講課開頭語和例釋
「自修文字誕言少,他處我來同感多,交匯東西求意筆,換珠得樂作弦歌。」這是筆者的藏頭詩「自他交換」,此乃藏傳佛教「自他交換」的大乘修行禪定之法,漢傳佛教稱爲「代眾生苦」。我借此詩同時表達我自己的翻譯體驗。在翻譯中,譯者不是孤立的自我,譯者應當對原作者懷抱同情或設身處地激發起感同身受的共鳴,以直譯和意譯的形象之美以及音韻的朗朗上口作爲翻譯英語格律詩的標準。
例釋一
克里斯蒂娜· 羅塞蒂( Christina Rossetti)<哀歌 >(A Dirge),
傅譯<少年游 (別格 )>二首:
Why were you born when the snow was falling?
問君生日,緣何寒苦,飛雪正飛揚?
You should have come to the cuckoo's calling,
祥和時節,春來布穀,啼叫喚兒郎,
Or when grapes are green in the cluster,
或應景葡萄新綠,
Or, at least, when lithe swallows muster
輕燕聚華堂。
For their far off flying
怎奈鳴禽飛天際,
From summer dying.
溫情死,夏時亡。
Why did you die when the lambs were cropping?
問君歸去,緣何倉促,青草正肥羊?
You should have died at the apples' dropping,
秋來蘋果,紛紛落地,催老入原鄉,
When the grasshopper comes to trouble,
或應景昆蟲遭難,
And the wheat-fields are sodden stubble,
郊野麥田黃。
And all winds go sighing
陣陣來風皆哀歎,
For sweet things dying.
芳菲劫,美淪亡。
例釋二
金斯堡( Ellen Ginsberg)<東方謠>( An Eastern Ballad)
I speak of love that comes to mind: 訴說情靈關愛意,
The moon is faithful, although blind 遙望明月作皈依,
She moves in thought she cannot speak. 神思語噎偏盲後,
Perfect care has made her bleak. 完璧鏡圓無欲時。
I never dreamed the sea so deep, 深海未曾逰夢境,
The earth so dark; so long my sleep, 濁寰卻已誤晨曦。
I have become another child 輪回蝶化他家子,
I wake to see the world go wild. 醒看世風狂野吹。
例釋三
葉慈(W.B. Yeats )《情殤其一. 八六子》(The Sorrow of Love I)
傅正明譯 | 施蟄存譯《戀之悲哀》
The quarrel of the sparrows in the eaves,
雀群飛,繞檐爭嘴, | 簷落間禾雀的聒噪
The full round moon and the star-laden sky,
星河皓月同輝, | 望夜的明月,與披星的天,
And the loud song of the ever-singing leaves,
聽草葉高歌永在, | 和那永遠鳴唱著的木葉的高歌,
Had hid away earth's old and weary cry.
濁塵哀泣稀聞,匿聲片時。 | 已隱蔽了塵世的古老而疲憊的歌聲。
And then you came with those red mournful lips,
朱唇來兮銜悲, | 於是你帶著那哀怨的朱唇來了,
And with you came the whole of the world's tears,
為爾普天流淚, | 與你同來的,有世界上全部的眼淚,
And all the sorrows of her labouring ships,
帆船苦聚愁思, | 和她的勞苦的船所有的煩惱,
And all burden of her myriad years.
數百載,肩頭重荷同哭。 | 和她的幾千代所有的煩惱。
And now the sparrows warring in the eaves,
此時禾雀,舊年兵戈, | 如今那再簷落間喧擾的禾雀,
The crumbling moon, the white stars in the sky,
星天低掛蟾宮冷寂, | 那凝乳似的皓月,閃著白光的空中的星,
And the loud chanting of the unquiet leaves,
高吟衰草迷離, | 不安靜的木葉的高歌,
Are shaken with earth's old and weary cry.
盡含悲,歌搖萬年泫啼。| 都應和著塵世的古老而疲憊的呼聲而顫抖了。
(1892年初寫本)
葉慈(W.B. Yeats)《情殤其二. 八六子》 (The Sorrow of Love II)
傅正明譯
The brawling of a sparrow in the eaves 雀單飛,繞簷爭嘴,
The brilliant moon and all the milky sky, 星河皓月同輝,
And all that famous harmony of leaves, 願混跡和融草葉
Had blotted out man's image and his cry. 淡忘沖突心圖,揾乾泫啼。
A girl arose that had red mournful lips 朱唇情劫傷悲,
And seemed the greatness of the world in tears, 普世淚泉泓邃,
Doomed like Odysseus and the laboring ships
英雄十載鄉思。奧德賽風帆命中撕裂。
And proud as Priam murdered with his peers, 兩強矛舞,獨夫頭斷。
Arose, and on the instant clamorous eaves, 重聞屋角翻飛鳥語,
A climbing moon upon an empty sky, 虛空流瀉蟾暉,
And all that lamentation of the leaves, 草離離,
Could but compose man's image and his cry. 殷殷撫平泫啼。
(1925年重寫本)
例釋四
龐德(Ezra Pound)倣《魯拜集》三韻之一 (《比薩詩章之八十》
The Quatrains about the Wars of the Roses From Canto LXXX
Tudor indeed is gone and every rose, 都鐸玫瑰一一凋,
Blood-red, blanch-white that in the sunset glows 殘陽漂白火紅焦,
Cries: "Blood, Blood, Blood!" against the gothic stone英倫血濺教堂石,
Of England, as the Howard or Boleyn knows. 王族巔峰知落潮。
例釋五
雪萊(Shelley)《哀歌》(A Lament )
傅正明譯 | 許淵衝譯
O World! O Life! O Time!
世界人生時晷老, | 啊!世界!人生!光陰!
On whose last steps I climb
攀登跬步到高標, | 對我是山窮水盡,
Trembling at that where I had stood before;
驚眸回望舊時路, | 往日的踪影使我心驚。
When will return the glory of your prime?
欲挽韶年有絕招? | 青春的光輝何時能再回?
No more -- Oh, never more!
別了,芳華永別了! | 不會啊!永遠不會!
Out of the day and night
日夜推移行旅早, | 歡樂别了白天黑夜,
A joy has taken flight:
一程歡笑隨風飄, | 已經遠走高飛
Fresh spring, and summer, and winter hoar
春花夏草冬寒雪, | 春夏秋冬都令人心碎,
Move my faint heart with grief, but with delight
携我悲歡起落潮, | 賞心事随流水落花去也,
No more -- Oh, never more!
別了,逝波永別了! | 一去啊!永遠不回!
例釋六
羅伯特·弗羅斯特(Robert Frost)《偶觀星象(玉蝴蝶慢)》(On Looking Up by Chance at the Constellations)
傅正明譯 | 余光中譯
You'll wait a long, long time for anything much
久候碧空奇象: | 你要等很久,很久才會見到
To happen in heaven beyond the floats of cloud
浮雲之外,幻見天堂。 | 除了浮雲,天上會有多少動靜,
And the Northern Lights that run like tingling nerves.
北極光圈,旋動一片驚惶。 | 和北極光轉動如刺耳的神經。
The sun and moon get crossed, but they never touch,
日和月,盤行不碰, | 日和月相錯,但從不相觸,
Nor strike out fire from each other nor crash out loud.
不擦火, | 不會擦出火花或撞得熄火。
The planets seem to interfere in their curves
星宿乖張,有恆常, | 行星的曲線似乎互不相擾
But nothing ever happens, no harm is done.
各行其道,無甚傷亡。 | 卻不會出事,也沒有害處。
We may as well go patiently on with our life,
良方,人生隱忍, | 不如且耐心地過我們的日子,
And look elsewhere than to stars and moon and sun
少觀星月,眺望塵鄉。 | 向日月星辰以外去尋找
For the shocks and changes we need to keep us sane.
變卦無驚, | 令人清醒的意外與變化。
It is true the longest drouth will end in rain,
旱田求雨有希望。 | 誠然,最長的旱災終會降雨,
The longest peace in China will end in strife.
看中國長期穩定,終有亂, |中國最久的太平會止於刀兵。
Still it wouldn't reward the watcher to stay awake
和諧東方, | 觀星人恐怕只會徒然守夜,
In hopes of seeing the calm of heaven break
黯無望, | 為了看太空的靜謐中斷
On his particular time and personal sight.
黃昏人靜, | 恰在他躬逢的時刻目睹
That calm seems certainly safe to last to-night.
今夜安詳。 | 這靜謐保險能無恙,今夕。
例釋七
拜倫(Lord Byron)《唐璜》( Don Juan)第1章第73節
傅正明譯 | 穆旦譯
But passion most dissembles yet betray
情深故作無情狀, | 熱情力圖僞裝,但因深文周納,
Even by its darkness; as the blackest sky
愛火悶燒更顯彰。 | 反而暴露了自己;有如烏云蔽天,
Foretells the heaviest tempest, it displays
雲影濃濃天兆雨, | 遮蔽越暗,越顯示必有暴風雨。
Its workings through the vainly guarded eye,
星眸淡淡波翻江。 | 眼睛想掩飾內心也總歸枉然。
And in whatever aspect it arrays
花招虛晃露真象, | 因為熱情無論躲在什么假象裡,
Itself, 't is still the same hypocrisy;
明慧偷窺察熱腸, | 那終究是裝模裝樣,易於看穿:
Coldness or anger, even disdain or hate,
怨怒徒然戴面具, | 冷漠,嗔怒,甚至輕蔑或憎恨,
Are masks it often wears, and still too late.
瞬間脫落見情狂。 | 都是它的假面具,但騙不了人。