《少年维特的烦恼》和歌德最后爱的缪斯

《少年维特的烦恼》和歌德最后爱的缪斯-写出内心的痛苦

"歌德, 维特, 孤独-少年的烦恼,  年轻恋人意识到了自己的爱情, 个人和情感冲击力。" - 所有这些轰击一个少年的心，我难忘的记忆。据歌德本人说，他在四周的时间内写出了这部书信体小说，以抵消爱情的痛苦并使自己从自杀的念头中摆脱出来。针对这部小说对自杀的赞美的批评在很大程度上也来自于教会和一些同时代的作家，因为，据说许多青年模仿了自杀行为。实际上的确有模仿性的自杀行为，但其数量远远低于教会宣称的数量。在一些地方（如：莱比锡、哥本哈根、米兰）这本小说甚至受到了封禁。歌德的反驳大意如下：他以自己的生还给出了最好的例子：人们必须写出内心的痛苦。歌德最初出版的小说匿名，他年老后悔他的名声-使他的青春爱情公共知识。
***

《少年维特的烦恼》（德語：Die Leiden des jungen Werther）是第一部让歌德在德国几乎一夜成名的小说。本书于1774年秋天在莱比锡书籍展览会上面世，并在那里成了畅销书。它是歌德作品中被他的同时代人阅读得最多的一本。由此而来的成功给歌德的一生带来了名誉和财富。《少年维特的烦恼》的初版属于狂飙突进运动的风格，而修订版是魏玛的古典主义时期的代表作品。小说中的主人公——他的行为仅仅取决于他的感觉——是感伤主义的代表性人物。

http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4%E7%BB%B4%E7%89%B9%E7%9A%84%E7%83%A6%E6%81%BC

目录 [隐藏]

• 1内容

• 2背景

  • 2.1对夏绿蒂·布夫的爱

  • 2.2耶路撒冷的自杀

   

   

• 3影响

  • 3.1争论

  • 3.2“维特热”

  • 3.3价值

   

   

• 4版本

  • 4.1中文译本

   

   

• 5外部链接

 

内容[编辑]

绝大部分的情节是在维特写给朋友威廉的信中叙述的。

作为一个还不清楚自己人生目标的年轻人，维特离开了市民的世界，来到了W城。在那里，他从在自然中游荡和练习绘画中获得享受，因为他认为自己是个艺术家。一天他被邀请参加舞会，在这次舞会上，他认识了公务员的女儿绿蒂，绿蒂在母亲去世之后照顾着八个兄弟姐妹。维特先前就知道她已经订过婚，却不顾这些，立刻爱上了她。舞会期间下了一场暴雨。两人想到了克洛普斯托克的同一首诗，并由此意识到了两人间深深的灵魂的親和力。从此，绿蒂和维特一起度过了很多时光。

绿蒂的未婚夫阿尔贝特出差回来的时候，维特的感情渐渐产生了变化。绿蒂未婚夫的存在使他意识到了自己的爱情的无望。尽管阿尔贝特是一个富有同情心的、好心肠的人，他和维特之间的关系仍是紧张的。当维特意识到他对绿蒂的感情因为这种棘手的局面不能继续下去时，他离开了这座城市，以避开绿蒂。维特为一座大使馆工作了一段时间，但事务的死板和礼仪的拘束摧毁了他的希望。他不能认同社会的上层和贵族的生活。他失望地回到了W城。这时绿蒂已经和阿尔贝特结婚了。

圣诞节之前，维特在阿尔贝特不在时拜访了绿蒂，并为她朗读了莪相（Ossian）的作品，他们情不自禁，相互拥抱、亲吻。但是绿蒂挣脱了，还发誓永远不再见维特。这次事件后，维特彻底绝望了。他写了一封诀别信，并以要旅行的藉口向阿尔贝特借了两把枪开枪自杀。次日早晨，人们发现他身着他标志性的蓝-黄衣服死去了。莱辛的作品《爱米丽雅·迦洛蒂》翻开着放在他的桌上。由于是自杀，人们无法以基督教的方式埋葬他。

背景[编辑]对夏绿蒂·布夫的爱[编辑]

小说的情节在极大程度上是自传性的：当歌德在韦茨拉尔（Wetzlar）的帝国最高法院实习期间，他结识了年轻的夏绿蒂·布夫，并爱上了她。但夏绿蒂已经和一位名叫约翰·克里斯蒂安·凯斯特纳（Johann Christian Kestner）的法律工作者订了婚。在夏绿蒂的父亲看来，凯斯特纳显然比年轻、有着艺术方面抱负的歌德更加稳重可靠；歌德在那时就已经更想成为一名艺术家而不是律师。歌德仓促地离开了夏绿蒂。后来，他又认识了一位枢密顾问的女儿马克西米利安娜·冯·拉·罗歇。歌德把两个女子给他留下的印象融合到了绿蒂的形象中。据歌德本人说，他在四周的时间内写出了这部书信体小说，以抵消爱情的痛苦并使自己从自杀的念头中摆脱出来。

耶路撒冷的自杀[编辑]

小说中的一部分情节，特别是结尾的部分，不同于歌德的经历。维特自尽了，歌德却沉浸在痛苦与写作中。小说中自杀的情节是受到了一位年轻的同事耶路撒冷的激发而产生的。耶路撒冷确实因为巨大的爱情上的不幸而自杀，他在韦茨拉尔的墓地成了不幸的年轻恋人的朝拜圣地。卡尔·威廉·耶路撒冷（Karl Wilhelm Jerusalem）是歌德的泛泛之交，他于1772年10月自杀。此事是凯斯特纳告诉歌德的。具有悲剧性的是，耶路撒冷用来自杀的手枪是凯斯特纳借给他的。这使歌德把他自己在1772年夏天的经历和耶路撒冷的命运混合起来，而在小说的第二部分，耶路撒冷的命运越来越多地成为叙述的主要对象。歌德将耶路撒冷的许多性格特点和其他特征转移到他的维特形象上。为了更近地了解耶路撒冷自杀的情况，歌德于1772年11月初再次短暂地来到韦茨拉尔。他以与熟悉耶路撒冷的人的谈话，以及他自己对耶路撒冷的记忆构成了小说的基础。他甚至原文引用了凯斯特纳对耶路撒冷之死的报告的一些段落。

影响[编辑]争论[编辑]

这部小说激起了批评家和支持者们极为热烈的反应。其中的原因在于，歌德以维特作为他小说的中心人物，而这个人物完全违背了市民社会的规则。市民大众将维特视为一个和睦婚姻的破坏者，一个反叛者，一个无神论者，他与市民大众的观念完全相悖。他们期待的文学，更多的是“实用的东西”和“娱乐的东西”，而歌德的小说在他们看来并不是上述两者中的任何一种。他们直接在故事中寻找“实用的东西”，他们希望有一个他们能够认同的人物，并从他的行为中得到学习。但这部小说却是以自杀告终的——从市民的价值标准来看这不可想象。许多市民批评这部小说仅仅因为它的主要人物不符合他们的观念，还威胁到他们的价值标准。他们认为《少年维特的烦恼》是一本和传统文学决裂的书，这种决裂是他们不希望看到的。他们认为这本书颂扬了与他们的利益相悖的价值标准，赞美了自杀的行为。

针对这部小说对自杀的赞美的批评在很大程度上也来自于教会和一些同时代的作家，因为，据说许多青年模仿了自杀行为。实际上的确有模仿性的自杀行为，但其数量远远低于教会宣称的数量。在一些地方（如：莱比锡、哥本哈根、米兰）这本小说甚至受到了封禁。歌德的反驳大意如下：他以自己的生还给出了最好的例子：人们必须写出内心的痛苦。歌德对指责自己诱惑他人自杀的冯·戴尔比（von Derby）主教和布里斯托（Bristol）爵士做出了辛辣、讽刺的回应：

现在你却把一个作家托来盘问，想对一部被某些心地偏狭的人曲解了的作品横加斥责，而这部作品至多也不过使这个世界甩脱十来个毫无用处的蠢人，他们没有更好的事可做，只好自己吹熄生命的残焰。（韩耀成译）

“维特热”[编辑]

正当歌德经受着来自教会和市民方面的愤怒和批评的时候，这部小说也拥有着热心的追随者。首先在年轻人中间爆发了一场不折不扣的“维特热”，这场热潮使得维特成了一个偶像人物。当时出现了“维特装”（黄裤子、黄马甲、蓝外衣）、“维特杯子”、甚至还有“维特香水”。小说中的场景装点着茶壶、咖啡壶、杯子、饼干盘和茶叶罐。对于那时的有教养的市民来说，喝茶喝咖啡的时间成了接触文学的美好一刻。

小说的追随者首先是那些和维特处境相似所以立刻受到吸引的人。那些正确理解了歌德的人可以以这部小说间接地反映他们的处境，并从维特承受的痛苦中找到鼓舞和安慰。

价值[编辑]

《少年维特的烦恼》被视为狂飙突进运动时期最重要的小说。这部小说获得了那个时代相当高的印数，并且是引发所谓的“阅读热”的因素之一。

歌德本人也没有预料到这本书会获得世界性的成功。为了记录所谓的“维特热”，现在在韦茨拉尔，除了一本珍贵的第一版《少年维特的烦恼》外，被展示的还有它的戏仿作品、模仿作品、争鸣文献和多种语言的翻译本。但这本小说的成功并不仅仅是一种流行现象，用歌德自己的话来说：

这本小书的影响是巨大的、惊人的、很好的，因为它产生的正是时候。（《诗与真》）

版本[编辑]

First print 1774

• 第一版出版于1774年。

• 1774年出现了一部法语译本，此译本拿破仑读了七遍。

• 1775年德语本重印了七次。

• 此后出现了荷兰语译本（1776年），英语译本（1779年），意大利语译本（1781年）和俄语译本（1788年）。

1787年歌德出版了小说的修订版。

中文译本[编辑]

（部分）

• 《少年维特的烦恼》，胡其鼎/译，商周出版社，2006，ISBN 986-124-651-7

• 《少年维特的烦恼》，杨武能/译，人民文学出版社，1999，ISBN 7-02-000605-1

• 《少年维特的烦恼》，韩耀成/译，译林出版社，1998，ISBN 7-80567-486-8

• 《少年维特的烦恼》，侯浚吉/译，上海译文出版社，1996，ISBN 7-5327-1924-3

• 《少年維特的煩惱》，周學普/譯, 志文出版社, 1975, ISBN 9575451139

*** 剧情梗概
广大青年维特的烦恼是作为所写的维特，高度敏感和热情的气质一个年轻的艺术家字母的集合，并送他的朋友威廉。

在这些信件里，维特给人一种很亲密的帐户他留Wahlheim虚构村（基于Garbenheim镇，附近韦茨拉尔）。[需要的引证]他由农民有简单的方法陶醉。他遇见乐天，一个年轻漂亮的女孩跟随他们的母亲去世是谁把她的兄弟姐妹的照顾。尽管事先知道是乐天已经参与到一个叫阿尔伯特的人谁为11年她的前辈，维特爱上她了。[3]

虽然这会导致维特巨大的痛苦，他花费接下来的几个月培养与他们两人的亲密友谊。他的痛苦最终变得如此之大，他被迫离开，去魏玛。当他不在的时候，他让弗劳伦冯B.他的熟人遭受很大的尴尬，当他forgetfully拜访一个朋友，要面对整个贵族集的每周正常聚会。他说，其后返回到Wahlheim，在那里他受到比他以前那样多，部分原因是因为乐天和阿尔伯特现在结婚了。每一天作为一个痛苦的提醒，乐天将永远无法报答他的爱。怜她的朋友和尊重丈夫，乐天涉及到的维特不得探望她如此频繁的决定。他拜访了她，最后一次，他们是“奥西安”的一部分维特的朗诵后，双方克服情感。
乐天在维特的坟墓
维特已经意识到，即使这一事件在此之前，他们的爱情三角中的一员 - 乐天，阿尔伯特或维特自己 - 不得不为了解决这种情况就不行了。无法伤害任何人或认真考虑杀人，维特认为没有别的选择，只能拿自己的生命。撰写一封告别信他的自杀后，被发现后，他写信给阿尔贝请求他的两支手枪，下一个借口，他是“在旅途中”去。乐天接收请求以极大的情感和发送手枪。维特然后射击自己的头部，但不会过期，直到12小时后，他开枪自杀。他被埋葬在一个椴树，他谈到经常在他的信一棵树，葬礼并非由神职人员，阿尔贝还是他心爱的乐天出席了会议。
维特是歌德的作品很少在狂飙突进运动之一，之前他与席勒，开始了魏玛古典主义运动。

歌德最初出版的小说匿名，也疏远了自己从少年维特的晚年烦恼。[2]他后悔他的名声，使他的青春爱情夏洛特巴夫公共知识。他写道维特在24岁，但他的一些在他年老的游客认识他主要是从这个工作，尽管他的许多其他问题。他甚至通过调用它谴责的浪漫主义运动“的一切，是生病了。”[4]

歌德描述了他厌恶的书，写，即使维特一直是哥哥他杀死，他已经不能更多的复仇鬼魂出没。尽管如此，歌德大幅修改了书的1787版，[2]，并承认少年维特的烦恼可能会对谁发现了它那些孤独的年轻恋人的巨大的个人和情感冲击力。1821年，他评论说，以他的秘书，“这一定是不好的，如果不是每个人都是有一次在他的生活中，当他觉得好像维特曾专门写他。”

文化冲击--维特效应

少年维特的烦恼是歌德的第一次重大成功，把他从一个默默无闻到著名的作者几乎在一夜之间。拿破仑·波拿巴认为欧洲文学的伟大作品其中的一个。他认为这么高呢，他写了独白在歌德的风格在他的青年和他的竞选埃及进行维特和他在一起。它也开始了这种现象称为维特-Fieber（“维特热”）造成的年轻人在整个欧洲在小说中描述的维特的服装风格来装扮。[5] [6]据说这也导致了一些第一个已知的例子模仿自杀。

由于这种巨大的影响结果是，“维特热”是由主管部门及同级作者看了关切。后者之一，弗里德里希·尼古拉，决定创建一个讽刺和快乐无休止的所谓模具FreudenDESjungenWerthers（“少年维特之乐”），其中毕，已意识到了什么维特达，装载了鸡血到手枪，从而挫败维特的自杀，并愉快地承认乐天给他。经过一些最初的困难，维特揭示了他充满激情的青春侧和重新整合自己融入社会，成为一个受人尊敬的公民。[7]

歌德，然而，是不是高兴的Freuden，并通过写一首诗题为“尼古拉·奥夫WerthersGRABE”中，尼古拉（这里路过的无名行人）排便对维特的坟墓开始了文学的战争与尼古拉（历时所有他的生活），[8]因此，亵渎维特从歌德曾经疏远了自己在这段时间内存（当他从狂飙突进的了）。这种说法是继续在他收藏的短期和关键的诗，在Xenien，和他玩浮士德。 歌德的最后的爱西奥多·乌尔里克·索菲·冯·Levetzow，被称为男爵夫人乌尔里克·冯·Levetzow（1804年2月4日 - 1899年11月13日）--约翰·沃尔夫冈·冯·歌德的最后的爱。

她在Löbnitz（今日Groitzsch的一部分）出生于萨克森公爵梅克伦堡 - 什未林管家的女儿，后来Hofmarschall约阿希姆·奥托·乌尔里希·冯·Levetzow。十七岁的女孩第一次见到72岁歌德于1821年在马伦巴并再次在卡尔斯巴德在1822年和1823年，她的智慧和美丽使诗人歌德忘乎所以，，他想与她结婚。拒绝，他离开图林根州和写给她的，他后来被称为Trilogie德Leidenschaft的诗。这些诗作包括著名的马伦巴悲歌。
乌尔里克后来承认，她不准备结婚和否认了歌德。她一生未婚，95岁死亡在Trziblitz城堡。 ***
The Sorrows of Young Werther

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The Sorrows of Young Werther^[1]

First print 1774
Author	Johann Wolfgang von Goethe[1]
Original title	Die Leiden des jungen Werthers[1]
Country	Germany
Language	German
Genre	Epistolary novel[1]
Publisher	Weygand'sche Buchhandlung, Leipzig
Publication date	29 September 1774, revised ed. 1787[2]
Published in English	1779[2]

The Sorrows of Young Werther (German: Die Leiden des jungen Werthers) is an epistolary and loosely autobiographicalnovel by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, first published in 1774; a revised edition of the novel was published in 1787. Werther was an important novel of the Sturm und Drang period in German literature, and influenced the later Romantic literary movement.

Finished in six weeks of intensive writing during January–March 1774,^[1] its publication instantly made the 24-year-old Goethe one of the first international literary celebrities. Of all his works, this book was the most known to the general public.^[1][2] Towards the end of Goethe's life, a personal visit to Weimar became crucial to any young man's tour of Europe.

 

Contents [hide]

• 1Plot summary

• 2Effect on Goethe

• 3Cultural impact

• 4Alternative versions and other appearances

• 5Translations

• 6See also

• 7References

• 8External links

 

Plot summary[edit]

The majority of The Sorrows of Young Werther is presented as a collection of letters written by Werther, a young artist of highly sensitive and passionate temperament, and sent to his friend Wilhelm.

In these letters, Werther gives a very intimate account of his stay in the fictional village of Wahlheim (based on the town of Garbenheim, near Wetzlar).^{[citation needed]} He is enchanted by the simple ways of the peasants there. He meets Lotte, a beautiful young girl who is taking care of her siblings following the death of their mother. Despite knowing beforehand that Lotte is already engaged to a man named Albert who is 11 years her senior, Werther falls in love with her.^[3]

Although this causes Werther great pain, he spends the next few months cultivating a close friendship with both of them. His pain eventually becomes so great that he is forced to leave and go to Weimar. While he is away, he makes the acquaintance of Fräulein von B. He suffers a great embarrassment when he forgetfully visits a friend and has to face the normal weekly gathering of the entire aristocratic set. He returns to Wahlheim after this, where he suffers more than he did before, partially because Lotte and Albert are now married. Every day serves as a torturous reminder that Lotte will never be able to requite his love. Out of pity for her friend and respect for her husband, Lotte comes to the decision that Werther must not visit her so frequently. He visits her one final time, and they are both overcome with emotion after Werther's recitation of a portion of "Ossian".

Lotte at Werther's grave

Werther had realized even before this incident that one member of their love triangle — Lotte, Albert or Werther himself — had to die in order to resolve the situation. Unable to hurt anyone else or seriously consider committing murder, Werther sees no other choice but to take his own life. After composing a farewell letter to be found after his suicide, he writes to Albert asking for his two pistols, under a pretence that he is going "on a journey". Lotte receives the request with great emotion and sends the pistols. Werther then shoots himself in the head, but does not expire until 12 hours after he has shot himself. He is buried under a linden tree, a tree he talks about frequently in his letters, and the funeral is not attended by clergymen, Albert or his beloved Lotte.

Effect on Goethe[edit]

Werther was one of Goethe's few works in the Sturm und Drang movement, before he, with Friedrich von Schiller, began the Weimar Classicism movement.

Goethe initially published the novel anonymously and also distanced himself from The Sorrows of Young Werther in his later years.^[2] He regretted his fame and making his youthful love of Charlotte Buff public knowledge. He wrote Werther at the age of twenty-four, and yet some of his visitors in his old age knew him mainly from this work, despite his many others. He even denounced the Romantic movement by calling it "everything that is sick."^[4]

Goethe described his distaste for the book, writing that even if Werther had been a brother he had killed, he could not have been more haunted by the vengeful ghost. Nevertheless, Goethe substantially reworked the book for the 1787 edition,^[2] and acknowledged the great personal and emotional impact that The Sorrows of Young Werther could exert on those forlorn young lovers who discovered it. In 1821, he commented to his secretary, "It must be bad, if not everybody was to have a time in his life, when he felt as though Werther had been written exclusively for him."

Cultural impact[edit]

See also: Werther effect

The Sorrows of Young Werther was Goethe's first major success, turning him from an unknown into a celebrated author practically overnight. Napoleon Bonaparte considered it one of the great works of European literature. He thought so highly of it that he wrote a soliloquy in Goethe's style in his youth and carried Werther with him on his campaigning to Egypt. It also started the phenomenon known as the Werther-Fieber ("Werther Fever") which caused young men throughout Europe to dress in the clothing style described for Werther in the novel.^[5][6] It reputedly also led to some of the first known examples of copycat suicide.

As a result of this tremendous effect, the "Werther Fever" was watched with concern by the authorities and fellow authors. One of the latter, Friedrich Nicolai, decided to create a satiric—and happier—ending called Die Freuden des jungen Werthers ("The Joys of Young Werther"), in which Albert, having realized what Werther is up to, had loaded chicken blood into the pistol, thereby foiling Werther's suicide, and happily concedes Lotte to him. After some initial difficulties, Werther sheds his passionate youthful side and reintegrates himself into society as a respectable citizen.^[7]

Goethe, however, was not pleased with the Freuden and started a literary war with Nicolai (which lasted all his life) by writing a poem titled "Nicolai auf Werthers Grabe" in which Nicolai (here a passing nameless pedestrian) defecates on Werther's grave,^[8] thus desecrating the memory of Werther from which Goethe had distanced himself in the meantime (as he had from the Sturm und Drang). This argument was continued in his collection of short and critical poems, the Xenien, and his play Faust.

Alternative versions and other appearances[edit]

• Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. Frankenstein's monster finds the book in a leather portmanteau, along with two others—Plutarch's Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans, and Milton's Paradise Lost. He sees Werther's case as similar to his own. He, like Werther, was rejected by those he loved.

• Thomas Carlyle, who also translated Goethe's novel Wilhelm Meister into English, makes frequent reference and parody of Werther's relationship in his own 1836 novel Sartor Resartus.

• The statistician Karl Pearson's first book was The New Werther.

• It was the basis for the 1892 opera Werther by Jules Massenet.

• William Makepeace Thackeray wrote a poem satirizing Goethe's story entitled Sorrows of Werther.

• Thomas Mann's 1939 novel Lotte in Weimar recounts a fictional reunion between Goethe and the object of his youthful passion, Charlotte Buff.

• An episode of History Bites features this book, with Bob Bainborough portraying Goethe.

• Ulrich Plenzdorf, a GDR poet, wrote a novel and a play called Die neuen Leiden des jungen W. ("The New Sorrows of Young W."). It has been called a modern-day Werther.

• In William Hill Brown's The Power of Sympathy, the novel appears next to Harrington's unsealed suicide note.

• The 2010 German film Goethe! is a fictional account of the relationship between the young Goethe and Charlotte Buff and her fiancé Kestner, which at times draws on that between Werther and Charlotte and Albert.

Translations[edit]

• The Sorrows of Young Werther, Modern Library, transl. Burton Pike, Random House, 2004, ISBN 0-8129-6990-1 .

• The Sorrows of Young Werther, Classics Library Complete Collection, transl. Michael Hulse, Penguin Books, 1989, ISBN 0-14-044503-X .

• The Sorrows of Young Werther, Dover Thrift Editions, transl. Thomas Carlyle, R. Dillon Boylan, Dover Publications, 2002 [1902], ISBN 0-486-42455-3 ; originally publ. by CT Brainard.

• The Sorrows of Young Werther, & Novelle, Classics Edition, transl. Elizabeth Mayer, Louise Bogan; poems transl. & foreword W. H. Auden, Vintage Books, June 1990 [1971], ISBN 0-679-72951-8 ; originally publ. by Random House.

• The Sufferings of Young Werther, transl. Harry Steinhauer, New York: WW Norton & Co, 1970, ISBN 0-393-09880-X .

• The Hebrew translation ????? ???? ?????  was extremely popular among youths in the Zionist pioneer communities in British Mandate of Palestine in the 1930s and 1940s and was blamed for the suicide of several young men who were considered to have emulated Werther.

***
Ulrike von Levetzow

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1821 portrait

Theodore Ulrike Sophie von Levetzow, known as BaronessUlrike von Levetzow (4 February 1804 – 13 November 1899) was a friend and the last love of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

She was born at Löbnitz (today a part of Groitzsch) in Saxony, the daughter of the ducal Mecklenburg-Schwerin chamberlain and later Hofmarschall Joachim Otto Ulrich von Levetzow. The seventeen-year old girl first met Goethe in 1821 at Marienbad and again at Carlsbad in 1822 and 1823. The poet, then 72, was so carried away with her wit and beauty that he thought for a time of marrying her and urged Grand Duke Karl August of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach to ask for her hand in his name. Rejected, he left for Thuringia and addressed to her the poems which he afterward called Trilogie der Leidenschaft. These poems include the famous Marienbad Elegy.

Ulrike later confessed she was not prepared to marry and annoyedly denied a liaison with Goethe.

She remained a bachelorette for all her life and died at the age of 95 at Trziblitz Castle in Bohemia.

Publications[edit]

• Suphan, Goethe Jahrbuch, volume xxi (Frankfort, 1900)

• Kirschoer, Erinnerungen an Goethes Ulrike und an die Familie von Levetzow-Rauch (Aussig, 1904)

• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Thurston, H. T.; Moore, F., eds. (1905). "^{article name needed}". New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.

 

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