罹癌率由1：27至今天1：3？牛奶、肉类与癌症关系的英文研究资料
感谢 simbatt 收集提供
《The China Study: The Most Comprehensive Study of Nutrition Ever Conducted and the Startling Implications for Diet, Weight Loss and Long-term Health 》
（《中国健康调查报告》）:
柯林.坎贝尔博士，康奈尔大学终身教授，被誉为“世界营养学界的爱因斯坦”，40年来，他一直身处营养科学研究的最前沿。他还是“二恶英”发现工作的主要参加者之一。1982年6月，他为美国国家科学院撰写的报告——《膳食、营养与癌症》发表后，震惊了全美国。接着，他又组织参加了长达27年的膳食与疾病发病率的大规模调查研究。
该研究首先在1981年在中国的24个省的69个县开展了第一次大规模的调查，调查包括了69个县的上万人的膳食情况问卷和血和尿的样品分析，还有大量的各种研究手段，研究了各种各样的指标，完成了第一步的作品。接着在1989年做了第二次的重复调查，同样的24个省的同样的69个县扩大到社会学、经济学的一些指标。最终完成此有史以来规模最庞大的关于膳食、生活方式与疾病死亡率的流行病学研究 - “中国健康调查”。
此次美国康奈尔大学、英国牛津大学和中国疾病预防控制中心 (中国预防医学科学院) 二十多年精诚合作的巅峰之作，被《纽约时报》称为“世界流行病学研究的巅峰之作”，几乎不可能再重复。
提要：动物蛋白（包括甚至尤其是牛奶蛋白）能显著地增加癌症、心脏病、糖尿病、肾结石、骨质疏松症、高血压、多发性硬化病、白内障以及老年痴呆症的患病几率。尤其令人吃惊的是，所有这些疾病都可以通过调整饮食来进行控制和治疗。中国以植物性食物为主的传统饮食习惯，反而是更加“科学”，更加有利健康的。
坎贝尔博士基于自身的毕生研究而成为了严格素食者（不吃肉、蛋、奶），他在北京第三极书店签售会上接受《生命时报》记者采访时，再次阐述了自己的经历和有关植物性食物的观点。“我是在牧场长大的，从小就和牛打交道——喝牛奶、吃牛肉，当时觉得这些食物简直美味极了。我从来没想过自己三四十年后会对饮食持有现在的态度。”在从事了几十年营养学调查研究后，坎贝尔有了充足的数据证明：以动物性食物为主的膳食会导致各种慢性病的发生，如肥胖、冠心病、肿瘤等；而以植物性食物为主的膳食最有利健康，也最能有效控制和预防慢性病。“随着研究的深入，我几乎全盘否定了那些根植于我童年的饮食理论。”
《The China Study 》（《中国健康调查报告》）英文原著：
http://www.amazon.com/China-Stud ... 04995852&sr=8-1
中文电视访谈录片段：
http://blog.wenxuecity.com/blogv ... 06&postID=36507
牛奶问题的一些英文网站资料：
牛奶中激素和肉类一样致癌 --《乳腺癌基金组织2008年度报告》
http://www.breastcancerfund.org/ ... LdPaE&b=3959165
牛奶导致心脏病
http://www.milksucks.com/heartdisease.asp
牛奶导致乳腺癌
http://www.milksucks.com/breast.asp
牛奶导致前列腺癌
http://www.milksucks.com/prostate.asp
牛奶导致很多小孩疾病
http://www.milksucks.com/sickkids.asp
牛奶不能帮助骨质疏松
http://www.milksucks.com/osteo.asp
牛奶对动物、环境、健康的危害
http://www.milksucks.com/index2.asp
牛奶酪蛋白可能导致心脏病（BBC中文版）
http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/chinese/news/newsid_1269000/12695901.stm
牛奶导致各种疾病归类和文献
http://www.milksucks.com/heartdisease.asp
更多牛奶与肉类致癌资料 -- The Cancer Prevention Coalition (CPC)
http://preventcancer.com
牛奶问题的个别主流中文网站资料：
（新华网）动物实验显示：牛奶会促进癌细胞生长
http://news.xinhuanet.com/health/2006-12/08/content_5453784.htm
（健康时报）牛奶会促发癌症！
http://www.jksb.com.cn/article.asp?id=5484
牛奶导致心脏病文献：
1 Osmo Turpeinen, "Effect of Cholesterol-Lowering Diet on Mortality From Coronary Heart Disease and Other Causes," Circulation, 59, No. 1 (1979), 1-7.
2 J. Segall, "Dietary Lactose as a Possible Risk Factor for Ischaemic Heart Disease: Review of Epidemiology," International Journal of Cardiology, 46, No. 3 (1994), 197-207.
3 Lawrence Kushi, Elizabeth Lenary, and Walter Willette, "Health Implications of Mediterranean Diets in Light of Contemporary Knowledge: Plant foods and Dairy Products." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (suppl.), 61 (1995), 1407S-1415S.
4 William Grant, "Milk and Other Dietary Influences on Coronary Heart Disease," Alternative Medicine Review, 3, No. 4 (1998), 281-294.
5 R. Popham, W. Schmidt, and Y. Israel, "Variation in Mortality From Ischemic Heart Disease in Relation to Alcohol and Milk Consumption," Medical Hypotheses, 12, No. 4 (1983), 321-329.
6 P. Rank, "Milk and Arteriosclerosis," Medical Hypotheses, 20, No. 3 (1986), 317-338.
7 S. Seely, "Diet and Coronary Disease: A Survey of Mortality Rates and Food Consumption Statistics of 24 Countries," Medical Hypotheses, 7, No. 7 (1981), 907-918.
8 S. Renaud and M. de Lorgeril, "Dietary Lipids and Their Relation to Ischaemic Heart Disease: From Epidemoiology to Prevention," Journal of Internal Medicine (suppl.), 225, No. 731 (1989), 39-46.
9 G. MacGregor, "Nutrition and Blood Pressure," Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Disease, 9, No. 4 (1999), 6-15.
10 M. Moss and D.L.J. Freed, “Survival Trends, Coronary Event Rates, and the MONICA Project,” The Lancet 354 (1999): 862.
11 A. Menotti, D. Kromhout, H. Blackburn, F. Fidanza, R. Buzina, and A. Nissinen, "Food Intake Patterns and 25-Year Mortality from Coronary Heart Disease: Cross-Cultural Correlations in the Seven Countries Study," European Journal of Epidemiology, 15, No. 6 (1999), 507-515.
12 S. Seely, "Diet and Coronary Heart Disease: A Survey of Female Mortality Rates and Food Consumption Statistics of 21 Countries," Medical Hypotheses, 7, No. 9 (1981), 1133-1137.
肉毒与癌症关系的一些英文资料：
美国人死亡原因中癌症所占比率：
1900年 → 1 :27
1950年 → 1 : 8
2000年 → 1 : 3
这是美国癌症协会（AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY）的数据，已经不是新闻了，有兴趣可去查询。
（台湾本地的数据是1:4）
中国慢性病和动物性食物统计资料：
总括来说：肉食比例城市是农村的2倍左右，肿瘤的得病率3倍；糖尿素病的得病率1993年16倍和2003年8倍多；心脏病4-5倍；高血压4倍；脑血管病4倍。
来源：http://www.moh.gov.cn/12.htm
Rethinking the Meat-Guzzler - 《纽约时报》
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/2 ... gin&oref=slogin
肉类饮食和香烟导致癌症机率相同 – Plos Medicine
http://medicine.plosjournals.org ... f22b909e39f40320687
肉类导致肺癌
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/22199057/
世界癌症研究基金会的十项防癌建议
《World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective. Washington, DC: AICR; 2007》
英文原文：http://www.dietandcancerreport.org/downloads/summary/english.pdf
中文简介：http://blog.wenxuecity.com/blogv ... 02&postID=25343
最新美国国家膳食指南-每天肉食仍应少于十分一（英文原文，中文分析）
http://bbs.qq.com/cgi-bin/bbs/sh ... id=17420&club=3
红肉导致癌症主流新闻报道
BBC news:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4662934.stm
washinton post news:
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp ... R2006111300824.html
肉类饮食和癌症风险67篇文献
Jeanine M. Genkinger, Anita Koushik*
发表日期：2007年12月11日
发表于PLoS Med 4(12)：e345 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040345
网址：
http://medicine.plosjournals.org ... ed.0040345&ct=1
简介：
国际的癌症发病率不同和从移民的研究中，表明环境因素如饮食习惯与患癌症的风险相关。摄取的肉类如牛肉，世界各地存在三倍的差异，世界各地的消耗量最高的在发达国家（23公斤/人均），相比欠发达国家的消耗量（ 6公斤/人均）[1] 。基于Richard Doll and Richard Peto在1981年的研究，据估计，大约有35 ％ （范围10％ - 70％）的癌症可以归因于饮食，这和吸烟致癌的幅度类似达30％（范围25％-40％） [2] 。
已经有一百多篇流行病学研究报道肉类消耗和癌症的风险，这包括了世界各国的不同饮食习惯的研究。这些研究从不同方面对肉类摄入量和癌症的风险的联系进行了评估，既包括了总体肉类摄入量之间的比较，又有更精细的分类，尤其是摄取红肉，其中包括牛肉，羊肉，猪肉，小牛肉摄入量之间的比较，还有处理过肉类，包括肉类保存腌制，熏制，或压制之间的比较。
虽然癌症和肉类摄入量的联系可部分归罪于高能量或高脂肪（ "西化" ）的饮食，但我们更感兴趣是直接作用的潜在致癌化合物。肉类中含有包括N -亚硝基化合物，杂环胺，或多环芳烃。 动物实验中发现N -亚硝基化合物和亚硝胺是烈性致癌物质[3]。同样，杂环胺被列为诱变因素和动物致癌物[4-8] 。科学界公认存在于肉类这些化合物（盐，硝酸盐，亚硝酸盐，血红素铁，饱和脂肪，雌二醇）会增加DNA合成和细胞增殖，增加胰岛素样生长因子，影响激素代谢，促进自由基损伤，并产生致癌物质杂环胺[9-16] ，所有这些都可能促进癌症的产生。
肠癌
肉类摄入量和结肠癌的关系被研究得最广泛。地球人生态研究发现，人均肉类摄入量与结肠癌发病率（>0.85）和死亡率（>0.70）率联系非常高[17,18] 。同样在案例和人群研究中发现，大肠癌的风险直接与红肉和加工肉类摄入量相关。 1997年总结这些研究后，由世界癌症研究基金组织和美国癌症研究组织得出的结论是，摄入的红肉可能增加患结直肠癌的几率，而加工肉类可能增加大肠癌的危险[ 19 ] 。据报道，在世界卫生组织的共识会议结肠癌讨论小组[20]和关于饮食与癌症的委员会对医疗方面的食品和营养政策工作组[21] 得出类似的结论。在最近的汇总分析肠癌（其中包括公布到2005年研究）结论表示，红肉摄取量增加肠癌风险28 ％ -35 ％，加工肉类增加肠癌风险的20% - 49% [22-24]。
其他癌症
此外，还有大量的研究探讨了肉类摄入量与胃癌的风险。在最近一次的汇总分析得出结论：加工肉类摄入量增加胃癌的风险[25]。现在有一些研究报道，肉类摄入量与膀胱癌[26,27]、乳腺癌[28,29]、子宫内膜癌[30]、神经胶质瘤[31]、胰脏癌[32-34]、前列腺癌[35]，肾癌[36]风险有关，但需要更多的实验数据支持。同样，肉类摄入量和肺癌[37,38]、食道癌[39]、口腔癌[40,41] ，卵巢[42-44] ，子宫颈[45]，与肝癌[41]的风险有待于更多实验数据支持。这些研究需要进一步考虑能量摄入或身体质量指数两个指标。
最新的多种癌症研究
在这期plos医药杂志上，Amanda Cross和他的同事，分析了一个很有前瞻性的大型的关于红色和加工肉类摄入量与人体数种癌症风险联系的人群研究[46]。这个研究是美国国家卫生研究院（NIH）和美国退休者协会（前身为美国退休人员协会）的饮食习惯和健康研究，它包括了500000美国人，其中超过53000癌症案例。
对于肠癌，红肉摄入量62.5克/1000千卡增加24％的风险，红肉摄入量22.6克/1000千卡增加20%的风险。男性和女性没有区别。这个结论和以前汇总结论相同[22-24]。研究人员还发现，红肉摄入量增加食道癌、肝癌、肺癌风险20％ - 60％。加工肉制品摄入量增加肺癌16％。红肉和加工肉类摄入会增加男人胰腺癌的风险。
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49 Ward MH, Sinha R, Heineman EF, Rothman N, Markin R, et al. (1997) Risk of adenocarcinoma of the stomach and esophagus with meat cooking method and doneness preference. Int J Cancer 71: 14–19.
50 Takezaki T, Gao CM, Wu JZ, Ding JH, Liu YT, et al. (2001) Dietary protective and risk factors for esophageal and stomach cancers in a low-epidemic area for stomach cancer in Jiangsu Province, China: comparison with those in a high-epidemic area. Jpn J Cancer Res 92: 1157–1165.
51 Bahmanyar S, Ye W (2006) Dietary patterns and risk of squamous-cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia: a population-based case-control study in Sweden. Nutr Cancer 54: 171–178.
52 Anderson KE, Sinha R, Kulldorff M, Gross M, Lang NP, et al. (2002) Meat intake and cooking techniques: associations with pancreatic cancer. Mutat Res 506–507 225–231.
53 De Stefani E, Munoz N, Esteve J, Vasallo A, Victora CG, et al. (1990) Mate drinking, alcohol, tobacco, diet, and esophageal cancer in Uruguay. Cancer Res 50: 426–431.
54 Castelletto R, Castellsague X, Munoz N, Iscovich J, Chopita N, et al. (1994) Alcohol, tobacco, diet, mate drinking, and esophageal cancer in Argentina. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 3: 557–564.
55 Launoy G, Milan C, Day NE, Pienkowski MP, Gignoux M, et al. (1998) Diet and squamous-cell cancer of the oesophagus: a French multicentre case-control study. Int J Cancer 76: 7–12.
56 Levi F, Pasche C, Lucchini F, Bosetti C, Franceschi S, et al. (2000) Food groups and oesophageal cancer risk in Vaud, Switzerland. Eur J Cancer Prev 9: 257–263.
57 Lyon JL, Slattery ML, Mahoney AW, Robison LM (1993) Dietary intake as a risk factor for cancer of the exocrine pancreas. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2: 513–518.
58 Michaud DS, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Fuchs CS (2003) Dietary meat, dairy products, fat, and cholesterol and pancreatic cancer risk in a prospective study. Am J Epidemiol 157: 1115–1125.
59 Thompson FE, Midthune D, Subar AF, Kipnis V, Kahle LL, et al. (2007) Development and evaluation of a short instrument to estimate usual dietary intake of percentage energy from fat. J Am Diet Assoc 107: 760–767.
60 Hu FB (2002) Dietary pattern analysis: a new direction in nutritional epidemiology. Curr Opin Lipidol 13: 3–9.
61 Ledikwe JH, Blanck HM, Kettel Khan L, Serdula MK, Seymour JD, et al. (2006) Dietary energy density is associated with energy intake and weight status in US adults. Am J Clin Nutr 83: 1362–1368.
62 Ledikwe JH, Blanck HM, Khan LK, Serdula MK, Seymour JD, et al. (2006) Low-energy-density diets are associated with high diet quality in adults in the United States. J Am Diet Assoc 106: 1172–1180.
63 Newby PK, Muller D, Hallfrisch J, Qiao N, Andres R, et al. (2003) Dietary patterns and changes in body mass index and waist circumference in adults. Am J Clin Nutr 77: 1417–1425.
64 Matthews KH, Bernstein JJCB, (2003) International trade of meat/poultry products and food safety issues. In Buzby JC, editor International trade and food safety: economic theory and case studies Available: http://www.ers.usda.gov/Publications/AER828/. Accessed 12 November 2007.
65 European Commission Health and Consumer Protection Directorate General (2002) Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Veterinary Measures Relating to Public Health on Review of previous SCVPH opinions of 30 April 1999 and 3 May 2000 on the potential risks to human health from hormones residues in bovine meat and meat products. Available: http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scv/outcome_en.html. Accessed 12 November 2007.
66 United States Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of Agriculture (2005) Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2005. Available: http://www.health.gov/dietarygui ... cument/default.htm. Accessed 12 November 2007.
67 American Cancer Society (2005) Cancer Facts and Figures 2005. Available: http://www.cancer.org/docroot/ST ... __Figures_2005.asp. Accessed 12 November 2007.
健康人尽量少吃特别是心脏病，肥胖症，冠心病，动脉粥样硬化等病人和孕妇不要吃鱼类和鱼油的文献
1) Worm B, Barbier EB, Beaumont N, Duffy JE, Folke C, Halpern BS, Jackson JB, Lotze HK, Micheli F, Palumbi SR, Sala E, Selkoe KA, Stachowicz JJ, Watson R. Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science. 2006 Nov 3;314(5800):787-90.
2) Hibbeln JR, Davis JM, Steer C, Emmett P, Rogers I, Williams C, Golding J. Maternal seafood consumption in pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes in childhood (ALSPAC study): an observational cohort study. Lancet. 2007 Feb 17;369(9561):578-85.
3) Langdon JH. Has an aquatic diet been necessary for hominin brain evolution and functional development? Br J Nutr. 2006 Jul;96(1):7-17.
4) Johansson C, Castoldi AF, Onishchenko N, Manzo L, Vahter M, Ceccatelli S. Neurobehavioural and molecular changes induced by methylmercury exposure during development. Neurotox Res. 2007 Apr;11(3-4):241-60)
5) The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/admehg3.html.
6) Domingo JL, Bocio A Levels of PCDD/PCDFs and PCBs in edible marine species and human intake: a literature review. Environ Int. 2007 Apr;33(3):397-405.
7) Cundiff DK, Lanou AJ, Nigg CR. Relation of omega-3 Fatty Acid intake to other dietary factors known to reduce coronary heart disease risk. Am J Cardiol. 2007 May 1;99(9):1230-3.
8) Guallar E, Sanz-Gallardo MI, van’t Veer P, Bode P, Aro A, Gomez-Aracena J, Kark JD, Riemersma RA, Martin-Moreno JM, Kok FJ; Heavy Metals and Myocardial Infarction Study Group. Mercury, fish oils, and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2002 Nov 28;347(22):1747-54.
9) Virtanen JK, Voutilainen S, Rissanen TH, Mursu J, Tuomainen TP, Korhonen MJ, Valkonen VP, Seppanen K, Laukkanen JA, Salonen JT. Mercury, fish oils, and risk of acute coronary events and cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, and all-cause mortality in men in eastern Finland. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Jan;25(1):228-33.
10) Burr ML, Ashfield-Watt PA, Dunstan FD, Fehily AM, Breay P, Ashton T, Zotos PC, Haboubi NA, Elwood PC. Lack of benefit of dietary advice to men with angina: results of a controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003 Feb;57(2):193-200.
11) Sacks FM, Stone PH, Gibson CM, Silverman DI, Rosner B, Pasternak RC. Controlled trial of fish oil for regression of human coronary atherosclerosis. HARP Research Group. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995 Jun;25(7):1492-8.
12) Hooper L, Thompson RL, Harrison RA, Summerbell CD, Ness AR, Moore HJ, Worthington HV, Durrington PN, Higgins JP, Risks and benefits of omega 3 fats for mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review. BMJ. 2006 Apr 1;332(7544):752-60.
13) Huston MC. The role of mercury and cadmium heavy metals in vascular disease, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and myocardial infarction. Altern Ther Health Med. 2007 Mar-Apr;13(2):S128-33.
14) Davidson MH, Hunninghake D, Maki KC, Kwiterovich PO Jr, Kafonek S. Comparison of the effects of lean red meat vs lean white meat on serum lipid levels among free-living persons with hypercholesterolemia: a long-term, randomized clinical trial. Arch Intern Med. 1999 Jun 28;159(12):1331-8.
15) Harris WS, Dujovne CA, Zucker M, Johnson B. Effects of a low saturated fat, low cholesterol fish oil supplement in hypertriglyceridemic patients. A placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1988 Sep 15;109(6):465-70.
16) Wilt TJ, Lofgren RP, Nichol KL, Schorer AE, Crespin L, Downes D, Eckfeldt J. Fish oil supplementation does not lower plasma cholesterol in men with hypercholesterolemia. Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study. Ann Intern Med. 1989 Dec 1;111(11):900-5.
17) Bellamy MF, McDowell IF, Ramsey MW, Brownlee M, Bones C, Newcombe RG, Lewis MJ. Hyperhomocysteinemia after an oral methionine load acutely impairs endothelial function in healthy adults. Circulation. 1998 Nov 3;98(18):1848-52.
18) Holdt B, Korten G, Knippel M, Lehmann JK, Claus R, Holtz M, Hausmann S. Increased serum level of total homocysteine in CAPD patients despite fish oil therapy. Perit Dial Int. 1996;16 Suppl 1:S246-9.
19) Welch AA, Bingham SA, Reeve J, Khaw KT. More acidic dietary acid-base load is associated with reduced calcaneal broadband ultrasound attenuation in women but not in men: results from the EPIC-Norfolk cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Apr;85(4):1134-41.
20) Robertson W. The effect of high animal protein intake on the risk of calcium stone-formation in the urinary tract. Clin Sci (Lond). 1979 Sep;57(3):285-8.
21) Dyerberg J, Bang HO. Haemostatic function and platelet polyunsaturated fatty acids in Eskimos. Lancet. 1979 Sep 1;2(8140):433-5.
22) Meydani SN, Lichtenstein AH, Cornwall S, Meydani M, Goldin BR, Rasmussen H, Dinarello CA, Schaefer EJ. Immunologic effects of national cholesterol education panel step-2 diets with and without fish-derived N-3 fatty acid enrichment. J Clin Invest. 1993 Jul;92(1):105-13.
23) Stripp C, Overvad K, Christensen J, Thomsen BL, Olsen A, Moller S, Tjonneland A. Fish intake is positively associated with breast cancer incidence rate. J Nutr. 2003 Nov;133(11):3664-9. Cancer Res. 1998 Aug 1;58(15):3312-9
24) Klieveri L, Fehres O, Griffini P, Van Noorden CJ, Frederiks WM. Promotion of colon cancer metastases in rat liver by fish oil diet is not due to reduced stroma formation. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2000;18(5):371-7.
25) Hendra TJ, Britton ME, Roper DR, et al. Effects of fish oil supplements in NIDDM subjects. Controlled study. Diabetes Care. 1990 Aug;13(8):821-9.
26) Olsen SF, Osterdal ML, Salvig JD, Weber T, Tabor A, Secher NJ.. Duration of pregnancy in relation to fish oil supplementation and habitual fish intake: a randomised clinical trial with fish oil. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007 Feb 7;
27) Olsen SF, Hansen HS, Sorensen TI, Jensen B, Secher NJ, Sommer S, Knudsen LB. Intake of marine fat, rich in (n-3)-polyunsaturated fatty acids, may increase birthweight by prolonging gestation. Lancet. 1986 Aug 16;2(8503):367-9.
28) Foran JA, Carpenter DO, Hamilton MC, Knuth BA, Schwager SJ.Risk-based consumption advice for farmed Atlantic and wild Pacific salmon contaminated with dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Environ Health Perspect. 2005 May;113(5):552-6.)
29) ll JG, Henderson RJ, Tocher DR, McGhee F, Dick JR, Porter A, Smullen RP, Sargent JR. Substituting fish oil with crude palm oil in the diet of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) affects muscle fatty acid composition and hepatic fatty acid metabolism. J Nutr. 2002 Feb;132(2):222-30.
30) Lund V, Mejdell CM, Rocklinsberg H, Anthony R, Hastein T. Expanding the moral circle: farmed fish as objects of moral concern. Dis Aquat Organ. 2007 May 4;75(2):109-18.
植物蛋白足够人体需要而且更健康文献
科学研究发现:素食者长寿而且少病
http://www.goveg.com/healthConcerns.asp
1 Ann Mangels, Virginia Messina, and Vesanto Melina, "Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: Vegetarian Diets," Journal of the American Dietetic Association, Jun. 2003, pp. 748-65.
2 Neal Barnard, M.D., The Power of Your Plate, Book Publishing Co.: Summertown, Tenn., 1990, p. 26.
3 Elizabeth Somer, "Eating Meat: A Little Doesn't Hurt," WebMD, 1999.
4 Neal Barnard, M.D., The Power of Your Plate, Book Publishing Co.: Summertown, Tenn., 1990, p. 26.
5 John Robbins, The Food Revolution, Conari Press: Boston, 2001, p. 58.
6 Neal Barnard, M.D., "Doctor in the House," PETA's Animal Times, Fall 2004, p. 7.
7 Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine with Amy Lanou, Healthy Eating for Life for Children, New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2002, p. 49.
8 Robbins, p. 14.
9 Benjamin Spock, M.D., Dr. Spock's Baby and Child Care: Seventh Edition, New York: Pocket Books, 1998, p. 333.
10 Charles Attwood, M.D., Dr. Attwood's Low-Fat Prescription for Kids, New York: Penguin Books, 1995, p. 84.
11 Robbins, p. 85.
世界最著名的中长跑之王刘易斯，20世纪最伟大运动员之一，他也是一个严格的素食者。
科学证明: 植物蛋白足够人体需要而且更健康 - PeTA Media Center
http://www.peta.org/mc/factsheet_display.asp?ID=105
Vegetables Deliver Protein with Micronutrients
http://www.diseaseproof.com/arch ... micronutrients.html
更多参考资料：
1) University of Arizona, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, “Amino Acids Problem Set,” The Biology Project, 25 Aug. 2003.
2) Paula Kurtzweil, “Daily Values Encourage Healthy Diet ,” U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2003.
3) National Academy of Sciences, Food and Nutrition Board, “Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrates, Fiber, Fat, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients),” 2005: 589.
4) Gary C. Curhan et al., “A Prospective Study of Dietary Calcium and Other Nutrients and the Risk of Symptomatic Kidney Stones,” New England Journal of Medicine 238 (1993): 833-8.
5) Kathleen M. Stadler, “The Diet and Cancer Connection ,” Virginia Tech, Nov. 1997.
6) Gertjan Schaafsma, “The Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score ,” Journal of Nutrition 130 (2000): 1865S-1867S.
7) U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, “Leavening Agents, Yeast, Baker’s, Active Dry,” Aug. 2005.
8) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, “Nutrient Data Laboratory,” Aug. 2005.
9. Young VR, Pellett PL. Plant proteins in relation to human protein and amino acid nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59 (suppl 5): 1203S-1212S.
10. Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Popovich, et al. Effects of a very-high-fiber vegetable fruit and nut diet on serum lipids and colonic function. Metabolism 2001:50(4);494-503.
美国饮食协会之素食意见书1997
作者：Virginia K. Messina, MPH, RD, and Kenneth I. Burke, PhD, RD
审阅者：Winston J. Craig, PhD, RD; Johanna Dwyer, DSc, RD; Suzanne Havala, MS, RD, FADA; D. Enette Larson, MS, RD; A. Reed Mangels, PhD, RD, FADA; Vegetarian Nutrition dietetic practice group (Lenore Hodges, PhD, RD; Cyndi Reeser, MPH, RD)
中文简介：http://blog.wenxuecity.com/blogv ... 804&postID=5997
英文：刊登在1997年11月的第97卷第11期美国营养协会期刊上。
参考书目
1. Knutsen SF. Lifestyle and the use of health services. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;59(suppl):1171S-1175S.
2. Key TH, Thorogood M, Appleby PM, Burr ML. Dietary habits and mortality in 11,000 vegetarian and health conscious people: results of a 17-year follow up. BMJ. 1996;313:775-779.
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5. Janelle KC, Barr SI. Nutrient intakes and eating behavior scores of vegetarian and nonvegetarian women. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995;95:180-189.
6. Jacob RA, Burri BJ. Oxidative damage and defense. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;63(suppl):985S-990S.
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8. Fraser GE, Lindsted KD, Beeson WL. Effect of risk factor values on lifetime risk of and age at first coronary event. The Adventist Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;142:746-758.
9. Roberts WC. Preventing and arresting coronary atherosclerosis. Am Heart J. 1995;130:580-600.
10. Melby CL, Toohey ML, Cedrick J. Blood pressure and blood lipids among vegetarian, semivegetarian and nonvegetarian African Americans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;59:103-109.
11. Beilin LJ. Vegetarian and other complex diets, fats, fiber, and hypertension. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;59(suppl):1130-1135.
12. Dwyer JT. Health aspects of vegetarian diets. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988;48(suppl):712-738.
13. Mills PK, Beeson WL, Phillips RL, Fraser GE. Cancer incidence among California Seventh-day Adventists, 1976-1982. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;59(suppl):1136S-1142S.
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15. Steinmetz KA, Potter JD. Vegetables, fruit and cancer. II. Mechanisms. Cancer Causes Control. 1991;1:427-442.
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17. Adlercreutz H, van der Wildt J, Kinzel J, Attalla H, Wahalla K, Makela T, Hase T, Fotsis T. Lignan and isoflavonoid conjugates in human urine. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1995;59:97-103.
18. Cancer Facts and Figures-1994. Atlanta, Ga: American Cancer Society;1994.
19. Barbosa JC, Shultz TD, Filley SJ, Nieman DC. The relationship among adiposity, diet and hormone concentrations in vegetarian and nonvegetarian postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;51:798-803.
20. Pagenkemper J. The impact of vegetarian diets on renal disease. Top Clin Nutr. 1995;10:22-26.
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25. Slatter ML, Jacobs DR, Hilner JE Jr, Caan BJ, Van Horn L, Bragg C, Manolio TA, Kushi LH, Liu D. Meat consumption and its association with other diet and health factors in young adults: the CARDIA study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;56:699-704.
26. Tesar R, Notelovitz M, Shim E, Dauwell G, Brown J. Axial and peripheral bone density and nutrient intakes of postmenopausal vegetarian and omnivorous women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;56:699-704.
27. Remer T, Manz F. Estimation of the renal net acid excretion by adults consuming diets containing variable amounts of protein. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994; 59:1356-1361.
28. National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D and Flouride. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1997.
29. Weaver CM, Plawecki KL. Dietary calcium: adequacy of a vegetarian diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;59(suppl):1238S-1241S.
30. Henderson JB, Dunnigan MG, McIntosh WB, Abdul-Motaal AA, Gettinby G, Glekin BM. The importance of limited exposure to ultraviolet radiation and dietary factors in the aetiology of Asian rickets: a risk-factor model. QJM. 1987;63:413-425.
31. Holuck MF. Vitamin D and bone health. J Nutr. 1996;126 (suppl):1159S-1164S.
32. Freeland-Graves JH, Bodzy PW, Epright MA. Zinc status of vegetarians. J Am Diet Assoc. 1980;77:655-661.
33. Lei S, Mingyan X, Miller LV, Tong L, Krebs NF, Hambidge KM. Zinc absorption and intestinal losses of endogenous zinc in young Chinese women with marginal zinc intakes. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;63:348-353.
34. Sanders TAB, Roshanai F. Platelet phospholipid fatty acid composition and function in vegans compared with age-and sex-matched omnivore controls. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1992;46:823-831.
35. Conquer JA, Holub BJ. Dietary docosahexaenoic acid as a source of eicosapentaenoic acid in vegetarians and omnivores. Lipids. 1997;32:
341-345.
36. Emken EA, Adlof RO, Gulley RM. Dietary linoleic acid influences desaturation and acylation of deuterium-labeled linoleic and linolenic acids in young adult males. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1994; 1213:277-288.
37. Sanders TAB, Reddy S. Vegetarian diets and children. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;59(suppl):1176S-1181S.
38. O'Connor MA, Touyz SW, Dunn SM, Beaumont PJV. Vegetarianism in anorexia nervosa? A review of 116 consecutive cases. Med J Aust. 1987;147:540-542.
39. Janelle KC, Barr SI. Nutrient intakes and eating behavior scores of vegetarian and nonvegetarian women. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995;95:180-189.
40. Pedersen AB, Bartholomew MJ, Dolence LA, Aljadir LP, Netteburg KL, Lloyd T. Menstrual differences due to vegetarian and nonvegetarian diets. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;54:520-525.
41. Slavin J, Lutter J, Cushman S. Amenorrhea in vegetarian athletes. Lancet. 1984;1:1474-1475.
42. O'Connell JM, Dibley MJ, Sierra J, Wallace B, Marks JS, Yip R. Growth of vegetarian children: the Farm Study. Pediatrics. 1989;84:475-481.
43. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Nutrition During Pregnancy. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1991.
44. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Nutrition During Lactation. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1991.
为了健康和成绩运动员请素食
素食者食物指南金字塔 Franklin TL, Kolasa KM, Griffin K, Mayo C, Badenhop DT. Adherence to very low fat diet by a group of cardiac rehabilitation patients in the rural southeastern United States. Arch Fam Med. 1995;4:551-554. Gould KL, Ornish D, Scherwitz L, Brown S, Edens RP, Hess MJ, Mullani N, Bolomey L, Dobbs F, Armstrong WT, Merritt T, Ports T, Sparler S, Billings J. Changes in myocardial perusion abnormalities by positron emission tomography after long-term intense risk factor modification. JAMA. 1995;274:894-901. Thorogood M, Mann J, Appleby P, McPherson K. Risk of death from cancer and ischaemic heart disease in meat and non-meat eaters. BMJ. 1994;308:1667-1670. Almendingen K, Trygg K, Vatn M. [Influence of the diet on cell proliferation in the large bowel and the rectum. Does a strict vegetarian diet reduce the risk of intestinal cancer?] Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 1995;115(18):2252-2256. Messina MJ, Messina VL. The Dietitian's Guide to Vegetarian Diets: Issues and Applications. Gaithersburg, Md: Aspen Publishers; 1996. Barsotti G, Morelli E, Cupisti A, Meola M, Dani L, Giovannetti S. A low-nitrogen, low-phosphorus vegan diet for patients with chronic renal failure. Nephron. 1996;74:390-394. Young VR, Pellett PL. Plant proteins in relation to human protein and amino acid nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994; 59 (suppl 5):1203S-1212S. Craig WJ. Iron status of vegetarians. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;59 (suppl):1233S-1237S. Helman AD, Darnton-Hill I. Vitamin and iron status in new vegetarians. Am J Clin Nutr. 1987;45:785-789.
推荐看一下《抗癌历史上秘密战争》
提要：这本书揭露了常常当科学家和医生发现了致癌物，但是工业界和政府部门交汇在一起的利益，使它们改变和延迟社会对与致癌物的了解。官方声明都是和工业部门妥协的产物。最早知道事实和真相的是科学家和医生。官方主动透露事实往往二三十年后，或者起码换一个总统以后，但很多人不幸地得病。
中文简介：
http://blog.wenxuecity.com/blogv ... 803&postID=6008
原文献连接：
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17409179
一些相关连接：
http://www.devradavis.com/
http://www.scienceprogress.org/2008/02/truth-and-reconciliation/
http://www.environmentaloncology.org/
其它相关链接：
科学研究 - 人类的身体机构属植食性动物，不适于食肉
http://qbar.news.qq.com/bokezatan/r/?8823
我们也能活的那么精彩 - 世界著名长寿之乡的长寿奥秘http://bbs.qq.com/cgi-bin/bbs/show/content?from=t&groupid=100:10134&messageid=183777&club=3
很多青少年都受到暗疮或粉刺的困扰。美国一位医学专家近日提出，青少年喝牛奶越多，越容易长出暗疮或粉刺，这和牛奶中含有大量碘质有关。
这位名叫阿贝斯曼的医学专家是美国水牛城大学医学及生物医药学院的教授。他说，经过对400名来自美国、英国、丹麦、挪威和意大利的15-25岁的青少年和青年人进行的为期半年的调查发现，这些人中经常大量饮用牛奶或其它奶类产品的，长暗疮和粉刺的比率达到38%。阿贝斯曼认为，这与牛奶中的碘质含量高可能有关，因为高碘能造成人的内分泌系统失调。
至于造成牛奶中含碘高的原因，阿贝斯曼认为这和很多养牛农民使用含有高碘质的饲料喂养牛有关，农民们这样做是为了加强牛的抵抗力，避免它们感染病菌。
而学界的另外一些观点则认为，暗疮也与肉中激素有关。因为不少案例显示，即使是很容易生暗疮的青年，一旦开始尝试全素饮食疗程之後，满脸的暗疮就会逐步消失，不药而愈。