The following list is given alphabetically by element name andprovides the origin of the names of the elements and information ontheir discoverers and/or isolaters.
Actinium (Ac) - the atomic number is 89 and the chemical symbol is Ac. The name derives from the Greek, aktis or akinis for "beam or ray" because in equilibrium with its decay products, actinium is a powerful source of alpha radiation. The discovery has been credited to the French chemist Andre-Louis Debierne in 1899. It was independently discovered by German chemist Friedrich Oskar Giesel in 1902, who called it emanium. It is thought that Debierne's original preparation actually consisted of two thorium isotopes, 227Th and 230Th, but there was confusion in those early discoveries in radioactivity and Debierne's claim prevailed and his name of actinium has been retained to this day. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 21.77 year 227Ac.
Aluminium (Al)- the atomic number is 13 and the chemical symbol is Al. Although thename was originally called alumium, it was later changed to aluminum.Internationally, the element is referred to as aluminium, to conformwith the "ium" ending of most metallic elements. The name derives fromthe Latin, alum and alumen for "stringent", since the early Romanscalled any substance with a stringent taste alum. The element was knownin prehistoric times. In 1825, the Danish physicist, Hans ChristianOersted, isolated impure aluminium. The pure metal was first isolatedby the German chemist Friedrich Wohler in 1827.
Americium - the atomic number is 95 and the chemical symbol is Am. The name derives from "America" where it was first synthesized in a series of successive neutron capture reactions in the element plutonium, 239Pu,in a nuclear reactor in 1944 by American scientists under Glenn T.Seaborg at the University of California lab in Berkeley, California,using the nuclear reaction239Pu (n,γ) 240Pu (n,γ) 241Pu -> β- -> 241Am. Americium is the sixth element in the Actinide series of elements and is named in analogy to Europium, which is the sixth element in the Lanthanide series of elements. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 7370 year 243Am.
Antimony - the atomic number is 51 and the chemical symbol is Sb. The name derives from the Greek, anti + monos for "not alone or not one" because it was found in many compounds. The chemical symbol, Sb, comes from the original name, stibium, which is derived from the Greek stibi for "mark", since it was used for blackening eyebrows and eyelashes. The name was changed from stibium to antimonium to antimony. The minerals stibnite (Sb2S3) and stibine (SbH3) are two of more than one hundred mineral species, which were known in the ancient world.
Argon - theatomic number is 18 and the chemical symbol was originally just "A" butthis symbol was changed to "Ar" in 1957. The name is derived from theGreek argos for "lazy or inactive" because it did not combine withother elements. It was discovered in 1895 by the Scottish chemistWilliam Ramsay and the English physicist Robert John Strutt (LordRayleigh) in liquified atmospheric air. Rayleigh's initial interest wasgenerated when he followed up on a problem posed by the Englishphysicist Henry Cavendish in 1785, i.e., when oxygen and nitrogen wereremoved from air, there was an unknown residual gas remaining.
Arsenic, - the atomic number is 33 and the chemical symbol is As. The name derives from the Latin arsenicum and the Greek arsenikos for the arsenic ore "yellow orpiment" (As2S3,an ancient dye stuff) and sounds similar to the Greek arsenikon for"male or potent", perhaps referring to its poisonous properties. Theterm orpiment is perhaps a corruption of auripigmentum meaning goldcolor. Arsenic was also known in prehistoric times for its poisonoussulfides. German scientist and philosopher, Albert von Bollstadt(Albert the Great/Albertus Magnus) is thought to have obtained themetal around 1250 but this is uncertain.
Astatine - the atomic number is 85 and the chemical symbol is At. The name derives from the Greek astatos for "unstable" since it is an unstable element. It was first thought to have been discovered in nature in 1931 and was named alabamine. When it was determined that there are no stable nuclides of this element in nature, that claim was discarded. It was later shown that astatine had been synthesized by the physicists Dale R. Corson, Kenneth R. Mackenzie and Emilio Segre at the University of California lab in Berkeley, California in 1940 who bombarded bismuth with alpha particles, in the reaction 209Bi( 4He, 2n) 211At. Independently, a claim about finding some x-ray lines of astatine was the basis for claiming discovery of an element helvetium, which was made in Bern, Switzerland. However, the very short half-life precluded any chemical separation and identification. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 8.1 hour 210At.
Barium - the atomic number is 56 and the chemical symbol is Ba. The name is derived from the Greek barys for "heavy" since it was found in the mineral heavy spar (BaSO4).It was discovered by the Swedish pharmacist and chemist Carl WilhelmScheele in 1774 and it was first isolated by the British chemistHumphry Davy in 1808.
Berkelium - the atomic number is 97 and the chemical symbol is Bk. The name is derived fromBerkeley, the town in California where the element was first synthesized in 1949 by the American scientific team under the American chemist Glenn T. Seaborg, using the nuclearreaction 241Am( 4He, 2n) 243Bk. It is the eighth element in the Actinide series of the elements and was named in analogy with Terbium (for Ytterby the town in Sweden whose mine produced the ore), which is the eighth element in the Lanthanide series of the elements. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 1400 year 247Bk.
Beryllium - the atomic number is 4 and the chemical symbol is Be. The name derives from the Greek word berryllos for "Beryl" (3BeO.Al203.6Si02)the gem-stone in which it is found. It was discovered by the Frenchchemist and pharmacist Nicholas-Louis Vauquelin in beryl and emerald in1797. The element was first separated in 1828 by the French chemistAntoine-AlexandreBrutus Bussy and independently by the German chemistFriedrich Wohler. Since the salts of beryllium have a sweet taste, theelement was also known for many years by the symbol GI and the nameglucinium from the Greek glykys for "sweet", until IUPAC's CNICselected the name beryllium in 1949 based on consideration ofprevailing usage.
Bismuth- the atomic number is 83 and the chemical symbol is Bi. The namederives from the German weisse masse for "white mass" (the name lateraltered to wismuth and bisemutum) from the color of its oxides. Theancients did not distinquish bismuth from lead. The French chemistClaude-Francois Geoffroy (the younger) showed that bismuth was distinctfrom lead in 1753.
Bohrium- the atomic number is 107 and the chemical symbol is Bh. The namederives from the Danish physicist Niels Bohr, who developed the theoryof the electronic structure of the atom. The first synthesis of thiselement is credited to the laboratory of the GSI (Center for Heavy-IonResearch) under the leadership of the German scientists PeterArmbruster and GuntherMiinzenberg at Darmstadt, Germany in 1981, using the reaction 209Bi( 54Cr, n) 262Bh. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 17 second 267Bh.
Boron - theatomic number is 5 and the chemical symbol is B. The name derives fromthe Arabic buraq for "white". Although its compounds were known forthousands of years, it was not isolated until 1808 when the Frenchchemists Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jacques Thenard obtainedboron in an impure state and the English chemist, Humphry Davy,prepared pure boron by electrolysis.
Bromine- the atomic number is 35 and the chemical symbol is Br. The namederives from the Greek bromos for "stench or bad odor". It was firstprepared by the German chemist Carl Lowig in 1825 but it was firstpublically announced in 1826 by Balard and so the discovery istherefore credited to the French chemist and pharmacist Antoine-JeromeBalard.
Cadmium- the atomic number is 48 and the chemical symbol is Cd. The namederives from the Greek kadmeia for "calamine (zinc carbonate)" withwhich it was found as an impurity in nature. Kadmeia was also the nameof the fortress of Thebes, a city in the Boeottia region of centralGreece. The fortress was named after its founder, Cadmus, who was theson of the Phoenician king, Agenor, and brother of Europ and would be apossible source for the name of the ore. The element was discovered andfirst isolated by the German physician Friedrich Stromeyer in 1817.
Caesium -the atomic number is 55 and the chemical symbol is Cs. Theinternationally accepted name is caesium because it is derived fromcaesius but the name is often given in english as cesium. The namecaesium derives from the Latin caesius for "sky blue color", which wasthe color of the caesium line in the spectroscope. It was discovered bythe German chemist Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and the German physicistGustav Robert Kirchhoff in 1860. It was first isolated by the Germanchemist Carl Setterberg in 1882.
Calcium - the atomic number is 20 and the chemical symbol is Ca. The name derives from the Latin calx for "lime (CaO) or limestone (CaCO3)"in which it was found. It was first isolated by the British chemistHumphry Davy in 1808 with help from the Swedish chemist Jons JacobBerzelius and the Swedish court physician M.M. of Pontin, who hadprepared calcium amalgam.
Californium - the atomic number is 98 and the chemical symbol is Cf. The name derives from the state and the university of California, where the element was first synthesized. Although the earlier members of the actinide series were named in analogy with the names of the corresponding members of the lanthanide series, the only connection with the corresponding element dysprosium (Greek for hard to get at) that was offered by the discoverers was that searchers for another element (gold about a century before in 1849) found it difficult to get to California. An American scientific team at the University of California lab in Berkeley, California under Glenn T. Seaborg used the nuclear reaction 242Cm( 4He, n) 245Cf to first detect the element californium in 1950. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is900 year 251Cf.
Carbon -the atomic number is 6 and the chemical symbol is C. The name derivesfrom the Latin carbo for "charcoal". It was known in prehistoric timesin the form of charcoal and soot. In 1797, the English chemist SmithsonTennant proved that diamond is pure carbon.
Cerium -the atomic number is 58 and the chemical symbol is Ce. The name, whichwas originally cererium but was shortened to cerium, derives from theplanetoid Ceres, which was discovered by the Italian astronomerGuiseppe Piazzi in 1801 and named for Ceres, the Roman goddess ofagriculture. Two years later in 1803, the element was discovered by theGerman chemist Martin-Heinrich Klaproth, who called the elementochroite because of its yellow color. This rare earth was independentlydiscovered at the same time by the Swedish chemist Jons Jacob Bezeliusand the Swedish minerologist Wilhelm von Hisinger, who called it ceria.It was first isolated in 1875 by the American mineralogist and chemistWilliam Frances Hillebrand and the American chemist Thomas H. Norton.
Chlorine- the atomic number is 17 and the chemical symbol is Cl. The namederives from the Greek chlooros for "pale green or greenish yellowcolor" of the element. It was discovered by the Swedish pharmacist andchemist Carl-Wilhelm Scheele in 1774. In 1810, the English chemistHumphry Davy proved it was an element and gave it the name chlorine.
Chromium- the atomic number is 24 and the chemical symbol is Cr. The namederives from the Greek chroma for "color", from the many coloredcompounds of chromium. It was discovered in 1797 by the French chemistand pharmacist Nicolas-Louis Vauquelin. Vauquelin also isolatedchromium in 1798.
Cobalt -the atomic number is 27 and the chemical symbol is Co. The name derivesfrom the German kobold for "evil spirits or goblins", who weresuperstitiously thought to cause trouble for miners, since the mineralcontained arsenic which injured their health and the metallic ores didnot yield metals when treated with the normal methods. The name couldalso be derived from the Greek kobalos for "mine". Cobalt wasdiscovered in 1735 by the Swedish chemist Georg Brandt.
Copper -the atomic number is 29 and the chemical symbol is Cu. The name derivesfrom the Latin Cuprum for "Cyprus", the island where the Romans firstobtained copper. The chemical symbol, Cu, also comes from the Latincuprum. The element has been known since prehistoric times.
Curium -the atomic numberis 96 and the chemical symbol is Cm. The name derivesfrom "Pierre and Marie Curie", the French physicist and Polish-bornFrench chemist, who discovered radium and polonium. It was firstsynthesized in 1944 by the American scientists at the University ofCalifornia lab in Berkeley, California under the American chemist GlennT.Seaborg, using the nuclear reaction 239Pu( 4He, n) 242Cm. Since it is the ninth member of the actinide series, curium was named in analogy with its homologue the ninth member of the lanthanide series, gadolinium, which had been named after the Finnish rare earth chemist Johan Gadolin. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 15.6 million year 247Cm.
Dubnium - the atomic number is 105 and the chemical symbol is Db. The name derives from the location of the Russian research center, the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research lab in "Dubna", Russia. The first synthesis of this element is jointly credited to the American scientific team at the University of California in Berkeley, California under Albert Ghiorso and the Russian scientific team at the JINR (Joint Institute for Nuclear Reactions) lab in Dubna, Russia, under Georgi N. Flerov in 1970. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 34 second 262Db.
Dysprosium- the atomic number is 66 and the chemical symbol is Dy. The namederives from the Greek dysprositos for "hard to get at", due to thedifficulty in separating this rare earth element from a holmium mineralin which it was found. Discovery was first claimed by the Swiss chemistMarc Delafontaine in the mineral samarskite in 1878 and he called itphilippia. Philippia was subsequently found to be a mixture of terbiumand erbium. Dysprosium was later discovered in a holmium sample by theFrench chemist Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudron in 1886, who was thencredited with the discovery. It was first isolated by the Frenchchemist George Urbain in 1906.
Einsteinium - the atomic number is 99 and the chemical symbol is Es. The name derives from "Albert Einstein", the Geituan born physicist who proposed the theory of relativity. A collaboration of American scientists from the Argonne National Laboratory near Chicago, Illinois, the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico and at the University of California lab in Berkeley, California first found 252Es in the debris of thermonuclear weapons in 1952. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 472 day 252Es.
Darmstadtium - the atomic number is 110 and the chemical symbol is Ds. The name derives from Darmstadt, the region where the research center GSI is located. This element was first synthesized in a November 1994 experiment by a multi-national team of scientists working at the Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany. The scientific teams were from the GSI (Heavy Ion Research Center), Daiinstadt, the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia and the University of Jyvaskyla, Finland. They used the nuclear reaction 208Pb( 62Ni, n) 269110. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 1.1 minute 281110.
Element 111 - no name has been proposed or accepted by IUPAC for element 111. This element was first synthesized in a December 1994 experiment by a multi-national team of scientists working at the GSI (Heavy Ion Research Center) in Darmstadt, Germany. The scientific teams were from GSI, Darmstadt, Germany, JINR, Dubna, Russia, the Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia and the University of Jyvaskyla, Finland. They used the nuclear reaction 209Bi( 64Ni, n) 272111. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 0.015 second 272111.
Element 112 - no name has been proposed or accepted by IUPAC for element 112. This element was first synthesized in a February 1996 experiment by a multi-national team of scientists working at the GSI (Heavy Ion Research Center) in Darmstadt, Germany. The scientific teams were from GSI, Darmstatdt, the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia, the Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia and the University of Jyvaskyla, Finland. The teams used the nuclear reaction 208Pb( 70Zn, n) 277112. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 11 minute 285112.
Element 114 -no name has been proposed or accepted by IUPAC for element 114. Thiselement was first synthesized in a November-December 1998 experiment bya multi-national team of scientists working at the Joint Institute forNuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia. The scientific teams were fromJINR and the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory in Livermore,California, USA. The teams used the nuclear reaction 244Pu( 48Ca, 3n) 289114. The longest halflife associated with this unstable element is 21 second 289114.
Element 116 - no name has been proposed or accepted by IUPAC for element 116. This element was first synthesized in a July 2000 experiment at the Joint Institue for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia by a group of Russian scientists from JINR and a group of American scientists from the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LNL) in Livermore, California, USA. The group used the nuclear reaction 248Cm ( 48Ca, 4n) 292116. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 0.03 second 292116.
Element 118 - the claim of discovery of this element in Apri11999 has subsequently been withdrawn in 2001.
Erbium -the atomic number is 68 and the chemical symbol is Er. The name derivesfrom the Swedish town of "Ytterby" (about 3 miles from Stockholm),where the ore gadolinite (in which it was found) was first mined. Itwas discovered by the Swedish surgeon and chemist Carl-Gustav Mosanderin 1843 in an yttrium sample. He separated the yttrium into: yttrium, arose colored salt he called terbium and a deep yellow peroxide that hecalled erbium. In 1860, an analysis of yttrium by the German chemistBerlin found only the yttrium and the rose colored salt, which was nowcalled erbium not terbium. All subsequent workers followed Berlin indesignating the rose colored rare earth as erbium.
Europium- the atomic number is 63 and the chemical symbol is Eu. The namederives from the continent of "Europe". It was separated from themineral samaria in magnesium-samarium nitrate by the French chemistEugene-Anatole Demarcay in 1896. It was also first isolated by Demarcayin 1901.
Fermium - the atomic number is 100 and the chemical symbol is Fm. The name derives from the Italian born physicist "Enrico Fermi", who built the first man made nuclear reactor. The nuclide ... Fm was found in the debris of a thermonuclear weapon's explosion in 1952 by a collaboration of American scientists from the Argonne National Laboratory near Chicago, Illinois, the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico and the University of California lab at Berkeley, California. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 100 day 257Fm.
Fluorine - the atomic number is 9 and the chemical symbol is F. The name derives from the Latin fluere for "flow or flux" since fluorspar (CaF2)was used as a flux in metallurgy because of its low melting point. Itwas discovered in hydrofluoric acid by the Swedish pharmacist andchemist Carl-Wilhelm Scheele in 1771 but it was not isolated until 1886by the French pharmacist and chemist Ferdinand-Frederic-Henri Moisson.
Francium- the atomic number is 87 and the chemical symbol is Fr. The namederives from the country "France", where the French physicistMarguerite Perey from the Curie Institute in Paris,France discovered it in 1939 in the alpha particle decay of actinium, 227Ac -> 4He -> 223Fr, which was known as actinium-K and has a half-life of 22 minutes. An earlier claim of discovery in 1930 with the element name Virginium was determined to be incorrect. A similar claim for discovery of the element with atomic number 87 and named moldavium was also determined to be incorrect. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 22 minute 223Fr.
Gadolinium - the atomic number is 64 and the chemical symbol is Gd. The name derives from the mineral gadolinite, in which it was found, and which had been named for the Finnish rare earth chemist "Johan Gadolin". It was discovered by the Swiss chemist Jean-Charles Galissard de Marignac in 1886, who produced a white oxide he called Yα in a samarskite mineral. In 1886, the French chemist Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran gave the name gadolinium to Yα.
Gallium -the atomic number is 31 and the chemical symbol is Ga. The name derivesfrom the Latin gallia for "France" or perhaps from the Latin gallus for"le coq or cock", since it was discovered in zinc blende by the Frenchchemist Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudan in 1875. It was first isolatedin 1878 by Lecoq de Boisbaudran and the French chemist Emile-ClementJungflesch. This element had previously been predicted as"eka-aluminum" by Mendeleev, along with its properties and its locationin the Periodic Table.
Germanium - the atomic number is 32 and the chemical symbol is Ge. The name derives from the Latin gennania for "Germany". It was discovered and isolated by the German chemist, Clemens-Alexander Winkler in 1886 in the mineral argyrodite (GeS2.4Ag2S). This element had previously been predicted as "eka-silicon" by Mendeleev, along with its properties and its location in the Periodic Table.
Gold - theatomic number is 79 and the chemical symbol is Au. The name derivesfrom the Sanskit jval to shine, the Teutonic word gulth for shiningmetal and the Anglo-Saxon gold of unknown origin. The chemical symbolAu derives from the Latin aurum, for Aurora the Goddess of dawn. It wasknown and highly valued in prehistoric times.
Hafnium- the atomic number is 72 and the chemical symbol is Hf The namederives from the Latin hafnia for "Copenhagen". An element namedceltium was erroneously claimed to have been discovered in 1911 by theFrench chemist George Urbain in rare earth samples, until the Danishphysicist Nils Bohr, predicted hafnium's properties using his theory ofelectronic configuration of the elements. Bohr argued that hafniumwould not be a rare earth element but would be found in zirconium ore.It was discovered shortly thereafter by the Dutch physicist Dirk Costerand the Hungarian physicist Georg von Hevesy in 1923, while working atBohr's institute in Copenhagen, Denmark.
Hassium - the atomic number is 108 and the chemical symbol is Hs. The name derives from the Latin Hassia for the German "state of Hesse", whose former capital was Darmstadt. The element was first synthesized by German physicists at the GSI (Center for Heavy-Ion Research) Lab at Darmstadt, Germany in 1984 using the nuclear reaction 208Pb( 58Fe, n) 265Hs. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 11 minute 277Hs.
Helium -the atomic number is 2 and the chemical symbol is He. The name derivesfrom the Greek helios for "sun". The element was discovered byspectroscopy during a solar eclipse in the sun's chromosphere by theFrench astronomer Pierre-Jules-Cesar Janssen in 1868. It wasindependently discovered and named helium by the English astronomerJoseph Norman Lockyer. It was thought to be only a solar constituentuntil it was later found to be identical to the helium in the uraniumore cleveite by the Scottish chemist William Ramsay in 1895. Ramsayoriginally called his gas krypton, until it was identified as helium.The Swedish chemists Per Theodore Cleve and Nils Abraham Langetindependently found helium in cleveite at about the same time.
Holmium- the atomic number is 67 and the chemical symbol is Ho. The namederives from the Latin holmia for "Stockholm". It was discovered inerbia earth by the Swiss chemist J. L. Soret in 1878, who referred toit as element X. It was later independently discovered by the Swedishchemist Per Theodor Cleve in 1879. It was first isolated in 1911 byHolmberg, who proposed the name holmium either to recognize thediscoverer Per Cleve, who was from Stockholm or perhaps to establishhis own name in history.
Hydrogen- the atomic number is 1 and the chemical symbol is H. The name derivesfrom the Greek hydro for "water" and genes for "forming", since itburned in air to form water. It was discovered by the English physicistHenry Cavendish in 1766.
Indium -the atomic number is 49 and the chemical symbol is In. The name derivesfrom indigo for the "indigo-blue" line in the element's spark spectrum.It was discovered in 1863 by the German physicist Ferdinand Reich andthe German metallurgist Hieronymus Theodor Richter, while examiningzinc blende. They isolated indium in 1867.
Iodine -the atomic number is 53 and the chemical symbol is I. The name derivesfrom the Greek ioeides for "violet colored" because of its violetvapors. It was discovered in sea weed ash (kelp) by the French chemistBernard Courtois in 1811. It was named iodine by the English chemistHumphry Davy in December 1813 and subsequently was named iode by theFrench chemist Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac, when he proved it was anelement in 1814. Dispite the priority rights dispute between Davy andGay-Lussac, both acknowledged Courtois as the discoverer of theelement.
Iridium- the atomic number is 77 and the chemical symbol is Ir. The namederives from the Latin Iris, the greek goddess of rainbows because ofthe "variety of colors in the element's salt solutions". Iridium andosmium were both discovered in a crude platinum ore in 1803 by theEnglish chemist Smithson Tennant. Iridium was discovered independentlyby the French chemist H. V. Collet-Descotils also in 1803. Descotilsactually published one month before Tennant but Tennent is given creditfor the discovery, perhaps because he alone also found osmium in theore.
Iron - theatomic number is 26 and the chemical symbol is Fe. The name derivesfrom the AngloSaxon "iron" of unknown origin. The element has beenknown from prehistoric times. The chemical symbol Fe is derived fromthe Latin ferrum for "firmness".
Krypton- the atomic number is 36 and the chemical symbol is Kr. The namederives from the Greek kryptos for "concealed or hidden". It wasdiscovered in liquified atmospheric air by the Scottish chemist WilliamRamsay and the English chemist Morris William Travers in 1898.
Lanthanum- the atomic number is 57 and the chemical symbol is La. The namederives from the Greek lanthanein for "to be hidden or to escapenotice" because it hid in cerium ore and was difficult to separate fromthat rare earth mineral. It was discovered by the Swedish surgeon andchemist Carl-Gustav Mosander in 1839. In 1842, Mosander separated hislanthanium sample into two oxides; for one of these he retained thename lanthanum and for the other he gave the name didymium (or twin).
Lawrencium - the atomic number is 103 and the chemical symbol is Lr. The original chemical symbol was proposed as Lw but it was changed because "W" is an unusual occurrence in many languages and it is a cumbersome spoken word. The name derives from the American physicist "Ernest 0. Lawrence", who developed the cyclotron. Credit for the first synthesis of this element in 1971 is given jointly to American chemists from the University of California laboratory in Berkeley, California under Albert Ghiorso and the Russian scientific team at the JINR (Joint Institute for Nuclear Reactions) lab in Dubna, Russia under Georgi N. Flerov, after a series of preliminary papers presented over a decade. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 3.6 hour 262Lr.
Lead - theatomic number is 82 and the chemical symbol is Pb. The name derivesfrom the Angol-Saxon lead, which is of unknown origin. The element wasknown from prehistoric times. The chemical symbol Pb is derived fromthe Latin plumbum for "lead".
Lithium- the atomic number is 3 and the chemical symbol is Li. The namederives from the Latin lithos for "stone" because lithium was thoughtto exist only in minerals at that time. It was discovered by theSwedish mineralogist Johan August Arfwedson in 1818 in the mineralpetalite LiAl (S1205)2. It was isolated in 1855 by the German chemistRobert Wilhelm Bunsen and Augustus Matthiessen.
Lutetium- the atomic number is 71 and the chemical symbol is Lu. The name wasoriginally "lutecium" but in 1949, IUPAC's CNIC changed the "c" to "t"since the name derives from "lutetia", the ancient Latin name for thecity of "Paris", rather than from its French equivalent "lutece". Thediscovery is credited to the French chemist George Urbain in 1907although it had been separated earlier and independently by theAustrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach from an ytterbium sample. Auervon Welsbach named the element cassiopeium for the constellation"Cassiopeia". Although Auer von Welsbach's paper appeared prior to theUrbain paper, Urbain argued that he had sent his paper to the editorearlier. The International Committee on Atomic Weights (where Urbainwas one of the four members) adopted Urbain's name and his claim ofpriority. The German Atomic Weights' Committee accepted Auer vonWelsbach's name of cassiopeia for the element for the next forty years.Urbain's name for the element was officially adopted by IUPAC's CNIC in1949 based on consideration of prevailing usage, finally ending thecontroversy.
Magnesium- the atomic number is 12 and the chemical symbol is Mg. The nameoriginally used was magnium and was later changed to magnesium, whichis derived from Magnesia, a district in the northeastern region ofGreece called Thessalia. The Scottish chemist Joseph Black recognizedit as a separate element in 1755, In 1808, the English chemist HumphryDavy obtained the impure metal and in 1831 the French pharmacist andchemist Antoine-Alexandre Brutus Bussy isolated the metal in the purestate.
Manganese - the atomic number is 25 and the chemical symbol is Mn. The name derives from the Latin magnes for "magnet" since pyrolusite (Mn02)has magnetic properties. It was discovered by the Swedish pharmacistand chemist Carl-Wilhelm Scheele in 1774. Also in 1774, the Swedishchemist Johan Gottlieb Gahn first isolated the metal.
Meitnerium- the atomic number is 109 and the chemical symbol is Mt. The namederives from the Austrian physicist "Lise Meitner", who had discoveredthe element, protactinium. The first synthesis of the elementMeitnerium is credited to German physicists from the GSI (Center forHeavy-Ion Research) lab at Darmstadt, Germany under Gunther Munzenberg,in 1982 using thenuclear reaction 209Bi( 58Fe, n) 266Mt. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 0.07 second 268Mt.
Mendelevium - the atomic number is 101 and the chemical symbol is Md. The original chemical symbol proposed was My but this was changed in 1955. The element name derives from the Russian chemist "Dimitrii Mendeleev" who developed the Periodic Table of the chemical elements. Credit for the first synthesis of this element is given American chemists at the University of California lab in Berkeley, California under Glenn T. Seaborg in 1958, who used the nuclear reaction 253Es( 4He, 2n) 255Md and the nuclear reaction 253Es ( 4He, n) 256Md. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 51 day 258Md.
Mercury -the atomic number is 80 and the chemical symbol is Hg. The name derivesfrom the Roman god "Mercury", the nimble messenger of the gods, sincethe ancients used that name for the element, which was known fromprehistoric times. The chemical symbol, Hg, derives from the Greekhydragyrium for "liquid silver" or quick silver.
Molybdenum- the atomic number is 42 and the chemical symbol is Mo. The originalname that was proposed was molydaenum but this was changed because ofthe prevailing usage of "e" rather than "ae" in English, American andFrench. Since the ending of the name was spelt "num" and not "nium" inmost languages, this ending was not changed. The name derives from theGreek molybdos for "lead". The ancients used the term lead for anyblack mineral which leaves a mark on paper. It was discovered by theSwedish pharmacist and chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1778. It wasfirst isolated by the Swedish chemist Peter-Jacob Hjelm in 1781.
Neodymium- the atomic number is 60 and the chemical symbol is Nd. The name wasoriginally neodidymium and was later shortened to neodymium, which isderived from the Greek neos for "new" and didymos for "twin". It wasdiscovered by the Swedish surgeon and chemist Carl Gustav Mosander in1841 , who called it didymium (or twin) because of its similarity tolanthanium which he had previously discovered two years earlier. In1885, the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach separated didymiuminto two elements. One of which he called neodymium (or new twin).
Neon - theatomic number is 10 and the chemical symbol is Ne. The name derivesfrom the Greek neos for "new". It was discovered from its bright redspectral lines by the Scottish chemist William Ramsay and the Englishchemist Morris William Travers in 1898 from a liquified air sample.
Neptunium- the atomic number is 93 and the chemical symbol is Np. The namederives from the planet "Neptune" ( the Roman god of the sea), since itis the next outer-most planet beyond the planet uranus in the solarsystem and this element is the next one beyond uranium in the periodictable.It was first synthesized by Edwin M. McMillan and Philip H.Abelson in 1940 via thenuclear reaction 238U( n, γ) 239U -> β- -> 239Np. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 2.14 million year 237Np.
Nickel -the atomic number is 28 and the chemical symbol is Ni. The name derivesfrom the German nickel for "deceptive little spirit", since minerscalled mineral niccolite (NiAs) by the name kupfernickel (false copper)because it resembled copper ores in appearance but no copper was foundin the ore. It was discovered by the Swedish metallurgist Axel-FredrikCronstedt in 1751.
Niobium- the atomic number is 41 and the chemical symbol is Nb. The namederives from the Greek mythological character "Niobe", who was thedaughter of Tantalus (see the element tantalum), since the elementsniobium and tantalum were originally thought to be identical elements.Niobium was discovered in a black mineral from America called columbiteby the British chemist and manufacturer Charles Hatchett in 1801 and hecalled the element columbium, since the mineral was discovered inAmerica. A year later in 1802, the element tantalum was discovered. In1809, the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston claimed that theelements columbium and tantalum were identical. Forty years later, theGeiinan chemist and pharmacist, Heinrich Rose, determined from theiracids that columbium and tantalum were two different elements in 1846and gave the name niobium to columbium because it was so difficult todistinguish it from tantalum. Rose claimed that his niobium had alarger atomic weight than tantalum. Finally, in 1866, the Swiss chemistJean-Charles Galissard de Marignac separated these elements. For morethan a century, the name columbium continued to be used in America andniobium in Europe until IUPAC's CNIC adopted the name niobium in 1949based on consideration of prevailing usage. Niobium was first isolatedby the chemist C. W. Blomstrand in 1846.
Nitrogen- the atomic number is 7 and the chemical symbol is N. The name derivesfrom the Latin nitrum and Greek nitron for "native soda" and genes for"forming" because of nitrogen's presence in potassium nitrate (KNO), socalled salpeter or nitre or native soda. It was discovered by theScottish physician and chemist Daniel Rutherford in 1772.
Nobelium - the atomic number is 102 and the chemical symbol is No. The name derives from "Alfred Nobel", the discoverer of dynamite and founder of the Nobel prizes. It was first synthesized in 1966 by the Russian scientists from the JINR (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research) lab in Dubna, Russia under Georgi Flerov. Earlier claims to have synthesized "Nobelium" beginning in 1957 were shown to be erroneous but the original name was retained because of its widespread use throughout the scientific literature. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 58 minute 259No.
Osmium -the atomic number is 76 and the chemical symbol is Os. The name derivesfrom the Greek osme for "smell" because of the sharp odor of thevolatile oxide. Both osmium and iridium were discovered simultaneouslyin a crude platinum ore by the English chemist Smithson Tennant in1803.
Oxygen -the atomic number is 8 and the chemical symbol is O. The name derivesfrom the Greek oxys for "acid" and genes for "forming", since theFrench chemist Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier originally thought that oxygenwas an acid producer because by burning phosphorus and sulfur anddissolving them in water, he was able to produce acids. Oxygen wasdiscovered independently by the Swedish pharmacist and chemistCarl-Wilhelm Scheele in 1771 and the English clergman and chemistJoseph Priestly in 1774. Scheele's "Chemical Treatise on Air and Fire"was delayed in publication until 1777, so Priestly is credited with thediscovery, since he published first.
Palladium- the atomic number is 46 and the chemical symbol is Pd. The namederives from the second largest asteroid of the solar system Pallas(named after the goddess of wisdom and arts - Pallas Athene). Theelement was discovered by the English chemist and physicist WilliamHyde Wollaston in 1803, one year after the discovery of Pallas by theGerman astronomer H. W. M. Olbers in 1802. The discovery was originallypublished anonymously by Wollaston to obtain priority, while notdisclosing any details about his preparation.
Phosphorus- the atomic number is 15 and the chemical symbol is P. The namederives from the Greek phosphoros for "bringing light", since whitephosphorus oxidizes spontaneously in air and glows in the dark. Thiswas also the ancient name for the planet Venus, when it appears beforesunrise. It was discovered by the German merchant Hennig Brand in 1669.
Platinum- the atomic number is 78 and the chemical symbol is Pt. The namederives from the Spanish platina for "silver". In 1735, the Spanishmathematician Don Antonio de Ulloa found platinum in Peru, SouthAmerica. In 1741, the English metallurgist Charles Wood found platinumfrom Columbia, South America. In 1750, the English physician WilliamBrownrigg prepared purified platinum metal.
Plutonium- the atomic number is 94 and the chemical symbol is Pu. The namederives from the planet Pluto, (the Roman god of the underworld). Plutowas selected because it is the next planet in the solar system beyondthe planet Neptune and the element plutonium is the next element in theperiod table beyond neptunium. Plutonium was first synthesized in 1940by American chemists Glenn T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, Joseph W.Kennedy and Arthur C. Wahl in thenuclear reaction 238U( 2H, 2n) 238Np -> β- -> 238Pu. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 80 million year 244Pu.
Polonium- the atomic number is 84 and the chemical symbol is Po. Thisradioactive metal was also known as radium-F. The name derives from"Poland", the native country of Marie Sklodowska Curie. It wasdiscovered by Pierre and Marie Curie in 1898, from its radioactivity.It was independently found by the German chemist Willy Marckwald in1902 and called radiotellurium. The longest half-life associated withthis unstable element is 102 year 209Po.
Potassium- the atomic number is 19 and the chemical symbol is K. The namederives from the English "potash or pot ashes" since it is found incaustic potash (KOH). The chemical symbol K derives from the Latinkalium via the Arabic qali for alkali. It was first isolated by HumphryDavy in 1807 from electrolyosis of potash (KOH).
Praseodymium- the atomic number is 59 and the chemical symbol is Pr. The name wasoriginally praseodidymium and was later shortened to praseodymium,which is derived from the Greek prasios for "green" and didymos for"twin" because of the pale green salts it focus. It was discovered bythe Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach in 1885, who separated itand the element neodymium from a didymium sample. Didymium hadpreviously been thought to be a separate element.
Promethium - the atomic number is 61 and the chemical symbol is Pm. The name promethium was preferred to prometheum because most metallic elements have names ending in "ium" and "eum" would have caused problems. The name derives from "Prometheus" who stole fire from heaven and gave it to the human race, since it was found by the harnessing of nuclear energy which also provides a dangerous threat of punishment. In 1926, there had been a claim of discovery of element 61 at the University of Illinois in the USA and the element was named illinium. Subsequently another claim was made that element 61 had actually been discovered in Italy in 1924 but the manuscript had been secretly stored in a sealed envelope with Academia dei Lincei and the element had been named Florentium. Both elements were supposedly found in natural minerals. It was later shown that this element does not exist in nature and both of these claims were discarded. In 1941, neodymium and praseodymium were irradiated with neutrons, deuterons and alpha particles at Ohio State University in the USA and new activities were produced. Some of these activities are now associated with element 61. However, no chemical proof of element 61 was available because rare earth elements could not be separated from each other at that time. Promethium was first synthesized in fission products from the the thermal neutron fission of 235U at the Clinton (later Oak Ridge National Laboratory) lab by the American chemists, J. A. Marinsky, L. E. Glendenin and Charles D. Coryell in 1947, using chemical separation by ion exchange chromotography. The fission products, 147Pm and 149Pm were also identified in the slow neutron activation of neodymium. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 17.7 year 145Pm.
Protactinium - the atomic number is 91 and the chemical symbol is Pa. The name was originally prototactinium but in 1949 it was shortened to protactinium by IUPAC's CNIC. The name derives from the Greek protos for "first" and actinium, since it was found to be the parent of actinium. An isotope of protactinium, 234Pa, was first identified by the German chemists Kasimir Fajans and O. H. Gohring in 1913. They named the element "Brevium" because of its short halflife. The longer half-lived isotope, 231Pa, was identified by the German chemist Otto Hahn and the Austrian physicist Lise Meitner in 1918, while Hahn was away in military service. It was first isolated by the German chemist Aristid V. Grosse in 1927. Protactinium was accepted as the name for the element because it was preferred to use the name of the longer-lived isotope. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 32.5 thousand year 231Pa.
Radium - the atomic number is 88 and the chemical symbol is Ra. The name derives from the Latin radius for "beam or ray" because of its tremendous ray-emitting power. It was discovered by the French physicist Pierre Curie and the Polish-born, French chemist Marie Sklodowska Curie in 1898. It was independently discovered by the British chemists Frederick Soddy and John A. Cranston. It was first isolated in 1910 by Marie Curie and the French chemist AndreLouis Debierne. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 1599 year 226Ra.
Radon - the atomic number is 86 and the chemical symbol is Rn. The name indicates its origin from radium. It had first been called radium emanation or just emanation (with chemical symbol Em) because it was a decay product of radium. Ramsay next suggested the name "niton" (with chemical symbol Nt), which is Latin for shining. It was finally changed to radon in 1923. Radon was discovered in 1900 by the German chemist Friedrich Ernst Dorn and it was first isolated in 1910 by the Scottish chemist William Ramsay and the English chemist Robert Whytlaw-Gray. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 3.8 day 222Rn.
Rhenium -the atomic number is 75 and the chemical symbol is Re. The name derivesfrom the Latin rhenus for "the Rhine river in Germany". It wasdiscovered by x-ray spectroscopy in 1925 by the German chemists, WalterNoddack, Ida Tacke and Otto Berg.
Rhodium- the atomic number is 45 and the chemical symbol is Rh. The namederives from the Greek rhodon for rose because of the "rose color ofdilute solutions of its salts". It was discovered by the Englishchemist and physicist William Hyde Wollaston in 1803 in a crudeplatinum ore.
Rubidium- the atomic number is 37 and the chemical symbol is Rb. The namederives from the Latin rubidus for deepest red because of the two "deepred lines" in its spectra. It was discovered in the mineral lepidoliteby the German chemist Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and the German physicistGustav-Robert Kirchoff in 1861. Bunsen isolated rubidium in 1863.
Ruthenium- the atomic number is 44 and the chemcial symbol is Ru. The namederives from the Latin ruthenia for the "old name of Russia". It wasdiscovered in a crude platinum ore by the Russian chemist GottfriedWilhelm Osann in 1828. Osann thought that he had found three new metalsin the sample, pluranium, ruthenium and polinium.He later withdrew hisclaim of discovery. In 1844 the Russian chemist Karl Karlovich Klauswas able to show that Osann's mistake was due to the impurity of thesample but Klaus was able to isolate the ruthenium metal and heretained Osann's original name of ruthenium.
Rutherfordium- the atomic number is 104 and the chemical symbol is RE The namederives from the English physicist "Ernest Rutherford" who won theNobel prize for developing the theory of radioactive transformations.Credit for the first synthesis of this element is jointly shared byAmerican scientists at the University of California lab in Berkeley,California under Albert Ghiorso and by Russian scientists at the JINR(Joint Institute for Nuclear Reactions) lab in Dubna, Russia underGeorgi N. Flerov. The longest half-life associated with this unstableelement is 10 minute 263Rf.
Samarium- the atomic number is 62 and the chemical symbol is Sm. The namederives from the mineral Samarskite, in which it was found and whichhad been named for "Colonel von Samarski", a Russian mine official. Itwas originally discovered in 1878 by the Swiss chemist MarcDelafontaine, who called it decipium. It was also discovered by theFrench chemist PaulEmile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1879. In 1881,Delafontaine determined that his decipium could be resolved into twoelements, one of which was identical to Boisbaudran's samarium. In1901, the French chemist Eugene-Anatole Demarcay showed that thissamarium earth also contained europium.
Scandium- the atomic number is 21 and the chemical symbol is Sc. The namederives from the Latin scandia for "Scandinavia", where the mineralwere found. It was discovered by the Swedish chemist Lars-FredrikNilson in 1879 from an ytterbium sample. In the same year, the Swedishchemist Per Theodore Cleve proved that scandium was Mendeleev'shypothetical element "ekaboron", whose properties and position in thePeriodic Table Mendeleev had previously predicted.
Seaborgium - the atomic number is 106 and the chemical symbol is Sg. The name derives from the American chemist "Glenn Theodore Seaborg", who led a team that first synthesized a number of transuranium elements. The element Seaborgium was first synthesized by American scientists from the University of California lab in Berkeley, California under Albert Ghiorso, who used the nuclear reaction 249Cf( 18O, 4n) 263Sg.The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 21 second 266Sg.
Selenium- the atomic number is 34 and the chemical symbol is Se. The namederives from the Greek Selene, who was the Greek goddess of the moonbecause the element is chemically found with tellurium (Tellus - theRoman goddess of the earth). It was discovered by the Swedish chemistJons Jacob Berzelius in 1817, while trying to isolate tellurium in animpure sample.
Silicon- the atomic number is 14 and the chemical symbol is Si. The name wasoriginally silicium because it was thought to be a metal. When this wasshown to be incorrect, the name was changed to silicon, which derivesfrom the Latin silex and silicis for "flint". Amorphous silicon wasdiscovered by the Swedish chemist Jons Jacob Berzelius in 1824.Crystalline silicon was first prepared by the French chemist HenriSainte-Claire Deville in 1854.
Silver -the atomic number is 47 and the chemical symbol is Ag. The name derivesfrom the Anglo-Saxon seofor and siolfur, which is of unknown origin.The chemical symbol, Ag, derives from the Latin argentum and Sanskritargunas for "bright". The element was known in prehistoric times.
Sodium -the atomic number is 11 and the chemical symbol is Na. The name derivesfrom the English soda and Latin sodanum for "headache remedy". Thechemical symbol Na derives from the Latin natrium for "natron (soda inenglish)". It was discovered in 1807 by the English chemist HumphryDavy from electrolyosis of caustic soda (NaOH).
Strontium- the atomic number is 38 and the chemical symbol is Sr. The namederives from Strontian, "a town in Scotland". The mineral strontianiteis found in mines in Strontian. The element was discovered by theScottish chemist and physician Thomas Charles Hope in 1792 observingthe brilliant red flame color of strontium. It was first isolated bythe English chemist Humphry Davy in 1808.
Sulfur -the atomic number is 16 and the chemical symbol is S. The American namesulfur was preferred to the English name sulphur because many languageshave a spelling using an "f 'and the origin of the name is obscure. Thename derives from the Latin sulfurium or sulphurium and the Sanskritsulveri. Sulfur was known as brenne stone for "combustible stone" fromwhich brim-stone is derived. It was known from prehistoric times andthought to contain hydrogen and oxygen. In 1809, the French chemists,Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jacques Thenard proved the elementalnature of sulfur.
Tantalum- the atomic number is 73 and the chemical symbol is Ta. The namederives from the Greek "Tantalos", for the mythological character whowas banished to Hades, the region of lost souls where he was placed upto his chin in water, which receded whenever he tried to drink itand under branches of fruit, which drew back whenever he tried to picktheir fruit. This name was selected because of the insoluability oftantalum in acids, thus when placed in the midst of acids it isincapable of taking any of them up. It was discovered by the Swedishchemist and mineralogist Anders-Gustav Ekeberg in 1802 (see Niobium).
Technetium- the atomic number is 43 and the chemical symbol is Tc. The namederives from the Greek technetos for "artificial". The claims ofdiscovery of this element are extensive. It was first thought to befound in platinum ores in 1828 and was named polinium but it wasactually impure iridium. In 1846 an element ilmenium was claimed to befound in minerals and after further work, the author claimed anotherelement neptunium (not to be confused with element 93). Ilmenium wasdetermined to be impure niobium. In 1847, pelopium was claimed as a newelement but it was also found to be impure niobium. In 1877, a newelement, davyum (in honor of Humphry Davy) was claimed in platinum orebut it was determined to be a mixture of iridium, rhodium and iron. In1896, anew element lucium was claimed to be found but it was determinedto be yttrium. In 1909, the element nipponium was claimed to beisolated from various minerals but the claim was never substantiatedand it is now argued to be element 75 (rhenium) and not element 43(technetium). Finally, in 1925, the element masurium was claimed to befound in platinum ores by Ida Noddack-Tacke, Walter Noddack and OttoBerg. They were not able to isolate weighable amounts of the element,so their claim was also never verified. Technetium was firstsynthesized in 1937 by Italian physicists Carlo Perrier and EmilioSegre from the Royal University of Palermo in a molybdenum sample,which was bombarded with deuterons (2H) toproduce 95mTc and 97mTc, using the reactions 94Mo(d,n)95mTc and 96Mo(d,n)97mTc. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 6.6 million year 98Tc.
Tellurium- the atomic number is 52 and the chemical symbol is Te. The namederives from the Latin Tellus, who was the "Roman goddess of theearth". It was discovered by the Roumanian mine director Franz JosephMUller von Reichenstein in 1782 and overlooked for sixteen years untilit was first isolated by German chemist Martin-Heinrich Klaproth in1798. The Hungarian chemist Paul Kitaibel independently discoveredtellurium in 1789, prior to Klaproth's work but after von Reichenstein.
Terbium- the atomic number is 65 and the chemical symbol is Tb. The namederives from the "village of Ytterby" in Sweden, where the mineralytterbite (the source of terbium) was first found. It was discovered bythe Swedish surgeon and chemist Carl-Gustav Mosander in 1843 in anyttrium salt, which he resolved into three elements. He called oneyttrium, a rose colored salt he called terbium and a deep yellowperoxide he called erbium. The chemist Berlin detected only two earthsin yttrium, i.e., yttrium and the rose colored oxide he called erbium.In 1862, the Swiss chemist Marc Delafontaine reexamined yttrium andfound the yellow peroxide. Since the name erbium had now been assignedto the rose colored oxide, he initially called the element mosandrum(after Mosander) but he later reintroduced the name terbium for theyellow peroxide. Thus the original names given to erbium and terbiumsamples are now switched. Since Bunsen spectroscopically examinedMosander's erbium (now terbium) sample and declared that it was amixture, the question of who actually discovered terbium, Mosander orDelafontaine remains unresolved to this day.
Thallium- the atomic number is 81 and the chemical symbol is TI. The namederives from the Greek thallos for "green shoot or twig" because of thebright green line in its spectrum. It was discovered by the Englishphysicist and chemist William Crookes in 1861. The metal was firstisolated by the French chemist Claude-Auguste Lamy in 1862.
Thorium - the atomic number is 90 and the chemical symbol is Th. The name derives from Thor, the "Scandanavian god of thunder". It was discovered in the mineral thorite (ThSiO4)by the Swedish chemist Jons Jacob Berzelius in 1828. It was firstisolated by the chemists D. Lely Jr. and L. Hamburger in 1914.
Thulium- the atomic number is 69 and the chemical symbol is Tin. The namederives from Thule, the earliest name for the northern most part of thecivilized world - "Scandanavia (Norway, Sweden and Iceland)". It wasdiscovered in 1879 by the Swedish chemist Per Theodor Cleve in a sampleof erbium mineral. It was first isolated by the American chemistCharles James in 1911.
Tin - theatomic number is 50 and the chemcial symbol is Sn. The name derivesfrom the AngloSaxon tin of unknown origin. The chemical symbol, Sn, isderived from the Latin stannum
