笨狼发牢骚
发发牢骚，解解闷，消消愁
常言道，有产品是第一步，有产业下一步，有产权是上一步，一步一步走不到头，定框架定条例，才是王者的归宿。
《光：科学与应用》稳居光学领域顶级期刊的地位
《国家科学评论》（NSR）进入全球综合期刊前五名
Google's Bold Move To Reinvent Every Device On The Planet
Miguel Helft
Google CEO Sundar Pichai in his office
For music fans the 22,000- seat Shoreline amphitheater in Silicon Valley is iconic. Legendary concert promoter Bill Graham designed it with inspiration from the Grateful Dead logo, and that band played here 39 times. Neil Young, the Bee Gees, Bruce Springsteen–they’ve all graced the Shoreline stage. A few weeks ago, accompanied by bouncy electronica music and arcade-inspired videos flashing across giant screens, so did Google GOOGL -2.77% CEO Sundar Pichai.
It would be an exaggeration to say he looked comfortable as he walked onstage. The cerebral 43-year-old is built like a straw, his eyes darting behind rectangular glasses, more Carl Sagan than Carlos Santana. No matter. At the annual Google I/O conference he was a rock star, the headline act. As he took in the hoots and cheers from the crowd of software developers, his face eventually settled into a smile. “We live in very, very exciting times. Computing has had an amazing evolution,” Pichai said in his south Indian accent, stretching amaaaaazing as a way to get the crowd going.
Okay, not exactly Steve Jobs. Or even Mark Zuckerberg or Jeff Bezos or Tim Cook. Pichai is the classic insider CEO, a low-profile, methodical brainiac who would rather geek out over the future of computer science than whip up a crowd of software developers with choreographed product demos. And that’s exactly what Google cofounder Larry Page was after when he hand-picked Pichai last year to take over one of the greatest tech franchises of all time.
The task at hand is monumental. With a market cap of roughly half a trillion dollars, Google, or rather its parent, Alphabet , is the world’s second-most-valuable company, dominating vast swaths of the tech industry, including search, digital advertising, mobile and video. But Page and Pichai know all too well that tech behemoths often lose their way when they are strongest. And while earlier tech giants, from IBM IBM +0.62% to BlackBerry, were felled by a single foe, Google faces a bruising multifront war with the other four superpowers in tech. It’s fighting Apple AAPL -2.28% in mobile and Facebook FB -1.26% in advertising, video and communications. It’s pitted against Amazon in commerce, a resurgent Microsoft MSFT -0.52% in business software, and Amazon and Microsoft in cloud services.
Pichai wages all these battles amid a fundamental technological shift. As Google continues to navigate the transition from desktop to mobile, computing is already moving to multiple screens and in some instances–such as with Amazon’s surprise hit Echo smart speaker–no screens. Interactions with devices and apps are quickly becoming two-way conversations, sometimes employing smart “bots” promoted by Microsoft, Facebook and others. Unlike apps, these bots run atop communications services like Facebook’s Messenger (900 million users) or Microsoft’s Skype (300 million users). Google has the wildly popular Gmail (more than 1 billion users), but it lacks the kind of modern messaging system that the younger set favors.
Pichai, however, believes this new tech world is tailor-made for Google because of one thing: artificial intelligence. Pretty much everyone can program simple, rudimentary conversations–Apple’s Siri was among the first–but to go beyond flashy “demo-ware” you need more sophisticated algorithms. And artificial intelligence has been in Google’s wheelhouse for years. The company invested in fundamental building blocks such as voice recognition, language understanding and machine translation long before most of its rivals. And after years of preparation, Pichai says, the company is ready to bring all that work together in compelling products that will keep the company ahead of the competition. “We have this vision of a shift from mobile-first to an AI-first world over many years,” Pichai tells FORBES.
Onstage at the Shoreline, Pichai unveiled the early fruits of those efforts: a smart speaker called Google Home that is aimed squarely at Amazon’s Echo (and perhaps at an upcoming one Apple is rumored to be developing) and a messaging app called Allo. Powering both is a new service that Pichai calls the “Google assistant,” the company’s own take on conversational computing.
Think of it as Search 3.0–a new, interactive way to communicate with Google itself. With it you’ll be able to order a ticket, book a flight, play music, schedule a task, reply to a message; the Google assistant might even write it for you. It might prompt you to order flowers ahead of Mother’s Day or to pack for your upcoming trip, and it might be able to pick up an earlier conversation from where you left off. In other words, it will be there, ready to help, in your phone, your speakers, your television, your car, your watch and eventually everywhere. “You are trying to go about your day, and in an ambient way, things are there to help you,” Pichai says. Making sure this assistant lives up to its full potential will take years, and building it will be harder than it was for Page and cofounder Sergey Brin to create search itself. Adds Pichai: “In every dimension it is more ambitious.”
The cheers of the Shoreline crowd weren’t enough to distract anyone from the obvious. The release of Allo glaringly reinforces the reality that Google is nowhere in messaging and that it badly needs to get somewhere fast. Google Home suggests that no one at Google saw the smart-speaker wave coming–Amazon had to show the way. And these deficiencies underscore one of Pichai’s most significant challenges: While no one disputes that Google excels at complex technologies like AI and machine learning, it is not always a leader when it comes to turning those technologies into killer products.
“The risk for Google is that their ability to do really hard AI leads them to overlook simple opportunities to create good-enough user experiences,” says Tim O’Reilly, the founder of O’Reilly Media. Google Home will be a test, though the results remain a few months away. What’s more, if conversations and messaging, rather than the desktop or even your smartphone’s home screen, are to become the new conduits for bots and other digital services, Google needs to lure those services quickly and effectively, just as Facebook, Microsoft, Amazon and perhaps Apple try to do the same. “In the end every third-party developer will not connect to every platform,” says Harvard Business School’s David Yoffie, a respected student of the tech industry. “The question is who is going to be most successful.”
Pichai’s job is to ensure that the answer is Google, while keeping a company of some 60,000 employees and $75 billion in annual revenue humming. This enormous task underscores why Page went for substance over style. Pichai’s to-do list starts with monetizing a sprawling digital empire that spans search, Android, maps, YouTube, Play and many lesser properties. It includes maintaining the cohesion of the disparate coalition of competing companies that make up the Android world; unifying Google’s two operating systems, Android and Chrome; and grappling with antitrust and tax investigations in Europe and elsewhere.
Pichai says he’s ready to lead Google’s metamorphosis. “Personally, there is a renewed sense of focus on our mission and on transforming the company using machine learning and artificial intelligence,” he says.
IF YOU RAN THE CLOCK BACK three or so decades, you might find Pichai standing on the front of a motor scooter, his father holding the handlebars, his mother perched on the passenger seat with his younger brother on her lap as the family navigates the chaotic traffic of Chennai. That’s where Pichai grew up, in a simple two-room house. By Western standards his father, an electrical engineer, and his mother, a stenographer, were of modest means. For years they didn’t own a television, a telephone or a car.
But his parents put a strong emphasis on education, and Pichai earned a spot at the prestigious Indian Institute of Technology in Kharagpur. After graduating with an engineering degree, he won a scholarship to Stanford, where in 1993 he began graduate studies in materials science and engineering with the goal of a Ph.D. and an academic career–his parents’ dream. As with so many at Stanford, though, Silicon Valley beckoned, and after his master’s he latched on to chip-industry pioneer Applied Materials AMAT -1.08%. An M.B.A. from the Wharton School and a consulting gig at McKinsey & Co. followed.
Pichai landed at Google in 2004, when the fast-growing search company still considered Microsoft its most formidable foe. Pichai was thrown into the trenches of the company’s battle with the software giant. From the very beginning he exhibited a methodical and strategic approach to decision making that propelled him through Google’s managerial ranks. He was put in charge of an unglamorous but critical piece of software, the Google Toolbar, which allowed people to search directly on their browsers without having to go to Google’s home page.
Pichai’s strategic work on the toolbar led to his next big bet: the Chrome browser. The project was controversial inside Google, where some feared it would unnecessarily irk Microsoft, whose Internet Explorer dominated the browser market. Pichai argued that Google could build a better browser and that it risked losing a substantial chunk of its search revenue if Microsoft, as many feared, tweaked Explorer to make it more difficult for users to access Google. With a small team, Pichai, who at the time worked for Marissa Mayer, now the CEO of Yahoo YHOO -1.18%, developed the product quietly. While its carefully orchestrated launch in 2008 was a p.r. fiasco, courtesy of a German blogger who obtained marketing materials and broke the news early, Pichai’s browser was slicker and faster than anything else in the market, and his team managed to keep it ahead even as rivals raced to catch up. By 2012 Chrome had become the No. 1 PC browser, and thanks to the growth of Android, it’s also the most popular on mobile devices.
Chrome’s improbable victory cemented Pichai’s reputation as a product whiz and, even though he never started a company, something of an entrepreneur, and it set him on a vertiginous ascent up Google’s corporate ladder. “There is a part of Google that has a professorial style, and Sundar fits that perfectly,” says a former senior executive. “But people underestimate how deeply technical and how entrepreneurial he is. He’s very, very good at that stuff.”
His responsibilities grew as some of his would-be rivals fell out of favor. Mayer, his onetime boss, was sidelined and left for Yahoo. In 2013 Pichai, who had gone on to develop an operating system and a set of laptops based on Chrome, was handed control of Android, one of Google’s crown jewels, after Andy Rubin, its creator, was pushed aside. A year later Vic Gundotra, the senior exec who led Google +, the company’s expensive and ill-fated push into social networking, was forced out as well.
Throughout it all, Pichai remained unflappable, burnishing his reputation as a collegial executive and, more important, earning the trust of Page. “He will make tough and difficult decisions, but there is not much swirl around them,” the former senior executive says. “People love the lack of drama and the thoughtfulness. It’s led to more cohesion.” At a retreat for Google’s top brass last spring, Pichai was asked to sketch a vision for how apps would evolve in a multiscreen world. When he was done, a beaming Page stepped up to say he couldn’t have painted a clearer picture of the future, according to a person who was there. “They really see eye to eye on what the future will look like,” this executive says. A few months later, when Page reorganized Google into a holding company called Alphabet, he named Pichai CEO of Google. It accounts for 99% of Alphabet’s revenue and all of its profits.
GROUND ZERO OF PICHAI’S push into an AI-first world is a nondescript two-story building across the street from the center of the company’s sprawling Googleplex headquarters in Mountain View, Calif., where a skunkworks, appropriately called Google Brain, develops much of the intelligence that will bring Google and its products into the future.
The group was formed about four years ago as something of a research experiment involving a set of artificial-intelligence programming techniques called deep learning and neural networks. Computer scientists had developed the techniques years earlier, but they hadn’t been properly tested because they required massive amounts of computing power. Google had that power, so it brought one of its leaders in large-scale computing systems, engineer Jeff Dean, together with AI experts. They trained the systems on the task of recognizing images, and the results were immediately encouraging, delivering huge improvements over Google’s existing methods.
Google Photos, released a year ago, brought those improvements to the masses and wowed the tech world with its ability to recognize and search images and to automatically organize them. You can search for a person, a type of animal or images of people hugging. Despite intense competition from rival products, Google Photos now has 200 million users. To Pichai it’s a classic example of how better AI can help Google win. “Were people using other photo products?” Pichai asks. “Yes. Have we seen tremendous adoption and traction with Google Photos? The answer is yes.”
What worked for image recognition turned out to work when applied to voice recognition, translation and other similar tasks. When Dean’s systems were trained to recognize speech, accuracy jumped dramatically. That means there are far fewer times when an “OK Google” query on an Android phone is misunderstood. It also means that Google is more likely to understand someone like Pichai, with his lilting accent, or to detect what is being said in a noisy bar and do it in more than 55 languages.
Similarly, the techniques used to recognize images in Google Photos are able to power StreetView’s ability to “read” signs and Project Sunroof’s ability to identify rooftops that are suitable for solar panels based on aerial images. It’s also enabling a small experimental team at Google to effectively detect diabetic retinopathy, an eye disease that can lead to blindness, by looking at iris scans. “It’s a pretty significant shift,” Dean says. “Word is spreading throughout the company that there is this new capability to solve problems in this way,” he says, in reference to the new AI techniques.
What started as a research project with a handful of people has grown to perhaps hundreds–Dean refuses to say how many–who have developed algorithms, computer systems and, more recently, Google’s own chips, all customized for these AI approaches. (Google Brain’s software tools are known as TensorFlow and the chips as Tensor Processing Units.) As a result there are now more than 2,000 projects inside the company applying Google Brain’s capabilities to scores of products. Dean’s group has held machine-learning office hours, and thousands of Google engineers have gone through internal courses that can last weeks. “It went from being a research project to a mainstream engineering activity,” says John Giannandrea, an AI expert appointed by Pichai to lead the company’s search efforts.
To see the immediate potential of machine learning to create a new generation of digital products–ones that could change how humans themselves live–Allo, which won’t be publicly available until later this summer, is a good place to start. Despite a mature and saturated market for communications apps, Pichai bets that, as with Photos (and with his Chrome browser), a few smart features will help it gain a following.
One of them, Smart Reply, automatically suggests three different prewritten answers to a message based on its content. Google developed Smart Reply in less than a year and first tested it in Inbox, a mobile e-mail app. It allows users on the go to select one of the answers and reply with a single tap. With Allo, Google went one step further, blending Smart Reply with image recognition, so it can suggest responses to photos sent via message. Send your friend a picture of yourself skydiving and Allo may suggest replies like “awesome,” “brave” or “scary;” send a picture of a kid or pet, and it may suggest “cute.” In Allo the Google assistant might also pop up in the middle of a conversation to help you book a restaurant or plan a trip.
Google’s rivals are also rushing into an AI-powered world. Microsoft has an initiative similar to Google Brain that involves pushing machine-learning techniques into scores of products; its CEO, Satya Nadella, recently showcased conversational bots built atop its Cortana digital assistant. Facebook’s Zuckerberg has quickly built a team of hundreds of AI researchers who have made breakthroughs in image recognition and language understanding, and he’s demonstrated bots built atop Messenger. Amazon’s Bezos has more than 1,000 people working on the family of products tied to Alexa, the conversational interface that powers the Echo smart speaker. Apple is busy expanding Siri’s capabilities and is expected to open it up to third-party developers soon.
Pichai is convinced Google is further along than its competitors. He cites AlphaGo, which recently defeated the world’s best Go player–and may someday be applied to more practical problems–as the kind of investment that will keep it at the head of the pack. “When you look at machine learning and AI, there are things you can do now, some in two to three years and some that are deeper and will take more time to do,” Pichai says. Observers like Yoffie, the Harvard professor, agree that Google is well-positioned to lead the transition to an AI-powered world. “Sundar is jumping on the right categories and making a lot of good decisions,” Yoffie says. Then he adds: “But he hasn’t really been tested yet.”
