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毛泽东的百万富翁的奢靡生活

(2007-06-19 10:48:35) 下一个


在许多人印象中毛泽东的生活是官方宣传的所谓“艰苦朴素”,但是正象名言所说:谎言可以在某时骗得某些人,但是不可能永远骗下去.从以下张戎的毛泽东传记一段记述中,我们对毛的奢侈生活可以略见一斑:

毛喜欢别墅。起码有五十多所别墅在全国各地为他建起,北京一地就有五所。大部分他从未涉足。这些别墅往往地处优美的风景区。一旦中选,整座山或整片湖岸、海岸便被封闭起来,专供毛享用。这些地方通常有过去留下的精美住宅,毛一声令下,它们就被拆掉,给他另盖房子。毛总是要新房子,从安全舒服的角度设计,由他的警卫部门监工建造。房子都得防弹防炮,有的还防原子弹。绝大部分是同一式样,进门一间特大的大厅,左右两翼各一排房间,外观像一座钢筋水泥的大仓库。

毛的别墅都是平房,他不喜欢住楼房,据身边人说是怕困在楼上下不来。天花板特别高,有的高过两三层楼。毛喜欢气派宏大。六十年代中期在南昌市外盖的一所,叫 “八二八”,大约十三公尺高,好似一个灰蒙蒙的大飞机库。大部分别墅的走廊之宽,非一般人所能想像。毛死后有些别墅改成招待所时,在上面造起一排房间,余下的地方还可以容一条正常的走廊。




毛最早的别墅大概是北京城西的“新六所”,一进京就开工修建。陆续又建别的,三反、五反照建不误。有一所在海滨胜地北戴河,一九五四年完工。北戴河从二十世纪初就是避暑胜地,有六百多座有钱人的别墅,但没一所合毛的意。按照他的标准,都不安全。毛的新别墅建在一个山凹里,面向大海,背后是郁郁葱葱的山,里面整个被工兵掏空,为毛修建成万无一失的防空洞和隧道。只有极少数中共领导和他们的家属、随从才可以靠近。

一九五二年,毛的警卫负责人罗瑞卿捎口信给湖南,要他们在省会长沙给毛造一幢房子,说“主席可能回家乡看一看”。湖南领导不知道建房是否真是毛的意思,因为时逢三反、五反,大兴土木好像说不过去。到北京去问,没有答覆。他们把自己的寓所腾出来,翻新装修,加设洗手间,安装蹲式马桶。但毛没有回来。他们恍然大悟,原来造别墅是毛的意思。直到别墅“蓉园”落成后,毛才回长沙。后来,蓉园旁边又给毛修了一幢大同小异的别墅,名曰“九所”。毛的故乡韶山一个村子就造了两幢别墅。其他省当然部盼着毛的光临,听到上边传话:“主席来了也没个地方住。”于是都纷纷破土动工。

为了防备不时之需,毛的别墅都有通向附近军用机场的直达线,有的是火车专线,有的是地下车道。毛有时住在停于军用机场内的专列上。一国之主的毛好像生活在随时有生命危险的战场。

毛外出时有三套旅行工具待命:火车、飞机、轮船。他一旦上天,全中国所有的飞机都得落地。专列说开就开,其他火车全部让道,铁路运输也跟着被打乱。


毛喜欢游泳。在那个游泳池极为罕见的贫穷年代里,他为自己造了不少游泳池。第一个在玉泉山,建于三反中,根据毛自己的数字,“建造费五亿”(旧币)。三反中私用公款一亿就算“大老虎”,要判死刑。毛后来没去游过,嫌池子太小。在中南海里面,为他建了个室内游泳池。中南海本来已经有个室外游泳池,毛进京以前对公众开放。毛进中南海后,内部的人,头些年还可以在毛不游的时候去游泳,到后来,两个游泳池都归他独占。

游泳池的水是靠锅炉房把水蒸气用管子输入来烫热的。让它们保持温暖,以待毛的驾临,耗资浩大。

毛是个美食家,爱好的食物来自全国。他爱吃武昌鱼,于是武昌鱼便用飞机运来,放在装满水的塑胶袋里,充上氧气。为了味道鲜美,毛吃米要求米与谷壳之间的薄膜不能碾去。有一次毛尝出他吃的米薄膜没有了,对管家说他因此缺乏维生素,得了脚气病。管家连忙叫玉泉山农场准备一碗饭的米(毛每顿吃一小碗饭),用砖头轻轻磨掉谷壳,留下里面的薄膜,管家亲自跑到玉泉山把米拿回来,总算使毛的下一顿饭吃得满意。

玉泉山农场专为毛生产大米,据说那里的水特别好。“玉泉”从前供给宫廷饮水,现在浇灌毛的水稻。毛喜欢的蔬菜,以及肉类牛奶,由另一个叫“巨山”的特殊农场供给。毛钟爱茶是中国最好的龙井,产在一座特别的小山顶上,在每年最适宜的季节,采下来送进北京。毛的食物都经过化验检查。做饭时管家站在厨师旁边看着,也负责尝菜,“尝味道,尝安全”。毛的厨房离他吃饭的地方相当远,怕油烟味钻进毛的鼻子里。炒菜得现炒现吃,工作人员便提着一道道菜飞快地来回跑?

毛不喜欢洗澡,一九四九年以后就没洗过。他喜欢的是让人用热毛巾天天给他全身擦澡。他不洗头,喜欢享受理发师给他篦头的快感。毛也喜欢舒舒服服地每日一按摩。他不爱进医院,医院的设备加最好的大夫上门服务。要是毛不高兴见他们,他们就留在那里等候召见,有时一等几星期。

毛不讲究衣着,他爱的是舒服。他的鞋多年不换,因为旧鞋才舒适。必穿新鞋了,他让警卫战士替他穿松了再穿。他的浴衣,毛巾、毛巾被都补了又补,一床毛巾被有五十四个补丁。但它们可不是平常的补丁,是拿到上海去请手艺最好的师傅精致地织补的,费用比买新的不知高过多少倍。这不是什么“艰苦朴素”。世界上许多随心所欲的巨富和极权者,常有这类享乐怪癖。

当然,一国领袖享受些奢华、别墅,没有什么了不起。毛的不同是,他一边尽情挥霍,一边把自己打扮成节约的楷模,要全中国人民都在极端艰苦中过日子,对挪用国家财产远不如他的人无情惩罚,乃至枪毙。

在性生活方面,毛统治下的人民忍受比清教徒还清教徒的约束。分居两地的夫妇一年只有十二天探亲假,千百万中国人成年累月没有机会做爱。私下的性发泄可能带来公开的羞辱。有个华侨回到祖国,有次忍不住手淫,第二天被迫在宿舍床头贴出供众人嗤笑的“自我批评”。

毛本人的性生活却是完全的放纵。一九五三年七月九日,解放军总政治部批发了为中央警卫团选拔文工团员的决定。彭德怀一语道破,说这是“选妃”。后来这成了整彭德怀的一条罪状。彭的反对不起作用,部队文工团成了毛的应召站。毛在各地的别墅,也都挑选了对毛胃口的护士、服务员,随叫随到陪毛睡觉。

毛偶尔给女友们一点补贴,有时也给身边人或亲戚一点钱。数目最多不过几百块,但毛总是每一笔都仔细亲自交代。多年来他的管家每隔一段时间要向他报一次帐,毛不时还察看帐目。

毛补助身边人的钱是从中央特别会计室拿出来的,“特会”存着他的稿费。那年头中国绝大多数作者都不许出版,而人人都得“读一辈子毛主席的书”,毛著作的销量可想而知。据毛身边人说,一九六○年代,毛的稿费达两百万元以上。这在当时简直是天文数字。与此相比,当时中国一般工作人员一年工资大约四百多元,有的农民一年辛苦到头才得现金不过数元。

出现在人前时,不管是公开还是私下,毛都不给人一种骄奢淫逸的印象。毛自然是不“贪污”的,整个中国国库就是他的荷包。中国的钱怎么花,没有第二个人有最后决定权。凡是他想要的,他都随心所欲地拿取,对国家钱财毫不顾惜。

毛的畸形经济下中国产生了一个独一无二的百万富翁:毛泽东。

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Wiserman 回复 悄悄话 Hey, 忘我 & yijibang:

4] In China, many many people died in the 60's last century. Anyone with basic common sense and knowledge know that: "You just can not blame the whole thing to Mao." It was the "lump sum" just happened when Mao was in charge. In the past, in USA, tens of millions Indians got murdered - can you just balme the US President at that time? Chairman Mao had done much more good things to China than shortcomings. Even the French president said that he was a big "contributor" to mankind.... What you should do is to tell the Chinese need to treat their own people nicer and nicer. (Too bad, the Chinese have treated the non-Chinese much better then their own people for a very long time)

5] To yijibang:
You are using a Japanese name "YiJiBang". I tell you that you Japanese should not write on Chinese web-site spreading bad rumors. That is real evil! Stop it, the Jap!
Wiserman 回复 悄悄话 Hey, 忘我 & yijibang:

3] Per 忘我: "You are too old to talk here..." You got to be joking. Firstly you can not say this. You discriminate the ages - thsi is a legal issue. I actually can sue you in the court. From other point of view, let me ask you, "Do you still admire Mr. Plato? Mr. Jesue, Mr. Conficius? A person's wisdom may not relate to age at all. It all depenmds whom you are talking about.
I am retired now, I am studying Chinese culture and history, study logic & philosophy(from a retired Philosophical professor), and I am taking courses in the near-by university on Anthropology. My classmates are teenagers and my teacher is younger than me. Who said that I am too old? You poor little "girl"(I assume that you are a youbg girl), wake up and open you eyes widely... OK?!
Wiserman 回复 悄悄话 Hey, 忘我 & yijibang:

1] 张戎的"毛-鲜为人知的故事”is full of gossips, rumors, and made-ups. After you, anyone, read this book, your/her/his IQ will drop by 30%! It is wise for you to take my advice: Don't need to help this trash(张戎) to make "dirty illegal" money.

2] Per yijibang: "...I have a right in this country to select my teacher..."
My answer is yer or no. About 40 years ago when I was a graduate student, my Department Head "forced" me to take his "Material Science" class instead of another "better" professor's. I had to comply. It might be for the sake of scholarship ... for living. ... No matter where you live, you just can not do whatever you want to do. Just read the American news papers, their reports almost have one tone, which is different from the Canadian news with the same event.
Remember Dan Rather(?), the TV anchor man. Dug out Bush's old story ...then got "fired". He has kept his mouth shut since.
This is the game you have to follow to live on earth.
Wiserman 回复 悄悄话 忘我 & yijibang:
1] 张戎的"毛-鲜为人知的故事”is full of gossips, romors, and made-ups. After you, anyone, read this book, your/her/his IQ will drop by 30%! It is wise for you to take my advice: Don't need to help this trash(张戎) to make "dirty illegal" money.
2] Per yijibang: "...I have a right in this country to select my teacher..." My answer is yer or no. About 40 years ago when I was a graduate student, my Department Head "forced" me to take his "Material Science" class instead of another "better" professor's. I have to comply, might be for the sake of scholarship ... for living. ... No matter where you live, you just can not do whatever you want to do. Just read the american news papers, their reports almost have one tone, which is different from the Canadian news with the same event. This is the game you have to follow to live on earth.
3] Per 忘我: "You are too old to talk here..." You got to be joking. Firstly you can not say this. You discriminate the ages - thsi is a legal issue. I actually can sue you in the court. From other point of view, let me ask you, "Do you still admire Mr. Plato? Mr. Jesue, Mr. Conficius? A person's wisdom may not relate to age at all. It all depenmds whom you are talking about.
I am retired now, I am studying Chinese culture and history, study logic & philosophy(from a retired Philosophical professor), and I am taking courses in the near-by university on Anthropology. My classmates are teenagers and my teacher is younger than me. Who said that I am too old? You poor little "girl"(I assume that you are a youbg girl), wake up and open you eyes... OK?!
4] In China, many many people died in the 60's last century. Nayone one with basic common sense and knowledge know that: "You just can not blame the whole thing to Mao." It was the "lump sum" just happened when Mao was in charge. In the past, in USA, tens of millions Indians got murdered - can you just balme the US President at that time? Chairman Mao had done much more good things to China than shortcomings. ... What you should do is to tell the Chinese need to treat their own people nicer and nicer. (Too bad, the Chinese have treated the non-Chinese much better then their own people for a very long time)
5] To yijibang: You are using a Japanese name "YiJiBang". I tell you that you Japanese should not write on Chinese web-site spreading bad rumors. That is real evil thign! Stop it, the Jap!
回复 悄悄话 这里的人怎么这么多象我的,满屋臭气!
忘我 回复 悄悄话 to wiserman:

You are too old to talk here. You are not a true scientist either, because you are not logical nor truthful.



yijibang 回复 悄悄话 回复Wiserman的评论:
I am very lucky that I am not your student. At least, I have a right in this country to select my teacher and what I want to learn. Shame on you and those students sitting your class who have to follow your idiot thinking that Mao is great. Or they will suffer your abusing to be flunked. I am not American white and African American (you don't call them black). I know whom should I respect and that is my right. You have no point to force anyone to follow your thought. I am conscious and no way I will respect Mao who had killed at least 70 million Chinese during those days including my numerous family members. I hope you know what you are talking about. I will ignore your comments from now on. Be good and take care of your old body and brain.
ilovenz 回复 悄悄话 it is not argueable that mao was the evil dictator. only the idiots and beneficiaries of mao's era still admire him. some chinese desperately want to be slaves of the dictator in stead of real human beings.
回复 悄悄话 Rumor
Wiserman 回复 悄悄话 To yijibang:
I am a hot blood Chinese. I see many hot blood Irish, Italians, Central Asians, Koreans ... just don't see too many hot blood Chinese. Too bad.
Resnd my writing where I have answered most of your claims.(such as(1) Eisenhower's words, (2)condemn the misleading writer, (3)announce that 张戎is worthless) I am a senior by age. It's Ok you don't agree. I am a sentist by profession. It's fine if you don't think so. What I am saying is to show you that I am a clear thinker with lots of experience and knowledge. If you read my writing, you should learn. Well, if you were in my class, I would flunk you three times in a row. Because you are logically messed up.
1] It is everybody's responsibility to condamn the "evil" articles. This kind of writing mislead people. In America, you still can not say anything you want to say. You got to know about 100 years ago, if you blame the Senator, you would be considered as a traitor. Please open you eyes and read some history. BTW Im a scientist.
2] Eishenhower was a good general but he was a poor political leader. You hav know that all the recent American presidents: Nixon, Ford, Johnson, Regan, Carter, Bush, Clinton paid Chairman Mao great respect. This is a fact! And the world leaders around world, except the Russian leaders, all have considered Chairman Mao is a great guy! So, if your were a black/white American, you should follow the presidents: respect Chairman Mao.
3] Chairman Mao is THE person stopped the Chinese defeating fate lasted for over 100 years. This is also fact. So, if you were Chinese, some kind, you also need to pay respect to Chairman Mao. Otherwise, you may still be considered as the dof's leve;. Remeber:" Chinese and dog not allowed!" in front of of the parks in China?
4] Give you a good concept: No Dong(黨) is good or bad by birth. It all depends on who is doing it. I am a non-partisian. I don't blame the whole group, I may say this person is doing the wrong things. For some Taiwanese independent people, they will say that KMT is devil. Right now, some countries are being called devils ...Hahaha!
(write without edit)
yijibang 回复 悄悄话 回复Wiserman的评论:
Please read one more time of my writing, calm down and don't get emotional. You don't act like a senior. I am wondering what is your point to claim that you are a scientist? I am not sure what we have discussed has to do with science. It is strickly personal opinion. Take it easy, you look like a child to me. Hahaha...Hope you don't have hypertension. Good luck and enjoy your life and reading, just don't get upset when you see different opinions.
Wiserman 回复 悄悄话 To yijibang:
...Otherwise, you may still be considered as the same level as a dog. Remember:" Chinese and dog not allowed!" signs were hang in front of the parks in China 70 years ago. ...(typing errors corrected)
Don't you see 张戎 wrote this for money???
Wiserman 回复 悄悄话 1] To yijibang: It is everybody's responsibility to condamn the "evil" articles. This kind of writing mislead people. In America, you still can not say anything you want to say. You got to know about 100 years ago, if you blame the Senator, you would be considered as a traitor. Please open you eyes and read some history. BTW Im a scientist.
2] Eishenhower was a good general but he was a poor political leader. You hav know that all the recent American presidents: Nixon, Ford, Johnson, Regan, Carter, Bush, Clinton paid Chairman Mao great respect. This is a fact! And the world leaders around world, except the Russian leaders, all have considered Chairman Mao is a great guy! So, if your were a black/white American, you should follow the presidents: respect Chairman Mao.
3] Chairman Mao is THE person stopped the Chinese defeating fate lasted for over 100 years. This is also fact. So, if you were Chinese, some kind, you also need to pay respect to Chairman Mao. Otherwise, you may still be considered as the dof's leve;. Remeber:" Chinese and dog not allowed!" in front of of the parks in China?
4] Give you a good concept: No Dong(黨) is good or bad by birth. It all depends on who is doing it. I am a non-partisian. I don't blame the whole group, I may say this person is doing the wrong things. For some Taiwanese independent people, they will say that KMT is devil. Right now, some countries are being called devils ...Hahaha!
(write without edit)
OK, are you learning somethhing now? I am a senior, I am qualified to say like this.
yijibang 回复 悄悄话 回复Wiserman的评论:
I don't think it is appropriate to criticize author like you have just done. It is even more absurd to ask WXC to remove the article. I can understand your Pro-Mao mentality and I respect that. By the same token, it is always a good practice to respect others opinion. You can publish the similar book about Mao and show that your point of view with more solid evidence. It is a pity to see that you are so offended by this article. By the way, I kind of agreeing what the author said. President Eishenhower used to criticize Chinese communists under Mao, they are devils, and the things they are doing are only deveils can do and even worse. Hope to read your book about Mao in the future. Wiserman!
Wiserman 回复 悄悄话 Totally wrong!
张戎:"...毛泽东...这非常难。我想其中一个一定是极度的自私,...他做的一切都是为了自己,而没有想到中国人民..."
HuCheBaDao!
Read the history about Mao's early age! Mao joined KMT earlier than Chiang KeiShick - Mr. Wang JinWei liked Mao very much, and Mao was assigned by Dr. Sun YetSen as the backup of Central Committee of KMT. Mao devoted himself to "save " China since his early age. ...张戎is a liar. No good at all!
Please don't spend money buy her book! It's a valueless novel. Haha, she tried to change the history! She is evil!
Wiserman 回复 悄悄话 "viewer" and All:
张戎的“毛 – 鲜为人知的故事”has no value whatsoever!
"...女作家张戎同丈夫、史学家何黎岱沥尽12年心血,完成卷帙浩繁的毛泽东传记..."
And now you know what kind of level those two are! Pretty low level. It took 12 years to write such garbage. That's sad! .... and what can you get after reading this book? you get nothing! I sincerely doubt about the readers IQ --- being fooled by this "rumor, gossips, and made-ups ". Alas! The world may come to an end soon!


viewer 回复 悄悄话 鲜为人知的毛泽东是怎样写成的

作者:张戎


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旅居英国的华裔女作家张戎同丈夫、史学家何黎岱沥尽12年心血,完成卷帙浩繁的毛泽东传记:“毛 – 鲜为人知的故事”。在这本书的德文版出版之际,德国之声记者采访了张戎女士。张戎女士谈了写书的过程和其中一些要点,并希望引起史学家们的争论。

书中的大量披露令人震撼。由于毛泽东是中国现代史上的核心人物,如果张戎的记载属实,那么这将意味着中国大陆的现代史必须重写。不过,令张戎遗憾的是,她的毛泽东传记迄今还没有引起史学家的争论。她期待此书中文版发行之后将会引发史学界的讨论。张戎目前正在忙于中文翻译,年底之前台湾的远流出版社将在全球范围内出版。

张戎对毛泽东的一生作了12年研究之后得出结论:毛泽东并不信仰共产主义。他最终成为一名共产主义者完全是因为苏联在上世纪20年代协助创建中国共产党,为毛泽东提供了成为中共领袖的适当时机。是毛泽东个人的权力意志主导了他的行动。张戎的成名作“鸿 – 三代中国女人的故事”曾被翻译成30种语言,发行上千万册。她的新作“毛泽东 – 鲜为人知的故事”德文版今天开始发行。以下是记者就这部书对张戎进行的电话采访。

采访实录

德国之声:您花了12年写“毛-鲜为人知的故事”。在这12年中,您最大的收获是什么呢?

张戎:我觉得很多,也没有想到会发现那么多新的东西。可是我和我先生两个人在写的过程中发现了很多使我自己也非常吃惊的事。比方说中国人都比较知道的长征,发现完全不象我们原来想象的那样。整个长征过程中间,蒋介石完全是有意放走中共。长征中象什么飞夺泸定桥这些,实际上都没有发生。我们就想,为什么蒋介石要有意放走红军呢?通过大量的研究,我们发现,蒋介石的儿子,他唯一的亲生儿子,也就是他的继承人蒋经国,那时候被斯大林扣在苏联做人质。蒋介石一心要把他的儿子要回来。于是他就想出用中共的生存换回儿子这么一个计策。最后是在西安事变的时候,斯大林要放蒋介石,要让蒋介石见周恩来,蒋介石坚持不肯见周恩来。斯大林带话来说,同意放他的儿子,他才见了周恩来。是这样,国共内战才结束的。就是中共换儿子,这个交易。

德国之声:那么这些材料您是在俄罗斯发现的?

张戎:有很多很的渠道了。俄罗斯档案馆是一个宝藏,里边有非常多的东西。我的先生会说俄文,他在俄罗斯档案馆进行了多年大量的工作。同时还有蒋介石本人的日记,还有各种各样的材料。材料来源太多了。在我们的书后面有100多页的注释。这些注释里面详细记载了什么内容是从什么史料得来的。

德国之声:您开始搜集资料的时候,有没有想到会有这么多的新发现呢?

张戎:没有。简直没有想到。我以为写毛传不会很难,可能几年时间就够了。我以为我对毛泽东相当了解。我没有想到会有那么多跟我们现在所知道的历史截然不同的东西。长征中间还有一点使我非常吃惊的,就是,遵义会议上并没有确定毛泽东的领导地位,不象中共历史所说的那样。是毛泽东在遵义会议以后耍手腕,才得到张闻天的幕后操纵人这么一个地位的。遵义会议完了以后,毛泽东坚持不肯进四川,去跟张国焘会师。他怕会师以后,张国焘资历比他老,当时手下的红四方面军比他的强,他怕张国焘会理所当然地当上党的领袖。为了躲避跟张国焘会师,毛就带上中央红军绕了一个大圈,多走了三分之一的路,多走了4个月,把红军从突破湘江时候的4万红军拖到剩下筋疲力竭的不到1万,这是我从来不知道的。跟张国焘会师以后,因为红四方面军还是比他强,毛又尽力地破坏红四方面军,而且独霸打通苏联的道路。这也是我感到非常吃惊的。毛整个的战略设想,怎么夺取中国,他主要想的就是要靠苏联,他在1923年就说,共产主义要在中国胜利,非得苏联红军从北边打进来不可。所以整个的长征吧,他们也就是为了到北边去靠近苏联,打通苏联,接受武器援助。毛泽东为了把张国焘甩在他后边,也耍了很多手腕,对红四方面军做了极大的破坏。这些我都觉得是闻所未闻,非常吃惊的。

德国之声:您刚才说到俄罗斯档案馆。不过我们的听众都看不到您书后的信息来源。您能否说一下,您最重要的信息来源是什么?

张戎:刚才说到的俄罗斯档案馆是最重要的信息来源。当然中国国内也有很多史料发掘。这些史料是很多人不知道的。比方说我们书里面用了杨开慧的手稿。杨开慧是毛泽东的第二个妻子。毛泽东经常说杨开慧是他一生中最爱的女人。可事实上他把杨开慧和他的三个儿子都抛弃了。1927年,以后,1930年,在杨开慧被国民党抓去以前,他完全可能救杨开慧的,可是他没有,任杨开慧被国民党抓去,然后枪毙了。杨开慧的手稿是非常重要的。绝大部分在中国国内没有发表。这些手稿是杨开慧在被捕以前写的,写了以后就把它藏在她的房子里。藏在屋檐下,一部分藏在两块砖头中间。这些手稿里她表达了对毛泽东的爱,对毛泽东抛弃她和三个儿子的怨,而且最重要的还有她对共产主义的失望,共产主义的信仰带来很多暴力,杀戮,她对这些的失望。她要重新寻找一个新的信仰。这些在中国大陆都是大家没有看见的,甚至毛自己的家人也不能看见。可是我们就很幸运地有了这些材料。

德国之声:杨开慧的这个手稿您是在哪个档案馆看到的呢?

张戎:中国国内的这个事情我就不想多说了。只想说一句,中国大陆有很多人,都非常希望关于毛的这些材料能够公诸于世。所以这么多年来给了我们很多帮助。我们有幸地得到了很多很宝贵的材料。还有,中国的开放使中国在80年代90年代实际上公布了很多档案。这些公布是各档案馆,比如中央档案馆,或者湖南档案馆,或者四川档案馆,用资料选编这样的形式出版的。很多是内部发行。后来这些内部发行的东西在外边也可以看见了。这些选编里有大量的,非常宝贵的档案,比方说,关于长征,有十多本这种选编,这些史料选编里面就有大量的国民党军队当时来往的电报,包括国民党军队追堵红军长征史料选编,这些来往的电报就是我们得出蒋介石放走中共的结论的一个重要来源。从这些材料里面我们可以看出,比方说在泸定桥那儿,我们可以看出,中共党史中所说的守桥的那些国民党军队实际上并不在那儿。还有中国大陆出版了很多年谱啊,很多重要的回忆录。这些回忆录并不是光凭记忆的,而是那些档案馆里有人找材料来写的。还有些日记。我们十年里很多时间都是花在搜集这些材料上,来消化它们,然后来写这个传记。

德国之声:您刚才说飞夺泸定桥,您是说那里没有人把守的,是这样的吗?

张戎;是这样的。最重要的是可以证明,那里根本没有打仗。最先过桥的是22个人。象斯诺写的那样,打得很激烈。可是实际上这22个人一根毫毛也没有伤。我们从当时红军办的报纸叫战士报上可以看出,这22个人都还活得很鲜,他们还有个小小的仪式,每人还发了一双碗筷,有很多具体的细节。

德国之声:那么您认为,为什么共产党要编造这样一个长征的神话呢?

张戎:这是一个神话。把这写成一个很英雄的史诗。当时,当这个神话出笼的时候,还有红军长征是去北上抗日这样一个神话,给这个整个过程一个英雄的彩环。实际上完全不是这样。说到抗日战争。抗日战争起来的时候,中共的绝大部分人确实是很想抗日。如果他们当时真的去抗日了,那么很可能他们已经被消灭光,或者大伤元气,不可能在中国夺权的了。毛泽东是非常精明的,他坚决不肯打日本。不光是要保存中共的实力,而且在敌后扩大根据地,他自己在日本人对他道歉的时候对日本人说:我们应该感谢你们。没有你们占领中国的大片土地,我们就不可能建立那些根据地,我们也不可能到北京来听京戏,也不可能进城。

德国之声:毛泽东是二十世纪最著名的人物之一,关于他的书已不少,是什么动机促使您为世人再增添一部毛泽东的传记呢?

张戎:我开始写的时候,就觉得,那些写的关于毛泽东的东西不能够说服我。是种种疑点使我去写毛泽东传的。我相信通过我们写的毛泽东传,给这些疑点都得出了一个我认为圆满的答复。比方说刚才说的抗日,也有很多人说毛泽东是为了保存实力。可是我们就问了下一个问题,毛泽东保存实力,有什么用呢?如果日本人打垮了蒋介石,坚决反共的日本是不可能放过中共的。那么毛泽东这个时候的打算是什么呢?他总不能相信还是相当弱小的中共可以把日本人赶出去吧?那么这个时候我们就发现,毛泽东一心想的是把苏联拉进来。因为他相信苏联人不会让日本人独吞中国,然后用中国作基地去进攻苏联。斯大林最怕的就是这个。他的战略就是,在日本人打败了蒋介石以后,在这个关头,斯大林就会出兵中国,和日本瓜分中国,就象斯大林和德国瓜分波兰一样。波兰模式就是毛泽东在整个抗日战争中间的战略基点。

德国之声:尽管您阅读了大量的史料,但您的书读起来象小说一样生动,您的秘诀是什么呢?

张戎:这是花了很多时间,把复杂的国际斗争,把毛泽东的计谋怎么说得深入浅出,既准确,又使一般人都很清楚,这是非常不容易的。没有别的办法,只有花时间,不断地改。我相信我们的时间没有白费。

德国之声:您这本书中哪些论点在史学家中引起了最大的争议呢?

张戎:我非常失望的是,到现在还没有引起什么争论。对这些具体的事实,没有人出来说,我们说的哪一件事实是错的。有人说也只是说,是否应该说一下毛泽东干了什么好事,这本书是不是把毛泽东说得太坏了。

德国之声:毛泽东现在仍然是中国的一个核心人物,比如说现在还有他的纪念堂,还有他的像等等。中国共产党也还是常常引用他的话。您认为未来中国会对毛泽东重新评价吗?

张戎:我没有办法预言。可是我只有希望他们能够重新评价毛泽东,希望他们能够跟毛泽东划清界线,能够坚决摒弃毛和毛的一切遗产。现在中国经济发展很快,但世界上的人民不会对中国放心,如果中国不坚决跟毛泽东划清界线的话。因为从我们的书里可以看出,毛泽东造成了7000多万中国人的死亡,他还说,为了他的那些项目上马,中国人可以死一半。而且毛泽东一心要的是称霸世界。如果中国领导人还继续说他们是毛泽东的接班人,你说全世界人民能放心吗?

德国之声:您现在是一位毛泽东专家了。我想请您用三到五个形容词来概括一下这是一个什么样的人。

张戎:这非常难。我想其中一个一定是极度的自私,和随心所欲。他做的一切都是为了自己,而没有想到中国人民。他又是一个极度的铁石心肠的人,对他的家人也是如此,他给中国带来了巨大的灾难,中国领导人自己说是一个前所未有浩劫。毛泽东在道德上是一无可取的。他导致7000万中国人在和平时期死亡,这是一个非常可怕的数字。比方说在大饥荒,据我们统计,3800万人死了以后,毛泽东还要继续搞大跃进,所谓大跃进是什么呢?实际上就是出口粮食,出口到苏联去买核武器,核工业,核军事工业,来使中国变成一个超级军事强国,使毛泽东本人可以称霸世界。他又是一个脑子非常非常精明的,眼光非常长远的,考虑事情周到的这么一个谋略家吧。

张戎简介

张戎1952出生于中国四川宜宾,她当过红卫兵,农民,钢铁工人,赤脚医生。后来在四川大学学习英语专业,并留校当助教。1978年她就离开中国前往英国,成为新时代获得英国博士学位的第一位中国人。



——原载:《德国之声》



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Wiserman 回复 悄悄话 SUNNE, you are wrong!
From Buddhism point of view, if you write something and mislead people, then you have done a bad thing. You will get penishment as reward.
If you write, you are responsible!
SUNNE 回复 悄悄话 呵呵,人家写什么书,看什么书关,发表什么评论都可以,不同意你也可以写。
臭老王 回复 悄悄话 哈哈,看把这叫 Wiserman 小子急的。
Wiserman 回复 悄悄话 Can SWenXueCity remove this article?
Thanks.
Wiserman 回复 悄悄话 This is an insult to WenXueCity to post 张戎's stuff!
Wiserman 回复 悄悄话 张戎 is a garbage in mankind.
Wiserman 回复 悄悄话 张戎的book is full of gossips and rumors. Not worth to read!
She(张戎) with her Russian husband(in England) just use Mao's name to make money. All(and Only) the stupid people bought her book as a donation to her bank account!
Wiserman 回复 悄悄话 张戎的book is full of gossips and rumors. Not worth to read!
忘我 回复 悄悄话 這文章寫得太有水平了!!
在中国,
共產黨的最大的本事就是洗腦:
把白的說成是黑的,
不這樣說就鎮壓你.
想活著就不能不做狗,
不過對很多人來說,
知道自己做狗是一件很痛苦的事,
所以就deny.
他們唯有做狗了.
look_paris 回复 悄悄话 无聊! 命题不对。
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