喜静不喜动的cairn

主要是分享一下在学习过程中一些心得体会,欢迎大家交流。
正文

自然辩证法的逻辑困境

(2025-09-28 13:27:56) 下一个

自然辩证法自称能揭示自然界发展的普遍规律,但仔细推敲,它的逻辑却含糊不清,既不能提供准确推理,也无法被证伪,因此难以真正指导科学研究。

最常见的例子是“量变到质变”。自然辩证法常举水沸腾为例:加热到一定温度,液态水转变为水蒸气。然而问题随之而来:如果继续加热水蒸气,会不会再发生新的质变?这样的质变究竟能发生几次?在什么条件下发生?千万别告诉我要经过九九八十一变,去暗和周易之数。同样,水结冰也可以被视作一次“量变到质变”,但当我们进一步降温时又会如何?大家都知道,绝对零度不可达,因此所谓“继续质变”的说法在科学上没有意义,甚至是“量变”本身也不能进行。这表明“量变到质变”并不是一种可操作的预测方法,而只是事后对现象的套用。(千万别告诉我说,导师们举错例子了:温度升高或者降低不是量变!)

再看“矛盾统一律”。如果简单套用“对立统一”的逻辑,那么有“万有引力”就必然要去寻找“万有斥力”;有熵增定律就必然要推断出某种“熵减”的孤立系统。这样的推理听起来似乎对称合理,但科学证据并不支持,结果只是空想。

自然辩证法的另一大问题在于,它常常依赖于对已有科学成果的事后解释,而不是提供可以检验的新预测。这就好比某些基金经理拿过去的股市数据建立一个模型,并声称能“必胜大盘”。在展示历史数据时,模型似乎处处正确,但一旦放到未来,便显露出其空洞无效。这正是伪科学的特征:听起来头头是道,但经不起推敲与检验。

综上,自然辩证法既不能提供精确推理,也无法提出可证伪的预测,它更像是一种解释上的“安慰剂”,而不是科学方法。

 

最后,附上几个卡尔·波普尔(Karl Popper)对辩证法的评论 (ChatGTP帮我找的):

"The dialectical method... does not in fact solve any scientific problems. It consists of a collection of impressive-sounding but vague and meaningless phrases."
The Open Society and Its Enemies, Vol. II

 

"Marx's theory of history... was a scientific theory. It was a bold hypothesis, and therefore, if false, certainly falsifiable. But when it was interpreted and revised... it became unfalsifiable. It became a dogma. And so the Marxist theory of history, like psychoanalysis, became a typical pseudo-science."
Conjectures and Refutations (1963)

 

"Hegel’s dialectic... became part of Marxist orthodoxy. The Marxist 'laws of dialectics' are neither empirical nor scientific. They can be used to 'explain' anything and everything — and for that very reason, they explain nothing."
Unended Quest: An Intellectual Autobiography (1976)

 

While Popper didn’t write a full critique focused only on Dialectics of Nature, he mentions Engels’ dialectics in general critiques of Marxism:

"Engels and Lenin tried to make dialectics into a general method for science. This attempt failed. Real scientific methods are critical and empirical, not dialectical."
Postscript to the Logic of Scientific Discovery (1983)

[ 打印 ]
评论
目前还没有任何评论
登录后才可评论.