《罗密欧与朱丽叶》第五幕第一场,罗密欧听到朱丽叶去世的消息后,立马去了一家药店,对卖药人说:“请给我一点毒药,厌世的人一服下去便会散入全身的血管,立刻毙命。那种毒药会令呼吸立刻停止,就像火药发射出去一样快。”
(Let me have
A dram of poison, such soon-speeding gear
As will disperse itself through all the veins,
That the life-weary taker may fall dead
And that the trunk may be discharged of breath
As violently as hasty powder fired)
卖药人递给他一副毒药,说:“无论放在什么饮料里喝下去,即使你有二十个人的力气,也会立刻送命。”
(Put this in any liquid thing you will
And drink it off, and if you had the strength
Of twenty men, it would dispatch you straight.)
绝大多数专家都认为毒死罗密欧的是欧洲乌头,学名Aconitum Napellus,俗名包括Aconite(附子)、 wolfsbane(狼毒)等。这种多年生植物主要出现在北半球山地潮湿的草甸上,很早就被引入英国。植株外形美观,深绿色的掌状叶,高大直立的主干顶端有一簇蓝紫色的总状花序,两侧对称生着许多花。小花的上部萼片发育成一个巨大的头盔状结构,类似于中世纪僧侣所穿斗篷的兜帽,故又称“monkshood” 。植物的所有部分,尤其是块根和种子,都是有毒的,药物附子是从叶子和根中提取的。古人常把附子毒涂在箭头上用于狩猎或作战,哈姆雷特就是被涂着附子的毒剑刺死的。
欧洲乌头也是最早被引入花园的毒花之一,与飞燕草、翠雀花(Delphinium)、毛地黄等一众毒花成为北温带流行的园艺花。
附子毒性猛烈,莎士比亚在《亨利四世》第二部中也有所揭示。第四幕第四场,重病中的亨利王交待托马斯.克莱伦斯:“你怎么不跟你的亲王哥哥在一起?他爱你,你却这样忽视他,克莱伦斯。所有的兄弟中,你是他最喜欢的一个……你要成为你的朋友们的庇护者、一个把你的兄弟们紧密结合的金箍,这样你们的骨肉血液永远相连,尽管参杂着恶毒的谗言,如附子草和火药一样猛烈,无时不刻地倾注进去,却永不渗漏。”
(How chance thou art not with the Prince thy
brother?
He loves thee, and thou dost neglect him, Thomas.
Thou hast a better place in his affection
Than all thy brothers.
……….
And thou shalt prove a shelter to thy friends,
A hoop of gold to bind thy brothers in,
That the united vessel of their blood,
Mingled with venom of suggestion
(As, force perforce, the age will pour it in),
Shall never leak, though it do work as strong
As aconitum or rash gunpowder.)
两千多年来,附子一直是悬疑作家最喜欢的毒药。古罗马文学大师奥维德的《变形记》中几次提到了附子:大英雄赫拉克勒斯(Heracles)将冥王的三头犬捕到地面上,这条恶狗的唾液淌到的地方就长出了乌头。 雅典娜女神用狼毒将阿拉克涅(Arachne)变成了蜘蛛。美狄亚在酒中加入附子,试图毒死忒修斯(Theseus)……
莎士比亚在创作《罗密欧与朱丽叶》时,也用毒药和药水来推动剧情发展。
第一幕第二场,表弟班伏里奥与深陷单相思之苦的表哥罗密欧开玩笑:“哦,兄弟,新的火焰可以扑灭旧的火焰,一个痛苦可以减轻另一个痛苦,转晕了,可以朝相反的方向转。一次绝望的忧伤可以治愈另一次的憔悴。给你的眼睛找一个新的炎症,原来的臭毒便消失了。”罗密欧反唇相讥:“你的车前草叶最适合治愈__”班伏里奥问:“治愈什么?”罗密欧答:“治愈你的跌断的小腿。”
(BENVOLIO
Tut, man, one fire burns out another's burning,
One pain is lessen'd by another's anguish;
Turn giddy, and be holp by backward turning;
One desperate grief cures with another's languish:
Take thou some new infection to thy eye,
And the rank poison of the old will die.
ROMEO
Your plaintain-leaf is excellent for that.
BENVOLIO
For what, I pray thee?
ROMEO
For your broken shin.)
莎翁在此暗示,治疗失恋的最好方法是发展另一段恋情。随后出现的朱丽亚治好了罗密欧的爱情旧伤,却带来了更多的绝望与痛苦。所谓的良药和毒药,区别只在剂量。相思成瘾,有情人天长地久,爱情便是良药。如花之年双双殉情,如此用力过猛的爱情,更像是毒药了,因为人们区别“毒”,往往是从会不会致病和致死这个角度判断的。
在罗朱二人的爱情悲剧中起着或不可缺的作用的劳伦斯神父,是个知识渊博的草药学家。第二幕第三场,他提着一个篮子在户外采药,说了一段对奇花和毒草的精辟见解:“趁太阳还没有睁开眼晒干潮湿的夜露,趁白日来临之前,我必须用毒草和珍贵的鲜花,来填满我们的这个柳条笼子……这一朵小花的弱蕊纤苞内,同时具有毒性和药力。闻着花香,快乐无比,吃下肚却令心跳停止。草木与人心皆相同,善意与恶念并存,若是恶念占了上风,很快植物便患溃疡病而死。”
(Now, ere the sun advance his burning eye,
The day to cheer and night’s dank dew to dry,
I must upfill this osier cage of ours
With baleful weeds and precious-juicèd flowers.
……
Within the infant rind of this small flower
Poison hath residence and medicine power.
For this, being smelt, with that part cheers each part;
Being tasted, stays all senses with the heart.
Two such opposèd kings encamp them still,
In man as well as herbs—grace and rude will.
And where the worser is predominant,
Full soon the canker death eats up that plant. )
神父擅长用药,第四幕第一场,为了成全少男少女的爱情,他拿了一瓶自制的药水给朱丽叶,对她说:“快快乐乐地回家去,答应嫁给帕里斯。明天就是星期三了,明晚你必须一人独睡,别让你的奶妈睡在你的房间里。这一个药瓶你带走,等你上床以后,喝光里面的所有液汁。很快就会有一阵昏昏沉沉的寒气通过你全身的血管,接着脉搏就会停止跳动,没有一丝热气和呼吸可以证明你还活着。你的嘴唇和脸颊上的红润之色会变成灰白,你的眼睑闭下,就像死神关闭了生命的白昼。你身上的每一部分失去了循环,僵硬冰冷,像死了一样。在这种与死无异的状态中,你必须经历四十二小时,然后仿佛从一场酣睡中醒了过来……”
(go home, be merry, give consent
To marry Paris. Wednesday is tomorrow.
Tomorrow night look that thou lie alone;
Let not the nurse lie with thee in thy chamber.
Take thou this vial, being then in bed,
And this distilling liquor drink thou off.
When presently through all thy veins shall run
A cold and drowsy humor, for no pulse
Shall keep his native progress, but surcease.
No warmth, no breath, shall testify thou livest.
The roses in thy lips and cheeks shall fade
To wanny ashes, thy eyes' windows fall
Like death when he shuts up the day of life.
Each part, deprived of supple government,
Shall, stiff and stark and cold, appear like death.
And in this borrowed likeness of shrunk death
Thou shalt continue two and forty hours,
And then awake as from a pleasant sleep.)
许多人根据神父的描述,判断这种药水的主要成分是原产于西欧的多年生草本植物deadly nightshade (颠茄,学名Atropa Belladonna),全株有毒,特别是根部和根茎毒性最强。据杰拉尔德的《植物通志》记载,颠茄也叫睡茄,吞下几粒果实会引起神智不清和昏睡,多吃会导致死亡。
可惜,计划执行的过程中出现了偏差,两个年轻人香消玉殒。
值得一提的是,劳伦斯神父虽然支持两个年轻人热烈的爱情,却也对他们的结合表示出了一丝忧虑。他在为小两口主持婚礼时说了一段话:“这种狂暴的快乐将会产生狂暴的结局,正像火和火药的亲吻,在最得意的一刹那烟消云散。最甜的蜜糖甜得令人生厌,可以使味觉麻木。爱的适度,才会爱的长久。太快和太慢,结果都不会圆满。”
(These violent delights have violent ends
And in their triumph die, like fire and powder,
Which, as they kiss, consume. The sweetest honey
Is loathsome in his own deliciousness
And in the taste confounds the appetite.
Therefore love moderately. Long love doth so.
Too swift arrives as tardy as too slow.)
这句忠告不仅适合于爱情,也适合于生活的各个方面。