(八)因嫉妒而引发的爱情悲剧
《奥赛罗》第三幕第四场,苔丝狄蒙娜发现自己丢了手帕后,非常懊恼,她对艾米利亚说:“相信我,我宁愿丢失的是装满金币的钱包。我的高贵的摩尔人是真心实意的,不是善妒的卑鄙小人,倘若不是这样,这会引起他的疑心的。”
(Believe me, I had rather have lost my purse
Full of crusadoes. And but my noble Moor
Is true of mind and made of no such baseness
As jealous creatures are, it were enough
To put him to ill thinking.)
她天真地认为奥赛罗不会嫉妒,因为“他出生地的阳光已经把这种气质从他身上吸去了”。(the sun where he was born drew all such humors from him.)她万万没有料到,奥赛罗此时已经迈开了报复的步履。他再次见到妻子时,语带双关,他们之间的对话首先围绕着苔丝狄蒙娜的手展开,翻译如下:
奥赛罗:
“把你的手给我。这手很潮呢,我的夫人。”
(OTHELLO
Give me your hand. This hand is moist, my lady.)
苔丝狄蒙娜 :
“它还没有感受到衰老,也不了解忧伤。”
(DESDEMONA
It hath felt no age nor known no sorrow.)
奥赛罗:
“这证明了它的主人是好生养而且心胸开阔的。这么热,这么热,这么潮。你的这只手告诫你要克制约束,斋戒祷告,常常反躬自省,礼拜神明,因为这儿有一个年轻爱流汗的魔鬼,不时反叛。这是一只好手,一只很慷慨的手。”
(OTHELLO
This argues fruitfulness and liberal heart.
Hot, hot, and moist. This hand of yours requires
A sequester from liberty, fasting, and prayer,
Much castigation, exercise devout,
For here’s a young and sweating devil here,
That commonly rebels. 'Tis a good hand,
A frank one.)
苔丝狄蒙娜:
“您真的可以这样说,因为就是这一只手把我的心献给您的。”
(DESDEMONA
You may indeed say so,
For ’twas that hand that gave away my heart.)
奥赛罗:
“一只慷慨的手。从前把手给人的同时,将心也一起给了对方。但在我们这个新的时代,把手给了人,心却不交给对方。”
(OTHELLO
A liberal hand. The hearts of old gave hands,
But our new heraldry is hands, not hearts.)
在这段对话中,拥有“潮湿的手”(A moist hand),表明此人很淫荡。“年轻爱流汗的魔鬼",(young and sweating devil )是一句性暗语,奥赛罗讽刺少妻性欲旺盛,告诫她要通过吃斋祷告来克制自己的性欲。不过单纯的苔丝狄蒙娜听了这话,只当是夫妻之间的私密玩笑。奥赛罗用“frank”一词来形容苔丝狄蒙娜的手时, 她以为是“开明诚实”(open and honest)的意思,其实奥赛罗在暗示妻子生活作风太开放(too open)。奥赛罗还说旧时代的人们在联姻时,把双手和真心一同交给了对方。而现代人对婚姻和性太随意,他得到了对方的手,却得不到对方的心。
苔丝狄蒙娜不想继续讨论“手”这个话题,于是为被奥赛罗撤了职的卡西奥求情。奥赛罗找了个借口,趁机提到了手帕。他说:“我的眼睛有些胀痛,老是流眼泪,把你的手帕借给我一用。”(I have a salt and sorry rheum offends me. Lend me thy handkerchief.)
当苔丝狄蒙娜说自己没把丈夫送的手帕带在身边时,奥赛罗教训她:“你做的不对。那条手帕是一个埃及女人送给我的母亲的,她是一个女巫,基本上可以洞察人心。她对我的母亲说,当她保存着这条手帕的时候,它可以使她拥有魅力,并让我的父亲完全拜倒在她的裙下。但是如果她丢了手帕,或把它送人,我的父亲就会憎恶她,他的心要另寻新欢了。她在临死前将手帕给了我,嘱咐我成家后,就把它送给妻子。我照做了,你必须要重视,就像珍惜你的宝贵的眼睛一样。如果丢了或把它送人,将万劫不复。”
(OTHELLO
That’s a fault. That handkerchief
Did an Egyptian to my mother give,
She was a charmer and could almost read
The thoughts of people. She told her, while she kept it
'Twould make her amiable and subdue my father
Entirely to her love, but if she lost it
Or made gift of it, my father’s eye
Should hold her loathèd and his spirits should hunt
After new fancies. She, dying, gave it me
And bid me, when my fate would have me wived,
To give it her. I did so, and take heed on ’t,
Make it a darling like your precious eye.
To lose ’t or give ’t away were such perdition
As nothing else could match.)
苔丝狄蒙娜显然是第一次听到这个故事,很吃惊地问:“ 这可能吗?”(Is ’t possible?)奥赛罗答:“这是真的。它有魔力织在面料里面,它是一个两百岁的西比尔在主持神谕仪式的恍惚中缝就的。那丝线乃圣蚕所吐,用涂着香膏的处女的心流出的液体来染色。”
(OTHELLO
'Tis true. There’s magic in the web of it.
A sibyl, that had numbered in the world
The sun to course two hundred compasses,
In her prophetic fury sewed the work.
The worms were hallowed that did breed the silk,
And it was dyed in mummy which the skillful
Conserved of maidens' hearts.)
(注:sibyl,西比尔,希腊神话著名的女预言家,寿命可达上千年;Mummy,指的是从涂着香膏的尸体中抽出的液体)
某些细心的读者指出,这是本剧的第二处硬伤,因为在第五幕第二场有这样一个剧情:奥赛罗掐死妻子后,女仆艾米利亚怀疑这一切都是丈夫伊阿古操纵的,她当着大家的面斥责伊阿古撒谎。奥赛罗起了疑心,却试图为自己的杀妻行为辩护,他说:“这很令人遗憾。但是伊阿古知道她和卡西奥干过上千次无耻的勾当。卡西奥承认了,她把我最先给她的定情礼物赠给了卡西奥,作为对他的床上功夫的奖赏。我看见他拿在手里,那是一条手帕,我父亲送给我母亲的一件古老的纪念品。”
('Tis pitiful, but yet Iago knows
That she with Cassio hath the act of shame
A thousand times committed. Cassio confessed it,
And she did gratify his amorous works
With that recognizance and pledge of love
Which I first gave her. I saw it in his hand,
It was a handkerchief, an antique token
My father gave my mother.)
第三幕分明写到手帕是奥赛罗的母亲送给父亲的礼物,到了第五幕,怎么变成是父亲送给母亲的爱情信物呢?莎翁是否又犯了一个低级错误?
此外,还有不少学者认为该剧出现了逻辑时间混乱。第三幕第四场的尾段,卡西奥与相好的妓女卞卡有一场对话如下:
卡西奥:
“你怎么不在家呢?你好吗,我最美丽的卞卡?说实话,亲爱的,我正打算去你家呢。”
(CASSIO
What make you from home?
How is ’t with you, my most fair Bianca?
Indeed, sweet love, I was coming to your house.
卞卡:
“我也打算去你的住所,卡西奥。什么,你离开我一个星期了?七天七夜?一百六十八个小时?离人的难捱的相思比时钟还长一百六十倍,哦,疲乏的等待!”
(BIANCA
And I was going to your lodging, Cassio.
What, keep a week away? Seven days and nights?
Eight score eight hours? And lovers' absent hours
More tedious than the dial eightscore times!
Oh weary reckoning!)
卡西奥:
“对不起,卞卡,最近我的心事很重,改日有空,我会补偿你的。亲爱的卞卡(把苔丝狄蒙娜的手帕给卞卡),替我把手帕上的花样描下来。”
(CASSIO
Pardon me, Bianca,
I have this while with leaden thoughts been pressed,
But I shall, in a more continuate time,
Strike off this score of absence. Sweet Bianca,
(giving her DESDEMONA’s handkerchief)
Take me this work out.)
以上的对话中,卞卡抱怨卡西奥离开她一个星期了,这说明卡西奥在塞浦路斯岛上呆了一个星期。如果你仔细研究剧本,就会发现这部五幕话剧只说了三天的故事。第一幕的剧情发生在威尼斯,第二幕至第五幕都发生在塞浦路斯。第二幕一开始,卡西奥的船只最先抵达该岛,接着苔丝狄蒙娜、艾米利亚和伊阿古同乘的船只靠岸,最后到达的是奥赛罗的船只。第二幕的故事全部发生在一天之内。从第三幕到第五幕剧终,说的全是他们在塞浦路斯的第二天发生的故事。也就是说,卡西奥只在岛上呆了两天,不是卞卡口中的一个星期。因此有读者抱怨说,莎翁将发生在两个不同时间段的故事交织在一起了,剧情陷入了混乱。
这又是莎翁的一个低级错误吗?
本人不禁想起上中学时语文老师讲的一则趣事:《红楼梦》第七回,喝醉了的焦大在骂贾蓉:“蓉哥儿,你别在焦大跟前使主子性儿。别说你这样儿的,就是你爹,你爷爷,也不敢和焦大挺腰子!不是焦大一个人,你们就做官儿,享荣华,受富贵?你祖宗九死一生挣下这家业,到如今了,不报我的恩,反和我充起主子来了。不和我说别的还可,若再说别的,咱们红刀子进去白刀子出来!”某些读者读到“红刀子进去白刀子出来”这一句,暗笑曹雪芹也会犯这么低级的错误,正确的写法应该是“白刀子进去红刀子进来”。如果你仔细想想,有哪个醉汉的话不是颠三倒四、混乱不清的呢?曹雪芹写“红刀子进去白刀子出来”,更符合焦大醉酒时神智不清的状态。
同理,创作技巧高超的莎士比亚怎么可能在著名的悲剧《奥赛罗》里留下那么多明显的“硬伤”呢?
莎士比亚是降生在世界上的戏剧天才,他的作品备受推崇,不仅仅属于他那个时代,而是属于千秋万代。他深谙人性和世情,非常擅长塑造人物,文笔生动流畅。他还完全打破了古希腊希腊悲剧“三一律”中的情节统一律,比如,他在《李尔王》里安排了两个平行情节,最后合成一个情节;在《威尼斯商人》铺排了三个故事线索,在《仲夏夜之梦》安插了四个情节线索。
我认为,莎翁成功地塑造了一个患有精神分裂症的中年奥赛罗。多年残酷的战争经历重创了他的心理,那些让许多人无法面对、寝食难安的情景潜伏在他内心深处,日积月累,渐渐地将他的精神推到崩溃的边缘。
第一幕第三场,奥赛罗在公爵面前表明他和苔丝狄蒙娜是真心相爱时,概括了他的戎马生涯。他说:“她的父亲很看重我,常常邀请我去他家,不断地问起我的一年又一年所经历的战争、围城和幸运的遭遇。我将一生的故事,从我的童年时代起,到他要我讲述的那一刻为止,全部说了出来。我说起最不幸的灾难,海上和陆上的冒险行动,间不容发的脱险,被野蛮的敌人俘虏,贩卖为奴,而后遇赎脱身的经历,以及旅途中的种种见闻:那些巨大的洞穴、荒凉的沙漠,粗糙的岩坑、巍峨的山岭,我还讲了这些话题,讲到彼此相食的食人族,头长在肩膀下面的异族。苔丝狄蒙娜总是出神地倾听这些故事,有时她不得不去做一些家务活,我注意到她总是尽快做好,再回来专心致志地把我讲的每一个字都听了进去。有一天我在那儿闲着没事的时候,她热切地恳请我把我一生的经历仔仔细细地说给她听,因为她平时听到的是残缺不全的片段。我同意了,当我说到年少时遭遇到的一些不幸打击时,她常常流下眼泪。我的故事讲完后,她为我的痛苦叹息,她真诚地发誓说,‘太奇异了’,‘无比奇异’,‘太不幸了’,太奇异不幸了。她希望从没有听过这些故事,可是又希望上天为她造下这样一个男子。她向我道谢,对我说,如果我有一个朋友爱上了她,我只要教他怎样讲我的故事,就可以追上她。听到这个暗示后我开口求婚。她爱我经历的种种苦难,我爱她是因为她对我的遭遇的同情,这就是我唯一使用的巫术。她来了,让她证明这一切吧。”
(OTHELLO
Her father loved me, oft invited me,
Still questioned me the story of my life
From year to year, the battles, sieges, fortunes,
That I have passed.
I ran it through, even from my boyish days,
To th' very moment that he bade me tell it,
Wherein I spoke of most disastrous chances,
Of moving accidents by flood and field,
Of hair-breadth ’scapes i' th' imminent deadly breach,
Of being taken by the insolent foe
And sold to slavery, of my redemption thence
And portance in my traveler’s history.
Wherein of antres vast and deserts idle,
Rough quarries, rocks, hills whose heads touch heaven
It was my hint to speak—such was my process—
And of the Cannibals that each others eat,
The Anthropophagi, and men whose heads
Grew beneath their shoulders. These things to hear
Would Desdemona seriously incline.
But still the house affairs would draw her hence,
Which ever as she could with haste dispatch,
She’d come again, and with a greedy ear
Devour up my discourse, which I, observing,
Took once a pliant hour and found good means
To draw from her a prayer of earnest heart
That I would all my pilgrimage dilate,
Whereof by parcels she had something heard
But not intentively. I did consent,
And often did beguile her of her tears
When I did speak of some distressful stroke
That my youth suffered. My story being done
She gave me for my pains a world of sighs.
She swore, in faith, ’twas strange, ’twas passing strange,
'Twas pitiful, ’twas wondrous pitiful.
She wished she had not heard it, yet she wished
That heaven had made her such a man. She thanked me
And bade me, if I had a friend that loved her,
I should but teach him how to tell my story
And that would woo her. Upon this hint I spake.
She loved me for the dangers I had passed,
And I loved her that she did pity them.
This only is the witchcraft I have used.
Here comes the lady. Let her witness it.)
(注:Anthropophagi, 希腊神话中的食人族, 最早出现在古希腊作家希罗多德 (Herodotus ,公元前484-公元前425年)的著作《历史》(Histories) 里。奥赛罗口中的头长在肩膀以下的异族是记载于老普林尼《博物志》的无头人( Blemmyes),传说生活在北非撒哈拉沙漠)
虽然奥赛罗之前对公爵说过他是个粗人,“我的言语是粗鲁的,一点不懂得那些温文尔雅的辞令”(Rude am I in my speech, and little blessed with the soft phrase of peace, 第一幕第三场),但我们还是被他出色的演说技巧打动了,为他前半生的传奇恐怖经历所震撼。可惜的是,我们的文学作品和影视作品往往将战争的残酷过度烂漫化,极少直面如跗骨之蛆纠缠着士兵和将军的心理创伤。须知一次暴力的破坏力超乎想象,如果暴力反复发生,就会造成终身难以治愈的畸形心理。身经百战的奥赛罗的内心早就百孔千疮,不知不觉间患上了精神分裂症。
精神分裂症分好几种类型,偏执型最常见,以幻觉、妄想为主要临床表现,奥赛罗和李尔王都像是这种类型的患者。经历了土改、文革等几十年政治运动后,某些神经系统脆弱的中国人也被“吓”出了这种毛病。我认为莎翁在现实生活中对这类人有着敏锐的观察,只不过那时医学水平比较落后,他也许判断不出这些人的精神系统出了问题,而是将他们作为一种生动的文学典型,搬进了戏剧作品里。
基于奥赛罗患有精神分裂症的前提,戏剧中的所谓“硬伤”都可以得到合理解释。伊阿古的谗言尽管漏洞百出,却是压死骆驼的最后一根稻草,引发了奥赛罗对妻子不贞的猜忌。他在虚妄的状态下,大脑自动屏蔽了正确的信息,无法作出符合逻辑的判断。别人的一言一行、一举一动,都被他解读成“苔丝狄蒙娜和卡西奥是淫妇和奸夫”。为了证明这个结论,他特地给妻子下套,把手帕说成是母亲送给父亲的礼物,还将手帕与木乃伊少女的心脏流出的液体关联起来,耸人听闻,把妻子吓得不轻,赶紧撒谎说手帕没有丢失,她只是忘了带在身边。可怕的猜忌加重了他的精神疾病,导致行为失控,先是在大庭广众之下动手打了妻子,后来他的大脑陷入疯狂的状态,在夜半时将她窒息而死。
妻子死后,他才说出手帕是父亲送给母亲的古老纪念品,我认为这句话更接近事实真相。他用了“token”一词,意指手帕是爱情的象征(token)。
至于卞卡为何对卡西奥说“你离开我一个星期了?七天七夜?”,我认为这可能是情人间的打情骂俏,故意把分离的时间说长了,以表相思之苦。中国的古人不也有“一日不见,如三秋兮”的说法吗?因为卞卡的这句玩笑,许多读者才开始注意到故事进展的时间表,发现苔丝狄蒙娜与卡西奥几乎找不到机会苟合。莎翁巧妙地在这出戏里埋下了许多细节,不断提醒观众:如果奥赛罗是一个神志正常的丈夫,一定会凭着合理的推断,否认妻子不贞的谣言。
而我们常常错误地以为,从战场上凯旋而归的将军都是非凡的英雄,我们由衷地崇拜他们,却无法充分理解残酷的战争对他们的精神上造成的严重创伤。“伤后应激障碍”这一术语出现在1945年,直到越战结束以后才引起人们的重视。古时的奥赛罗长期得不到良好的心理疏导,加之其他诱因,狂热的嫉妒导致神经错乱,杀死了挚爱的妻子。知道真相后,他悔恨交加,痛感自己是一个“爱得不明智却用情过深的人;一个不容易嫉妒,可是一旦被煽动 ,就糊涂到极点的人。像粗鄙的印度人,亲手扔掉了比整个部落所有的财产更珍贵的珍珠。平静的目光,虽然不惯于心软流泪,一旦冲动,眼泪就会像流着胶液的阿拉伯胶树一样泛滥。”
(one that loved not wisely, but too well.
Of one not easily jealous, but being wrought,
Perplexed in the extreme. Of one whose hand,
Like the base Indian, threw a pearl away
Richer than all his tribe. Of one whose subdued eyes,
Albeit unused to the melting mood,
Drop tears as fast as the Arabian trees
Their medicinal gum)
说完,他用剑自刎,临死前对着躺在床上的妻子的遗体说:“我在杀死你以前,曾经用一吻和你诀别;现在,杀了我自己,生命在一吻中结束。”
(I kissed thee ere I killed thee. No way but this,
Killing myself, to die upon a kiss.)
他倒扑在苔丝狄蒙娜身上,吻着她死去。