尧曰篇第二十

 

尧曰篇第二十 

 

【原文】

20·1 尧曰(1)：“咨(2)！尔舜！天之历数在尔躬，允(3)执其中。四海困穷，天禄永终。”舜亦以命禹。曰：“予小子履(4)，敢用玄牡(5)，敢昭告于皇皇后帝：有罪不敢赦。帝臣不蔽，简(6)在帝心。朕(7)躬有罪，无以万方；万方有罪，罪在朕躬。”周有大赉(8)，善人是富。“虽有周亲(9)，不如仁人。百姓有过，在予一人。”谨权量(10)，审法度(11)，修废官，四方之政行焉。兴灭国，继绝世，举逸民，天下之民归心焉。所重：民、食、丧、祭。宽则得众，信则民任焉。敏则有功，公则说。

 

【注释】

(1)尧曰：下面引号内的话是尧在禅让帝位时给舜说的话。

(2)咨：即“啧”，感叹词，表示赞誉。

(3)允：真诚：诚信。

(4)履：这是商汤的名字。 商汤，又称成汤，原为商部落首领，居商。夏朝时，商是夏统治下的小国。商汤处处对人民施仁政，很快有40多个小国归顺于他。而夏桀只顾奢侈荒淫，致使众叛亲离。后商汤经过十一次出征，在公元前十六世纪，致使众叛亲离。后商汤经过十一次出征，在公元前十六世纪，伐桀灭夏。夏朝灭亡后，商汤在亳（今商丘）建立商朝。 

(5)玄牡：玄，黑色谓玄。牡，公牛。

(6)简：阅，这里是知道的意思。

(7)朕：我。从秦始皇起，专用作帝王自称。

(8)赉：音ｌàｉ，赏赐。下面几句是说周武王。

(9)周亲：至亲。

(10)权量：权，秤锤。指量轻重的标准。量，斗斛。指量容积的标准。

(11)法度：指量长度的标准。

 

【白话】  

 尧说：“好啊！你这个舜。天命降临到你的身上，让你继承帝位。如果天下都很穷困，你的帝位也就永远结束了。”舜也这样告诫过禹。商汤说：“至高无上的上帝啊，你在人间的儿子--我--谨用黑牛来祭祀您，向您祷告：有罪的人我绝不敢赦免。一切善恶，我都不敢隐瞒，您无所不知，自然心中有数。如果我有罪，请不要牵连天下百姓；如果百姓有罪，罪都应归结到我身上。”周朝恩赐天下，使好人都富了。武王说：“我虽有至亲，都不如有仁人。百姓有错，在我一人。”孔子说：“谨慎地审查计量，周密地制定法度，建立公正的人事制度，让国家的法令畅通无阻，复兴灭绝的国家，承继断绝的世族，提拔埋没的人才，天下民心都会真心归服。掌权者应该重视人民、粮食、丧葬、祭祀。宽容就能得到人民的拥护，诚信就能使人民的信服。勤敏就能取得功绩，公正就能使人民幸福。”

 

【英译】 

Yao said: “Good! You Shun. Heaven has already issued an order to let you succeed to the throne. If people are poor, your ruling position as a sovereign will be ended for ever.” Shun also exhorted Yu this way. Shang Tang said: “My supreme Heaven, I - your sun on earth – would like to present you a black calf as a piece of sacrificial offerings. I pray for myself: I absolutely do not dare to pardon any guilty persons. I dare to conceal neither good nor evil. You’re omniscient so you naturally know how things stand. If I’m guilty, please don’t drag the broad masses in; if the masses are guilty, to lay all the blame on me.”  Zhou Dynasty granted favors to the masses and let good people become rich. The lord Wu said: “I have nearest relatives but it’s not so good as to have people of humanity. If the broad masses commit errors, all blame should be put on me only.” Confucius said: “Cautiously examine measurement, carefully lay down laws, establish just personnel system; let government ordinances carried out smoothly; revive perished countries; succeed to severed clans; promote stifled real talents. If  all these are well done, the broad masses will come over  and give all allegiance to you wholeheartedly. Governors should pay attention to people, grains, funeral affairs and sacrificial rites. Tolerance wins support; credit gets confidence from others; diligence wins success; justice makes people happy.”

 

【原文】

20·2 子张问孔子曰：“何如斯可以从政矣？”子曰：“尊五美，屏四恶，斯可以从政矣。”子张曰：“何谓五美？”子曰：“君子惠而不费，劳而不怨，欲而不贪，泰而不骄，威而不猛。”子张曰：“何谓惠而不费？”子曰：“因民之所利而利之，斯不亦惠而不费乎？择可劳而劳之，又谁怨？欲仁而得仁，又焉贪？君子无众寡，无大小，无敢慢，斯不亦泰而不骄乎？君子正其衣冠，尊其瞻视，俨然人望而畏之，斯不亦威而不猛乎？”子张曰：“何谓四恶？”子曰：“不教而杀谓之虐；不戒视成谓之暴；慢令致期谓之贼；犹之与人也，出纳之吝谓之有司。”

 

【白话】

子张问孔子：“怎样才能从政呢？”孔子说：“尊五美，去四恶，就可以从政了。”子张说：“什么是五美？”孔子说：“君子给人实惠而不浪费，让人做到劳而无怨，为他人富足着想而不贪图私利，平易近人而不骄傲自大，威武严肃而不凶猛可怕。”子张说：“怎样才能给人实惠而不浪费？”孔子说：“根据民众所需做有益于他们的事，不就是给人实惠而不浪费吗？让人们各尽所能谁还会怨恨？想施仁政而如愿以偿，还有什么可贪的呢？君子不管人口多少、不管年龄小大、都尊重他们，这不就是平易近人而不骄傲自大吗？君子衣冠整齐，注重仪表，庄重严肃，人人见了都很敬畏，不就是威武严肃而不凶猛可怕？”子张说：“什么是四恶？”孔子说：“不重教育重杀头叫虐待；不重教诲重成败叫暴戾；颁布命令迟缓却急于求成叫害人；想奖励他人却吝啬叫做小气。”

 

【英译】

Zue Zhang asked Confucius: “How to deal with politics?” Confucius said: “Observe five fine characters and eliminate four bad habits. By doing so, you can deal with politics.” Zue Zhang said: “What are those five good characters?” Confucius said: “Gentlemen can grant favors to others without wasting anything and make people bear responsibilities without grudge. They consider others’ richness without seeking personal interests. They are easy to approach without arrogance and look serious but show no violence.” Zue Zhang said: “How to grant favors to others without wasting anything?” Confucius said: “Do anything beneficial to people according to their need. Isn’t it ‘granting favors to others without wasting anything’? If you can make people do whatever they can, they will have nothing to complain about. If you want to carry out policies of benevolence and you can obtain what you wish, then you will have no reasons to seek personal interests. Gentlemen respect all people without considering their population’s number and age. Surely it could be said that you are easy to approach without arrogance. Always well dressed, gentlemen pay much attention to their appearance. They look solemn and dignified so that others stand in awe of them. Surely it could be considered that you look serious but show no violence.” Zue Zhang said: “What are those four bad habits?” Confucius said: “Paying no attention to education but putting stress on killing is called ill treatment; paying no attention to instruction but only considering about success or failure is called savage; being tardy in issuing orders but impatient for success is called doing harm to people; wanting to award people but giving little is called stinginess.”

 

【原文】

20·3 孔子曰：“不知命，无以为君子也；不知礼，无以立也；不知信，无以知人也。”

 

【译文】

孔子说：“不懂得客观规律，就不能做君子；不懂得道德规范，就无法立身处世；不懂得明辨是非，就不能了解人。”

 

【英译】

Confucius said: “If you don’t understand objective laws, you cannot be a gentleman; if you don’t understand moral norms, you cannot conduct yourself well in society; if you don’t understand how to distinguish between truth and falsehood, you cannot know people well.”

 

 

 

2008年8月10日  21点24分  新泽西/纽约

 

 

 

[一语湖边_lakeshore]

一股气连此章，也读了方才痛快！好！待小弟沽得几碗来，来斤把肉，
。。。便冲店小二叫道：取上好酒，便请了宋教头入了上坐，。。。
不觉天色已暗。。。