中国镍工业帮助印度尼西亚富裕

中国帮助印度尼西亚富裕

How China is Helping Make Indonesia Rich
Behind Asia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kdD4JqXJ_Xc

印度尼西亚是世界上自然资源最丰富的国家之一。这吸引了全球外国投资者从主要欧洲市场转向美国，现在又吸引了其亚洲经济邻国——中国。据报道，中国在印度尼西亚的“镍”工业中占据主导地位。镍已成为生产不锈钢以及最近用于生产电动汽车 (EV) 电池的重要材料。

然而，在中国介入之前，印尼的镍出口主要由镍原矿组成。但作为吸引外国投资者的明智之举，印尼政府于2009年出台了禁止原矿出口的政策，迫使外国投资者在当地建立冶炼和精炼业务。该政策旨在促进??印度尼西亚境内的增值生产，增加当地就业，并减少该国对出口原材料的依赖。

这一转变恰逢中国和世界其他地区对镍的需求不断增长，使印度尼西亚成为中国确保镍稳定供应的重要合作伙伴。这导致了大型工业项目的形成，例如印尼莫罗瓦利工业园（IMIP），成为中印尼矿业合作的典范?。

IMIP 的发展改变了印度尼西亚采矿业的游戏规则。该工业园区 成立于 2014 年，占地数千公顷，包括冶炼厂、基础设施和工人宿舍。这是印度尼西亚第一个此类工业综合体，专门设计用于现场加工镍。在 IMIP 成立之前，印度尼西亚的镍主要以原材料形式出口，为当地经济提供的价值有限。然而，随着镍加工设施的出现，印度尼西亚的镍出口价值呈指数级增长?。

IMIP的成功取决于中国和印尼企业之间的密切合作。青山与印尼Bintang Delapan集团合作开发该园区，其中中国公司持股66.25%，印尼公司持股
33.75%?。此次合作使中国资本、技术和专业知识转移到印尼镍工业，显着提高了该国加工和出口镍铁和不锈钢等高价值镍产品的能力。

此外，IMIP成为未来投资的典范，吸引了其他中外企业来印尼开展业务。例如，按照与IMIP相同模式建设的Weda Bay工业园（IWIP）已成为世界上最大的镍冶炼设施之一。投资激增帮助印度尼西亚镍出口额从 2013 年的约 60 亿美元增加到 2022 年的近 300 亿美元?。

韦达湾的中国外国投资者包括中国领先的钴和其他电池材料生产商浙江华友钴业等公司，也是该工业园的主要投资者之一。还有参与奥比岛镍冶炼项目的金川集团。金川是一家国有企业，也是中国最大的镍和铜生产商之一
， 在奥比岛 投入巨资开发冶炼设施。这项投资是中国更广泛战略的一部分，旨在确保满足其工业需求，特别是电动汽车电池行业的关键材料。

虽然中国在印尼的投资大多集中在镍，但其他矿产也引起了人们的浓厚兴趣。全球最大的铝生产商中国宏桥集团对印尼铝工业进行了大量投资。2015年，宏桥与印度尼西亚矿业公司Well Harvest Winning合作，在婆罗洲西加里曼丹建设一座铝冶炼厂。该冶炼厂耗资 15 亿美元，将铝土矿加工成氧化铝，这是铝生产的关键成分。印尼铝土矿储量丰富，西加里曼丹的冶炼厂是东南亚最大的铝加工设施之一。这项投资符合印度尼西亚通过国内加工增加自然资源价值的政策。

印尼镍行业的另一家知名企业是山东鑫海科技，一家专业生产不锈钢和镍产品的中国公司。山东鑫海与巴西矿业公司淡水河谷合作，在印度尼西亚苏拉威西岛建设冶炼设施。这些中国投资的影响是巨大的。它们创造了出口、就业机会和技能发展。例如，IMIP 最初由中国工人担任技术和管理职务。但随着时间的推移，该园区通过职业学校投资培训当地印尼工人。到 2022 年，IMIP 雇用了约 80,000 名工人，其中大多数是印度尼西亚人。

当地劳动力技能的提升对于确保当地居民分享工业发展的利益 至关重要 。
最重要的是，我们还可以说，中国的投资帮助其他国家也成为印尼采矿业的主要投资者。韩国已成为印度尼西亚采矿业的主要参与者，LG化学和现代汽车等公司与印度尼西亚公司合作开发电池材料和镍加工厂。

2021 年，全球最大的电池制造商之一 LG Energy Solution与印度尼西亚签署了一项价值 98 亿美元的协议，在 该国建立综合电动汽车电池供应链 。 此外，韩国最大的汽车制造商之一现代汽车集团已在印度尼西亚投资镍冶炼和电池生产。 2021 年，现代汽车宣布计划与 LG Energy Solution 合作在印度尼西亚建设电动汽车电池工厂。

日本公司也注意到印度尼西亚在镍市场日益突出的地位。日本最大的采矿和冶炼公司之一住友金属矿业扩大了其在印度尼西亚的业务，特别是通过与
当地公司合作生产镍铁等高价值镍产品。淡水河谷是巴西矿业巨头，也是全球最大的镍生产商之一，长期涉足印尼采矿业。淡水河谷最近最重要的合作伙伴关系是与中国两家领先企业浙江华友钴业和山东鑫海科技的合作。他们共同投资在苏拉威西岛和北马鲁古建设新冶炼厂，帮助印度尼西亚扩大其镍加工能力。

中国对印尼采矿业的投资不仅改变了该国的工业格局，还促进了其他全球参与者更广泛的外国投资涌入。随着韩国、日本、巴西、美国和欧洲的公司竞相争夺印度尼西亚镍储量的份额，该国发现自己处于全球关键矿产竞争的中心。

Indonesia is one of the world’s richest in  terms of natural resources. This has drawn in foreign investors globally from major  European markets to the United States, and now its Asian economic neighbor – China.  China has been reported to be dominating the  
“nickel” industry of Indonesia. Nickel  has emerged to become a vital material for the production of stainless steel and, more  recently, for electric vehicle (EV) batteries.
Before China’s involvement, however,  Indonesia’s nickel exports consisted primarily of raw nickel ore. But as a  smart move to lure in foreign investors, the Indonesian government introduced policies  in 2009 that banned the export of raw minerals,  
forcing foreign investors to establish  local smelting and refining operations.  

This policy was designed to promote  value-added production within Indonesia, increase local employment, and reduce the  country’s dependency on exporting raw materials.
This shift coincided with China, and the rest  of the world’s growing demand for nickel,  
making Indonesia a key partner in China's efforts  to secure a steady supply of the metal. This led  
to the formation of large-scale industrial  projects, such as the Indonesia Morowali  
Industrial Park (IMIP), which became a model of  Sino-Indonesian cooperation in the mining sector?.
The development of IMIP was a game-changer for  Indonesia’s mining sector. Established in 2014,  
the industrial park spans thousands of hectares  and includes smelting plants, infrastructure,  
and worker accommodations. It was the first  industrial complex of its kind in Indonesia,  
designed specifically to process nickel  on-site. Prior to the establishment of IMIP,  
Indonesia’s nickel was largely exported  in its raw form, offering limited value  
to the local economy. With the advent of  nickel processing facilities, however,  
the value of Indonesia’s nickel  exports increased exponentially?.
The success of IMIP hinged on the close  collaboration between Chinese and Indonesian  
firms. Tsingshan partnered with Indonesia’s  Bintang Delapan Group to develop the park,  
with the Chinese company holding a 66.25%  stake and the Indonesian firm controlling  
33.75%?. This collaboration allowed for the  transfer of Chinese capital, technology,  
and expertise into Indonesia’s nickel industry,  significantly boosting the country’s ability to  
process and export high-value nickel products  such as ferronickel and stainless steel.
Moreover, IMIP became a model for  future investments, attracting other  
Chinese and foreign companies to set up  operations in Indonesia. For example,  
the Weda Bay Industrial Park (IWIP), built on  the same model as IMIP, has since become one  
of the largest nickel smelting facilities in the  world. This surge in investments helped Indonesia  
increase its nickel exports from approximately $6  billion in 2013 to nearly $30 billion by 2022?.
The Weda Bay’s Chinese foreign investors  include the likes of Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt,  
a leading Chinese producer of cobalt  and other battery materials, is one  
of the primary investors in this industrial park.
There is also Jinchuan Group, which is  involved in the nickel smelting project  
on Obi Island. Jinchuan, a state-owned  enterprise and one of China’s largest  
nickel and copper producers, invested  heavily in the development of smelting  
facilities on Obi Island. This investment was  part of China’s broader strategy to secure  
key materials for its industrial needs,  particularly for the EV battery sector.
While most Chinese investments in Indonesia focus  on nickel, other minerals are also attracting  
significant interest. China Hongqiao Group, the  world’s largest aluminum producer, has invested  
heavily in Indonesia’s aluminum industry. In 2015,  Hongqiao partnered with Well Harvest Winning,  
an Indonesian mining company, to build an  aluminum smelter in West Kalimantan, Borneo?.
This smelter, which cost $1.5 billion, processes  bauxite into alumina, a key ingredient in aluminum  
production. Indonesia has large reserves of  bauxite, and the smelter in West Kalimantan is  
one of the largest aluminum processing facilities  in Southeast Asia. This investment aligns with  
Indonesia’s policy of adding value to its  natural resources through domestic processing?.
Another prominent player in Indonesia’s  nickel industry is Shandong Xinhai Technology,  
a Chinese company specializing in  the production of stainless steel  
and nickel products. Shandong  Xinhai has partnered with Vale,  
a Brazilian mining company, to establish  smelting facilities in Sulawesi, Indonesia.
The impact of these Chinese investments are  massive. They produced exports, jobs and skills  
development. The IMIP, for instance, initially  had Chinese workers filling the technical and  
managerial roles. But over time, the park invested  in training local Indonesian workers through  
vocational schools. By 2022, IMIP employed around  80,000 workers, most of whom were Indonesians.  
This upskilling of local labor has  been crucial in ensuring that the  
benefits of industrial development  are shared with the local population.
To top that off, one can also say that Chinese  investments helped make other foreign countries  
become major investors in Indonesia’s mining  industry as well. South Korea has become a  
key player in Indonesia’s mining sector, with  companies such as LG Chem and Hyundai partnering  
with Indonesian firms to develop battery  materials and nickel processing plants.
In 2021, LG Energy Solution, one of the  world’s largest battery manufacturers,  
signed a $9.8 billion deal with Indonesia to  build an integrated EV battery supply chain in  
the country. Additionally, Hyundai Motor Group,  one of South Korea’s largest automakers, has  
invested in nickel smelting and battery production  in Indonesia. In 2021, Hyundai announced plans to  
build an EV battery factory in Indonesia  in collaboration with LG Energy Solution.
Japanese firms have also taken notice  of Indonesia’s growing prominence in the  
nickel market. Sumitomo Metal Mining, one of  Japan’s largest mining and smelting companies,  
has expanded its presence in Indonesia,  particularly through partnerships with  
local firms to produce high-value  nickel products such as ferronickel?.
Vale, a Brazilian mining giant and one  of the world’s largest nickel producers,  
has long been involved in Indonesia’s mining  industry. Vale’s most significant recent  
partnership has been with Zhejiang Huayou  Cobalt and Shandong Xinhai Technology,  
two leading Chinese companies. Together, they  have invested in building new smelters in  
Sulawesi and North Maluku, helping Indonesia  expand its nickel processing capabilities?.
China’s investments in Indonesia’s mining sector  have not only transformed the country’s industrial  
landscape but have also catalyzed a broader influx  of foreign investment from other global players.  
As companies from South Korea, Japan, Brazil,  the United States, and Europe rush to secure  
their share of Indonesia’s nickel reserves, the  country finds itself at the center of a global  
competition for critical minerals. But anyway, do  let us know what you think. Thanks for watching!