前面已经有好几条了。也可以先总结一下:
首先,回顾下,这个题目是什么呢?
1954年,瑞士日内瓦召开了一次国际会议,讨论印度支那局势,也顺带讨论一年前刚结束战争的朝鲜。中华人民共和国第一次出席国际会议,周恩来作为总理第一次在国际场合亮相。美国国务卿杜勒斯开始也去了,他给美国代表团下了命令,绝不跟中国有任何形式的接触。在某次会议期间,周恩来遇到杜勒斯,周主动走过去,伸出手,但是杜拒绝跟周握手。后来中方一直在宣传中提及此事,美国也是,且多认为杜勒斯至少在礼仪角度来说不应该这样作。好,没有问题。
但是到了80年代,出席当年日内瓦会议的中国代表团成员王炳南先生在其回忆录中提出,没有这一回事,也就是说,根本没有所谓周恩来主动向杜勒斯伸手的事。他是当事人,1954年日内外会议期间一直跟着周恩来(王自称),所以他的否认当然是很有重量的。于是,本来不是问题的,现在就成了罗生门,80年代前,中美双方异口同声,确有此事,现在,一个重量级的否定。所以也就多了一个考证的课题,本来没有这个必要的。
正方,当然最有权威的是直接的当事人,周恩来和杜勒斯。没有任何迹象显示杜有过关于此事的记录(不知他有没有留下日记之类的资料),周恩来1961年在跟斯诺的一次长谈中(在火车上),提到此事,斯诺记得很清楚,说周在7年后对此事还是心有余悸,认为杜作的太过了,见斯诺的The Other Side of the River,有中译本《大河彼岸》。这说明,此事确实发生过,就是周1954年确实试图伸手与杜勒斯握手,被杜勒斯拒绝了。
这应该够了吧,周恩来自己肯定了,而且以周的地位,声望,不可能说谎,这是最有说服力的,一锤定音了,不需要其它证据了。但是80年代王炳南翻案时,周已经去世,无法出来说话了,王又是言之凿凿,因此有人进行了调查。中国方面,没有什么行动,美国方面,当时的另一位现场目击者是U. Alex Johnson,约翰逊大使,他跟王炳南职务对等,所以好几拨学者对他进行了采访,一个是Nancy Bernkopf Tucker,一次是两名华人学者(应该都是大陆出去的),都肯定,周杜之间在1954年日内瓦,确实有这么一件事发生,Nancy还采访了中方另一位在场的人,浦寿昌。还有一次就是这里要说的。也是对约翰逊的采访,来自这本书:
Crossing the Divide, An Insider’s Account of the Normalization of U.S.-China Relations 作者叫 John H. Holdridge (United States Ambassador ret.),出版社是Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 1997年出版。
这个Holdridge是1971年基辛格密秘访问中国的随行人员,在第一章里提到1954年日内瓦周杜的握手门,然后在后面注解里说,1994年作者跟约翰逊谈过此事,约翰逊对王炳南先生对此事的否定感到无法理解(inexplicable)。看样子约翰逊是正方的关键证人了。
然后第三章里,作者又提到他亲历的一件事,可以作为这件事的旁证。那是1971年7月他跟基辛格潜往北京,叶剑英等人在机场迎接他们,叶和基辛格坐第一辆红旗车,作者由黄华陪同坐第二辆红旗,车刚开动,黄华就急着向作者提到1954年日内瓦发生的周杜握手门,作者感到非常惊讶,都17年了,你们还记着这事,这只能解释为,中国方面担心基辛格他们这次也会旧戏重演,于是作者跟黄华解释说,我们绕了那么大的弯子,跑了那么远,费了那么大的劲保密,决不会犯过去的错误,周恩来不须担心。。。
看了一些中文资料,里面提到冀朝柱妻子汪向东也提到,确实发生过这件事。
国内大陆的资料,跟食品/商品一样,让人不敢轻易相信其真实性/质量,这是非常糟糕的事,而且这能怪我们这些用户吗?
约翰逊出版的回忆录Right Hand of Power里描述过这件事,但是我还没看过这本书。还有就是几次对约翰逊的访问,也不知道在哪里发表过,几位采访的都是提到此事,却没有细节,也不提在哪里可以看到,网上也查不到,所以也没看过。另外,关于1954年日内瓦会议的新闻报道,据说也报道了此事,但是我没有查到,当年的纽约时报,现在都在微缩胶卷上,看起来很费眼,而且很花时间,应该有报道,但我没有找到,在此记一笔。
下面把这本书里相关的原文附上
Chapter 1, p18
It was during the opening of these talks in Geneva that the episode occurred of John Foster Dulles’s refusing to shake Zhou Enlai’s hand--an event the Chinese apparently neither forgot nor forgave, for Huang Hua mentioned it to me when Dr. Henry Kissinger made his secret visit to China in 1971 (see Chapter 3).(19) Despite Dulles’s attitude, Chinese present at Geneva hinted to one of their U. S. counterparts that with the attainment of a truce in Korea, it might be possible for the two countries to enter a “new stage” in their relations (20)
P283 cahpter 1 notes
19 Conversation of the author with former ambassador U. Alex Johnson, 1994, who was present on this famous occasion in 1954 and saw Mr. Dulles turn his back on Premier Zhou when the latter approached him with hand out- (p284)stretched. Chinese ambassador Wang Bingnan, also present, has since denied that this snub actually happened. Ambassador Johnson found Wang Bingnan’s denial inexplicable.
20 Edwin W. Martin, conversations with the author on several occasions.
Chapter three
P56 (Kissigner secret visit, their party arrived in Beijing airport)Kissinger was in the lead vehicle, a “Hong Qi,”(“Red Flag”) of the same type Lei Yang had used in December 1969 to call on Walt Stoessel in Warsaw-- a Cadillac-sized but purely Chinese-designed and Chinese-built vehicle resevred exclusively for VIPs. With him was, of course, Ye Jianying accompanied by Ji Chaozhu. Interpreter Nancy Tang and I followed in another Hong Qi. My escort was Huang Hua. A Yenching graduate who spoke fluent English but chose to speak in Chinese and use an interpreter. The others in our party rode in the ubiquitous Shanghai-model “limousine” (loosely copied after an older-model Merceders-Benz) used by lesser officials. All the car windows were curtained, so it was virtually impossible to see either in or out except for surreptitious peeks around the edges of the curtains.
No sooner had the motorcade begun to move than Huang Hua broached with me a matter that evidently weighed heavily in the minds of many of the Chinese: U.S. Secretary of State Dulles had refused to shake Premier Zhou Enlai’s hand, Huang Hua said, when attending the Geneva Conference on Indochina in 1954. I was rather taken aback by Huang’s having raised this seventeen-year-old episode out of the blue. I could only conclude that the Chinese were apprehensive over the possibility that Kissinger might follow Dulles’s example when he met with Premier Zhou for our talks, which we had already learned were to begin later that day after we had enjoyed lunch. I hastened to assure Huang Hua that we hadn’t come all this distance by such a circuitous route with such a high degree of secrecy just to repeat the errors of previous admnistrations and that Zhou Enlai should have no apprehensions about about a handshake. We were looking to the future, not the past.