a
民主党越来越左,共和党越来越右
 
Democrats and Republicans More Ideologically Divided than in the Past
 
这种对立不仅仅是政见不同,而是彼此仇恨,视为敌人:
Beyond Dislike: Viewing the Other Party as a ‘Threat to the Nation’s Well-Being’
 
党派之分演变成城乡之分
一年多前有一个说法,美国其实并没有那么极化,有一个沉默的中间阶层,老实过头,被压得喘不过气来。
 
_1-es_tribes
 
也许性情上这么分是有道理的,但作为政治利益团体,这个分法与现实脱节(“Hidden Tribes,” the new report centrists are using to explain away polarization, explainedThe Moderate Middle Is A Myth)。
 
下面列举一些《皮尤》的民调结果。本文图像一般能点击放大。
 
彼此痛恨,彼此诋毁
Growing shares in both parties give ‘cold’ ratings to those in opposing party
 
Most partisans view the other side as ‘closed-minded’; Republicans see Democrats as ‘unpatriotic’
 
没有共同的语言
Republicans and Democrats say they can’t agree on ‘basic facts’
 
党派对立是第一大仇
Wide partisan gaps on political values across a number of areas, but the largest differences are on guns and race
 
Partisan gaps dwarf race, education, other differences in political values
 
共和党内部:年龄
A chart shows that younger and older Republicans differ on foreign policy, immigration, largely agree on race and guns
 
民主党内部:种族
A chart shows that black and white Democrats diverge sharply on whether belief in God is necessary for morality
 
总统带来好风气坏风气?两党答案不一样
Majority of public says Trump has changed the tone of political debate in the U.S. for the worse
 
Trump’s statements spur feelings of concern, confusion, embarrassment
 
共和党对媒体完全失去信心
A chart showing that Republicans far more likely than Democrats to say journalists lack ethics, but Republicans who strongly approve of Trump stand out even more
 
A chart showing that highly engaged partisans are extremely polarized in their confidence in journalists
 
A chart showing that Republicans are far more likely than Democrats to say that journalists lack ethical standards
 
在国家大事上,两党完全不合
A chart shows health care affordability, drug addiction widely viewed as 'very big' problems facing the country
 
A chart shows little partisan agreement on the major problems facing the U.S.
吸毒财政赤字是例外
 
A chart shows that adults under 30 are the only age group in which a majority views climate change as a very big problem
青年是希望
 
奴隶制对黑人的损害
 
对局势看法也不一样
Since Trump took office, positive economic views have surged among Republicans, sagged among Democrats
 
More say Trump’s policies have made economy better than worse; nearly a third say they’ve had little impact
 
Income gap in national economic ratings is particularly wide within GOP
 
Economic expectations for the next year remain relatively unchanged
 
公平
Widest partisan gap in views of fairness of tax system in at least two decades
 
Overall views of tax law little changed; fewer Republicans ‘strongly approve’
 
Widening partisan differences in concerns that corporations and wealthy don’t pay fair share
 
富裕阶层的态度
Republicans and Democrats with incomes of at least $75,000 sharply diverge in views of fairness of the federal tax system
 
Continued partisan gap in views of fairness of U.S. economic system
 
Majority of Americans say business corporations make too much profit
 
国际关系
Republicans and Democrats have very different goals for U.S. foreign policy
 
Partisans differ over importance of limiting power of Russia, Iran, China
 
Few young adults prioritize maintaining U.S. military advantage
 
对联合国的态度
 
亚裔是(收入)贫富差别最大的种族
From lowest to highest: Income inequality in U.S. increased most among Asians from 1970 to 2016
 
大家(所有党派)对政府的信心
Public opinion varies across federal agencies; views of ICE still mixed
 
Most Americans say political debate in the U.S. has become less respectful, fact-based, substantive
 
Large majority says ‘heated’ rhetoric by politicians raises risk of violence
 
前途暗淡
Majorities say both Trump and Democratic leaders will be unsuccessful in getting their programs enacted over the next two years
 
More Americans expect partisan relations to get worse than did so after three prior midterms
 
 
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评论
西雅图市委书记 回复 悄悄话 北美年轻一代天天打游戏上社交媒体,废材居多,哪里还有什么对上帝的信仰和爱国主义精神。没有川普,美国很危险!
清漪园 回复 悄悄话 啥都怕过犹不及。恕我直言,楼主使用表格过多妨碍阅读。
smithmaella 回复 悄悄话 层度,程度。这个学术性很強。
taoma 回复 悄悄话 媒体每天的煽风点火也是造成这种分裂局势的原因
常态 回复 悄悄话 ??? 那看出来的?

比如川普继承了美国战后总统接任最好的经济环境,今年的经济状况不看好,泡沫是明显的。
随着世界资源的减少和美国可以获得的资源降低,美国走到社会主义是早晚的事情。
常态 回复 悄悄话 ??? 那看出来的?

比如川普继承了美国战后总统接任最好的经济环境,今年的经济状况不看好,泡沫是明显的。
随着世界资源的减少和美国可以获得的资源降低,美国走到社会主义是早晚的事情。
westshore 回复 悄悄话 从理念角度来讲,共和党提倡个人责任,在个人负责的前提下政府就是多余,尤其是大政府。但这种模式最大的硬伤就是资源分配问题,没有资源你是无论如何也没法负责的。而且资源是有限的,不可能人人足够,因此竞争就是必然,就会有输赢,输的人不能对自己负责,就该淘汰。
这种理念源于西方赢者通吃文化。
民主党偏重社会主义理念,但也意味着资源集中管理,自由就收到选择,个人不能随性所欲,但能保证社会整体效率高。美国有一个很明显的执政模式,从来都是共和党总统把经济玩完,换上民主党总统拯救,唯一的例外是卡特与里根的交替。
就是因为民主党的社会主义大政府理念可以集中资源,有利于走出危机,但不利于竞争,所以经济一好人们就希望共和党上台减税让自己拥有更多资源,直到再次玩完。
比如川普继承了美国战后总统接任最好的经济环境,今年的经济状况不看好,泡沫是明显的。
随着世界资源的减少和美国可以获得的资源降低,美国走到社会主义是早晚的事情。
至于如今美国的分裂,是基于恐惧,恐惧之下就出现部落文化,大家都防着其他部落的侵害。
而这种恐惧是如何形成的,看看川普竞选讲演就知道了,当年墨索里尼就是同样的讲演。制造对立面是任何独裁者的不二法宝,毛有阶级斗争理论,希特勒墨索里尼就更不用提了,树立敌人。
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