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理查德·霍夫施塔特：美国生活中的反智主义、美国政治中的偏执风格、1956-1965 年未收集的论文
作者：理查德·霍夫施塔特 (Richard Hofstadter)，肖恩·威伦茨 (Sean Wilentz) (编辑) 2020 年 4 月 21 日
首次合集：我们最伟大的历史学家之一撰写的关于美国思想暗流的两部杰作
理查德·霍夫施塔特的《美国生活中的反智主义》和《美国政治中的偏执风格》是两部重要著作，揭露了长期影响美国政治和文化的非理性主义、煽动性、破坏性民粹主义和阴谋论思维等令人担忧的趋势。无论是地下的还是——就像我们现在这样——公开的，这些怨恨、怀疑和阴谋妄想的潮流都得到了霍夫施塔特的权威处理，霍夫施塔特是二十世纪最伟大的美国历史学家之一，而当时许多公共知识分子和学者并没有足够重视它们。肖恩·威伦茨精选了霍夫施塔特战后时期最尖锐的未收集著作，将这两部杰作与这本书结合在一起：关于宪法制定者的讨论、罗斯福的个性和遗产、高等教育及其不满、原教旨主义与右翼政治的关系以及现代保守运动的出现。
《美国生活中的反智主义》是理查德·霍夫施塔特于 1963 年出版的一本书，该书获得了 1964 年普利策非小说类文学奖。[1][2]
摘要
在这本书中，霍夫施塔特着手追溯改变美国社会中知识分子角色的社会运动。[3] 在此过程中，他探讨了有关教育目的的问题，以及教育民主化是否改变了教育目的并重塑了其形式。[4]
分析
在考虑教育机会和教育卓越性之间的历史紧张关系时，霍夫施塔特认为反智主义和功利主义在一定程度上都是知识民主化的结果。此外，他认为这些主题在历史上根植于美国的国家结构中，源于其殖民和福音派新教传统。他认为，美国福音派新教的反智传统重视精神而不是知识严谨性。[5]
定义
霍夫施塔特将反智主义描述为“对精神生活及其代表的憎恨；以及不断贬低这种生活价值的倾向。”[6] 他进一步将这一术语描述为这样一种观点：“知识分子……自命不凡、自负……势利；很可能不道德、危险、具有颠覆性……普通人的朴素意识完全可以替代正式的知识和专业知识，甚至比它们更优越。”
Richard Hofstadter: Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, The Paranoid Style in American Politics, Uncollected Essays 1956-1965
https://www.amazon.ca/Richard-Hofstadter-Anti-Intellectualism-Uncollected-1956-1965/dp/1598536591/ref=
by Richard Hofstadter (Author), Sean Wilentz (Editor) April 21 2020
Together for the first time: two masterworks on the undercurrents of the American mind by one of our greatest historians
Richard Hofstadter's Anti-Intellectualism in American Life and The Paranoid Style in American Politics are two essential works that lay bare the worrying trends of irrationalism, demagoguery, destructive populism, and conspiratorial thinking that have long influenced American politics and culture. Whether underground or--as in our present moment--out in the open, these currents of resentment, suspicion, and conspiratorial delusion received their authoritative treatment from Hofstadter, among the greatest of twentieth-century American historians, at a time when many public intellectuals and scholars did not take them seriously enough. These two masterworks are joined here by Sean Wilentz's selection of Hofstadter's most trenchant uncollected writings of the postwar period: discussions of the Constitution's framers, the personality and legacy of FDR, higher education and its discontents, the relationship of fundamentalism to right-wing politics, and the advent of the modern conservative movement.
Anti-intellectualism in American Life is a book by Richard Hofstadter published in 1963 that won the 1964 Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction.[1][2]
Summary
In this book, Hofstadter set out to trace the social movements that altered the role of intellect in American society.[3] In so doing, he explored questions regarding the purpose of education and whether the democratization of education altered that purpose and reshaped its form.[4]
Analysis
In considering the historic tension between access to education and excellence in education, Hofstadter argued that both anti-intellectualism and utilitarianism were in part consequences of the democratization of knowledge. Moreover, he saw these themes as historically embedded in America's national fabric, resulting from its colonial and evangelical Protestant heritage. He contended that evangelical American Protestantism's anti-intellectual tradition valued the spirit over intellectual rigor.
Definition
Hofstadter described anti-intellectualism as "resentment of the life of the mind, and those who are considered to represent it; and a disposition to constantly minimize the value of that life."[6] He further described the term as a view that "intellectuals...are pretentious, conceited... and snobbish; and very likely immoral, dangerous, and subversive ... The plain sense of the common man is an altogether adequate substitute for, if not actually much superior to, formal knowledge and expertise."
