中国芯片产业现状：笔记

外行，准备给自己教育教育，收集些文章。专家不说，资料不好找，网民都是张口就说，多属胡诌。

很长，整理未完，抱歉，跳出去吧.



引子
世界大型计算机500强
前十：


中国三大大型计算机：天河2号（国家超级计算广州中心，RMax=33.9PF，RPeak=55.0PF），天河1号（国家超级计算天津中心，(1A)RMax=2.6PF，RPeak=4.7PF），神威蓝光（国家超级计算济南中心，RMax=0.8PF，RPeak=1.1PF）。
[RMax:maximal achieved performance; RPeak:theoretical peak performance; TF=TeraFLOPS=10¹²=万亿，PF=PetaFLOPS=10¹⁵=千万亿]

天河2号55千万亿,也就是每秒5.5亿亿次。

神威蓝光芯片是国产的，整体国产程度高，但不及天河1号，而天河1号比天河2号又低了一个数量级。


【后记】
OmniVision收购成定局。


单子
制裁后：
2015.04.14光明科技张云泉：美国对华禁售超级计算机芯片属刺探行为

天河2号的国产化率很高，从网络连接到软件再到前端都是自主研发，唯独需要使用英特尔生产的Xeon处理器和 Xeon Phi协处理器

2015.04.15环球 中国超算不怕美国芯片禁售 或倒逼中国国产决心

对于“天河2号”，美国禁售的就是中国没有国产化的核心处理器，这正是中国的软肋

2015.04.16电子信息产业网 李佳师:芯片禁运 中国应该如何发展HPC？

内容

2015.04.18中国青年报 美国芯片禁运将极大刺激中国国产芯片产业化

内容

2015.04.13中国电子报中国电子重量级芯片“飞腾”亮相 可替换英特尔

“可替代”，不谁说马上能替代。参见此网民博文： “飞腾FT-1500A处理器使用的是ARMv8架构，尽管中国电子设计出了4核以及16核处理器，但ARM处理器在性能上要想取代Intel的至强处理 器简直是痴人说梦。这不是否认飞腾处理器的功劳，实际上天河2号超级计算机上已经使用了4096颗飞腾FT-1500处理器，这是国防大学为天河1研发 的，使用的是Sparc V9架构，40nm工艺，现在的FT-1500A则是ARM架构，28nm工艺”

2015.04.14网民天河2号已经追不上了，Intel45亿亿次超级计算机来了

距离在增大

2015.04.08IDG News ServiceAfter U.S. chip block, China's plan for 100 petaflop supercomputer may get delayed

内容

2015.04.19纽约时报IBM Project in China Raises U.S. Concerns

北京市一篇“领导视察”报道，市领导调研北京可信开放高端计算系统产业化项目服务器生产基地，漏了馅儿？

2015.04.20光明科技光明科技专家反思美国超算限售：应尽快出台《反禁运法》

内容

2015.04.19中国新闻网“天河二号”主任设计师：美国限售令不会影响

只是表表态？

2015.04.20新华网超算专家：美国限售“天河”芯片或将倒逼中国丢掉幻想创造奇迹

与上文近似

2015.04.21观察者中国“天河二号”超算专家淡定面对美芯片限售：我们不怕限购

内容基本上类似的报道。“中国整体实力特别是应用能力比美国差10年以上。他们放心了”
参见：美叫停对华出口英特尔超算芯片 瞄准天河二号

2015.04.22易网【另一面】美国禁运芯片，立法反制不靠谱

稀土？

2014.12.0221世纪宏观研究院分析师 耿雁冰 张梦洁 寻找中国最强“芯”：集成电路产业区域格局

内容

文学城博文、论坛

杨子：对Intel Xeon --〉美国商业部 --〉 中国超级计算的初步看法
东北大汉：CPU禁运科普

2015.04.07VR WorldUncle Sam Shocks Intel With a Ban on Xeon Supercomputers in China

像是见到的首篇报道。认为神威不差

美国封锁对华超算技术出口：出什么事了？上；下。

2015.04.13
上篇科普。
“国产天河2号超算就是与Intel合作，提前数月拿到了Xeon Phi计算卡并完成了部署。待Xeon Phi正式发售时天河2号已经跑完了测试项目，准备进入商业运行阶段。彼时负责天河2号项目的国防科大与Intel进行了深度沟通，获得了大量编程指导，很顺利地进行了系统代码部署。如果没有这层合作关系，不仅天河的工期会大大延后，由于异构计算的复杂性国防科大也很难独立完成超算的软件调试优化任务”，“美国意识到了异构计算时代芯片企业与超算制造方合作的重要性。只要掐断美国企业和中国机构的合作关系，即便后者能够从公开市场买到芯片，也需要等到芯片正式发售后才能做到；缺乏芯片设计商的指导，中国的超算项目也很难充分利用芯片性能，进而在与美国同行的对抗中丧失优势”
“几种国产芯片的主要问题是它们的性能远逊于美国对手：单芯片浮点性能不过200G Flops以下，远不如新一代Xeon E5的700G Flops，更比不上Xeon Phi、Tesla等众核协处理器”

美国禁售芯片，中国超级计算机还有戏吗？

过度自信

制裁前：
2015.01.17钛媒体网站芯片设计企业群狼共舞，中国芯片产业正进入爆发期

2013年中国芯片进口花费的资金超过石油进口【然而2014年毫无举动，2015年才思疼，不是国安局丑闻，斯诺登之功，习近平会下决心吗？习不下决心，企业会有眼光吗？】

2014.12.23康源半导体2015年中国芯片如何取得突破

芯片严重依赖进口；突破面临众多挑战

2015.01.27华尔街日报技术网站 China’s Chip Makers Explained

清华控股（同方、紫光），展讯，中芯国际，海思半导体，瑞芯微电子

2015.01.27华尔街日报China Looks to Prop Up Domestic Chip Makers

内容

2014.10.13路透社Intel gains a new ally in China's chip wars

中国芯片极度依赖高通、三星和（台湾）联发科技
英特尔公司以15亿美元入股紫光集团旗下的控股公司，投资展讯与锐迪科，持股比例约為20%。展讯同时获得英特尔x86架构的授权，可以开发与销售相关產品

2015.03.02北京周刊英文版China's Chip Race

海外收购芯片企业：文章里见不到实在的收购。“A Bloomberg report on December 3, 2014 said Chinese companies spent almost $5 billion in five major chip-related takeovers in the past 18 months”
据此文报道，基本没戏。
高通收购展讯？英特尔咋办？清华居然考虑？

2015.04.05圣何塞水星报More deals ahead? China fund buys Silicon Valley chip maker

海外收购芯片企业

2014.06.24IDG News ServiceChina sets out to become global leader in chip manufacturing

中央技术国有化决定后的报道

2015.03.26中国电子报、电子信息产业网中国电子重量级芯片“智桥”、“飞腾”联袂亮相

以上的芯片大都用于手机，这是计算机芯片。

2015.03.30道琼斯IBM technology adopted in Chinese chips, servers

IBM招呼喽啰，要跟英特尔做垂死前的竞争。徒劳，不过中国能否利用一把？参见IBM既苹果后让步，将向中国转让技术

2015.04.08IDG News ServiceIntel courts China's hardware startups to popularize its mobile, IoT chips

还是小菜。

2014.12.03彭博China Wants What’s in Your Phone as Chips Replace Oil

China, home to 1.3 billion mobile-phone accounts, pursues ways to build its domestic chip industry and reduce reliance on imports from Taiwan, the U.S. and South Korea
Chinese companies spent almost $5 billion in five major chip-related takeovers in the past 18 months

2015.04.06钛媒体中国芯片争雄：展讯强营销，海思强技术

还是青蛙思维

2014.12.12北京市市领导调研北京可信开放高端计算系统产业化项目服务器生产基地

沈昌祥

2015.04.15华尔街日报China’s Biggest Chip Maker’s Possible Tie-Up With H-P Values Unit at Up to $5 Billion

张为国：‘Many people suspect I’m a ‘white glove’ for the government. But we’re really just a very market-oriented company’，说的够了吗？美国政府会封吗？
参见：China rivals vie for state backing to buy HP unit

2015.03.12中国计算机学会中国计算机学会建议制定《反禁运法》

内容

美通社2015.03.04DeLclima将为无锡超级计算中心提供效率最高的制冷系统

无锡超级计算中心由中国科学技术部和无锡政府于2006年共同投资建立，乃是全球最为先进的一个高性能计算平台
这家中心的新式超级计算机的每秒浮点运算次数 (FLOPS) 为100千万亿次，跻身全球速度最快行列。10亿亿次，天河2号两倍。真的？（吴君线索）不过，报道没说什么芯片，说不准。无锡中心说“中心建设面积为1173平方米，引进了峰值速度为1万亿次/秒的“神威2000A”高性能计算机系统”，百度说“引进了峰值速度为20万亿次每秒的“神威4000A”超级计算系统”。含糊。

标题

内容

制裁后

2015.04.14光明科技
张云泉：美国对华禁售超级计算机芯片属刺探行为

光明网4月14日讯 据美国中文网报道，美国以违反“美国国家安全利益”为由，禁止英特尔(Intel)和英伟达(Nvidia)向中国4家国家超级计算机中心出售“至强”(XEON)芯片。

美国政府认为使用了两款英特尔微处理器芯片的天河二号系统和早先的天河一号A系统，“据信被用于核爆炸模拟”。

美国政府认为使用了两款英特尔微处理器芯片的天河二号系统和早先的天河一号A系统，“据信被用于核爆炸模拟”。

　　“美国此次禁令属于一种刺探行为”

天河2号超级计算机是世界上速度最快的超级计算机，使用了数万块“至强”芯片。在去年的一次测试中，天河2号达到了每秒5.49亿亿次的峰值运算速度，而且连续多年蝉联世界第一超级计算机的桂冠。

“中国已经蝉联四连冠，未来六连贯八连冠也是有可能的，美国已然感到了威胁”，对于此次美国禁止向中国出口超算芯片的禁令，中国计算机学会高性能计算专业委员会秘书长、中科院研究员张云泉这样解释到。

张云泉认为，美国此次禁令属于一种刺探的行为，如果中国政府的反应比较激烈，反抗态度比较强硬，美国会认为我们必须依赖于美国的技术，禁令的范围不会扩大；如果中国的反应恰恰相反如果冷淡应对，美国则会猜测我们的内部实力或许更强，未来诸如此类的禁令会越来越多，波及范围也会更广。

　　美国禁运为更多国产化自主技术创造了机会

天河2号的国产化率很高，从网络连接到软件再到前端都是自主研发，唯独需要使用英特尔生产的Xeon处理器和 Xeon Phi协处理器。由于长时间高负荷工作，这两种芯片每隔一段时间都需要更换，因此美国的对华禁售政策对中国现有的“天河”系列超级计算机的正常运行可能会产生一定的影响。

观察者网IT评论员认为，虽然美国的制裁不难绕过，但至少也会增加中国维护现有超算系统的麻烦和成本。不过长远来看，这一禁运只会刺激中国更多使用国产芯片来构建新型的超级计算机，届时，这家美国企业将会被排除出中国市场，对生产“至强”芯片的英特尔公司而言，则意味着芯片销售额的大幅降低。

尽管天河二号仍主要采用英特尔公司芯片，但中国自主研发的芯片达到4000块左右，美国伯克利劳伦斯国家实验所的超级计算机专家霍斯特•西蒙指出，中国超级计算机对国外技术的依赖正在减弱。“从长远来看，美国的限制将对中国芯片制造商有利，对美国企业不利。这会激励中国人开发自己的技术，而美国制造商则会被认为不可靠，满足不了外国订单的需求。”

核心技术自主化一直是非常热门的话题，但是进程却有些缓慢。此次美国的禁令在一定程度上确实增大了我国超算产业发展的成本，但同时这种压力也会变为动力，使国内产业更加重视加速对芯片技术的研发和应用。

“一方面，美国政府试图遏制超级计算机在中国的发展，短期内一定会造成一些影响，天河今年应该会让出霸主的地位；但从另外一个角度看，禁令可能会加速中国自主设计芯片的研发。”张云泉表达了和西蒙相似的看法，目前，中国正朝着建造全部采用本国部件的超级计算机迈进，包括100%采用中国芯片。（光明网记者 许莹莹 陈百惠）


2015.04.15环球
中国超算不怕美国芯片禁售 或倒逼中国国产决心

美国商务部前不久发布公告称，决定禁止向中国4家国家超级计算机机构出售“至强”(XEON)芯片。这一禁售令引发中国各方关注。到底这会对长期占据全球超算排行榜冠军的中国“天河2号”造成多大影响？中国超级计算机领域权威专家张云泉14日接受《环球时报》专访时表示，禁售短期内可能造成“天河2号”升级计划拖延，但长期来看是倒逼中国推进超算国产化战略的重要机遇。

此次遭到禁售的4家机构分别是国家超级计算长沙中心、国家超级计算广州中心、国家超级计算天津中心和国防科技大学。据美媒报道，美国商务部此前发布的一份通知称，使用两款英特尔微处理器芯片的“天河2号”和早先的“天河1号”，“据信被用于核爆炸模拟”。

中国计算机学会高专委秘书长、中科院计算所研究员张云泉14日对《环球时报》表示，美国以中国将民用超算进行“模拟核试验”为由对中国进行芯片禁售是没道理的。因为民用的超算是不允许运行军用级核武器程序的，这在超算中心的管理规程上就有明确规定。如果在民用超算上跑这种程序，不能满足军事级核武器模拟程序的安全需求，泄密风险非常高。

“中国超级计算机长期占据国际排行榜冠军也是美国禁售的一个重要原因”，张云泉说，美国人对于中国超算拿两三次第一还能忍受，但绝不能容忍中国长期领跑。如果“天河2号”的运算速度一旦成功升级到100P(P为超级计算机运算单位，意为每秒千万亿次)的话，到2017年之前，都将是“天河2号”或中国超算拿第一。而美国要研制出100P以上超算大概要到2017年，现在中国已经四连冠，还很可能实现八连冠，这让美国无法容忍。

据张云泉介绍，“天河2号”目前采用美国英特尔公司的两种“至强”产品，一种是普通的“至强”处理器，一种是“至强”Phi加速器，这两种产品搭配在一起才能产生很强的性能，而美国禁售的是英特尔公司的下一代产品，具有很多新特性，性能也大幅提高，美国担心中国将这种产品用在“天河2号”上，进一步提升运算性能，并促进中国软件发展，所以不卖给中国了。

对于这次禁售的影响，张云泉认为，这次禁售对于“天河1号”没什么影响，因为机型已比较老，没有升级计划，影响最大的是广州超算中心的“天河2号”。因为它原计划今年进行性能升级，从55P升级到100P以上，禁售之后，这一升级计划可能就要暂缓。但中国并非没有其他解决方案，因为其他外国公司的产品也可以用于此次升级，比如AMD等公司的GPU。但如果美国扩大禁售范围，中国则面临着短期无法升级的情况。如果那样，就需要采用国产芯片，这就需要重新调整研制进展，周期会更长一些。

不过，张云泉也表示，对于西方的禁售，比较直接的应对是打破封锁，搞自主可控的处理器，但这无非是重复过去60年的老故事。关键是要发展产业，要有企业能做核心产品，要有市场竞争力，在IT领域光靠反封锁只会不断被新的产品封锁。

对于中国超算的国产化情况，张云泉表示，按照评估，“天河”系列大概是70%左右，而济南超算中心的“神威蓝光”超级计算机能达到85%以上，“神威”的处理器是全国产的，只有网络部分采用美国标准。而对于“天河2号”，美国禁售的就是中国没有国产化的核心处理器，这正是中国的软肋。张云泉表示，中国863计划一直要求用全国产处理器来打造中国超级计算机，但目前有些核心产品仍从国外采购，这次禁售从短期来看，可能会拖延“天河2号”的升级计划，但从长期来看，这对中国是好事，可成为倒逼中国坚决推进超算国产化战略的重要机遇。在超算的综合实力特别是软件方面还落后于西方的情况下，是否蝉联全球冠军并不是最重要的，甚至有时会给自身招来不必要的麻烦，所以不如抛掉虚名，向成功走出去的中国企业学习，扎扎实实做好超算的软、硬件研发，扩展实际应用。

张云泉认为，“我们在超级计算机的发展过程中，一直在回避一个问题，就是核心处理器的自主化”。对于中国超算发展采用外国公司核心处理器的原因，张云泉表示，总体而言，国产化之路确实很不容易。直接购买国外产品简单方便、风险低、使用效果好，又能得到国外公司的大力支持，所以一些中国机构习惯使用外国公司的处理器。而如果使用国产处理器，那就意味着软件生态系统需要重新构建，国外的软件也会对中国进行封锁。

不过，张云泉强调，中国超算发展不怕美国禁售，曙光、神威、天河等中国超算的研发正是在禁运和封锁中不断壮大起来的。按照以往经验，美国禁运的技术和产品，反而都倒逼出中国巨大的决心和潜力，将相关项目搞好，所以要对中国超算国产化有信心。


2015.04.16电子信息产业网
李佳师:芯片禁运 中国应该如何发展HPC？

4月9日，美国商务部发布公告，决定拒绝英特尔公司向中国的国家超级计算广州中心出售“至强”(XEON)芯片用于天河二号系统升级的申请。据美国媒体报道，美国商务部于今年2月18日发布的一份通知称，使用了两款英特尔微处理器芯片的天河二号系统和早先的天河1号A系统 “据信被用于核爆炸模拟”，因此四家位于中国的机构包括国家超级计算长沙、广州、天津中心和国防科技大学因为从事实质上危害美国国家安全和外交利益的活动被列入出口管制名单。美国为何突然对中国超级计算机(简称HPC)使用的芯片实行禁运?禁运对我国超级计算机(HPC)升级意味着什么?中国应该如何来发展自主的高性能计算?

　　缘起于中国在世界超级计算大会上的“四连冠“?

有不愿意透露姓名的专家分析称，天河二号“被用于核爆炸模拟”只是借口，更多原因一方面是出于政治的需要，另一方面也是担心中国的超级计算机综合实力会超过美国。中国计算机学会高性能计算专业委员会秘书长、中科院计算所研究员张云泉在接受《中国电子报》记者采访时表示，无论是出于安全或是保密的角度来说，天河二号都不可能直接用于核爆炸模拟，所以这个理由更多是一种莫须有的借口，真正的理由既有天河二号连续“四连冠“的原因，也有中美政治，经济和科技较量的原因。

芯谋咨询的顾问军认为，在超级计算机领域，美国、日本一直处于领先位置。中国属于后者，追赶着，当中国的发展速度太快，开始冒出苗头威胁到海外霸主的时候，海外的“有形的手”就开始指挥整个局面了。

毕竟在世界超级计算大会上，中国的天河二号已经连续四次夺得了冠军。中国超级计算机在计算速度的领先，让一直位居冠军位置多年的欧美日等国有了一些不安。2014年11月，在美国新奥尔良市召开的世界超级计算机大会上，天河二号在国际TOP500组织首次正式发布的超级计算机高性能测试排行榜上，位居世界第一。此前，由该组织发布的第44届世界超级计算机500强排行榜中，天河二号以峰值计算速度达每秒5.49亿亿次、持续计算速度达每秒3.39亿亿次位居榜首，获得“四连冠”。

“或许是出于对于天河二号升级后可能连续六次甚至八次夺冠的担忧，所以天河二号成为了芯片禁售的对象。禁售从短期来看，会对天河二号今年将性能升级一倍到110千万亿次每秒的计划造成一定的影响，毕竟更换芯片，天河二号需要重新寻找新的芯片替代方案，这需要一些时间。“张云泉说。

　　软件和应用差距是十年?

超级计算机指当前时代运算速度最快的大容量大型计算机，是计算机领域的“珠穆朗玛峰”，是解决国家经济建设、社会发展、科学进步、国家安全和国防建设等领域一系列重大挑战性问题的重要手段，已成为世界各国特别是大国争夺的战略制高点。正是因为它的战略地位，世界各国都在部署和抢夺它的话语权，从目前全球超级计算机排名前十位来看，除了中国、日本、瑞士和德国各一席外，美国占据其余6席。

但在世界超级计算机500强排行中夺冠是否就意味着中国的超级计算综合实力就真正领先于全球呢?曙光总裁历军在之前关于HPC的采访中表示，事实上超级计算的综合实力，既包含了软件的能力也包含了应用的能力，即便是在系统技术的维度计算速度也仅仅是其中一个维度，其稳定性和可用性都需要在应用中不断磨合不断实验不断提升。

清华大学计算机系高性能计算技术研究所陈文光教授在接受记者采访时曾表示，中国高性能计算在研制和建造方面取得了巨大的进步，在硬件层面已经逐渐赶上了国际水平，但是在软件方面仍非常弱，比如在应用方面，大规模并行应用开发非常少。

事实上，HPC的价值在于应用，必须要有与之型匹配的软件与应用才能够真正释放HPC的价值。历军说，中国的超算中心普遍缺乏可持续发展的机制，由于缺乏稳定的运行经费，超级计算机大都开工不足，导致超算资源不能充分利用，难以实现超算资源的共享。另外我国超级计算应用的水平和普及程度与美国、欧盟、日本等相比差距很大。大型计算软件基本依赖进口，进口的并行应用软件不仅价格高，而且在并行规模上受到限制，制约了我国高性能计算应用水平的提高。从人才的维度看，超级计算是学科交叉的典型领域，但是我国学科交叉协作尚未形成风气，缺乏鼓励学科交叉合作的具体机制和组织保障。高水平人才，特别是既懂信息技术，又掌握领域专门知识的人才的缺乏，成为我国高性能计算发展的瓶颈。

张云泉明确表示，中国与美国在高性能计算整体实力上不是一两年而是十年量级的差距。要解决这样的差异，国家应该在未来投入HPC研制项目的经费上加大软件和应用的预算比例，目前现在的预算比例为10%，未来应该增加到20%甚至是30%。我们不仅仅需要造出机器、造出系统，更要用好系统。

　　除了X86国外芯片全在中国复活了?

历军认为，中国应该制定HPC产业发展的长期计划，保证国家对HPC技术研发的长期持续投入、定制相关的标准，并对相关的产业发展给予政策优惠。目前我国HPC的研制仍然主要依靠国外的处理器和关键器件，在核心关键技术例如高性能处理器、高速互连、存储器件、大规模并行算法等方面的基础性研究积累不足，与世界先进水平相比仍然落后。所以这些方面需要着力发展。

张云泉介绍，此次美国政府禁运中国4家机构的芯片是英特尔研制生产的至强”(XEON)芯片。“HPC芯片禁售令的出台，短期对于中国HPC来说有影响，但长期来看对于中国的HPC产业和芯片产业来说，都是一个利好，这将进一步促使中国芯片产业发展提速。“

中国必须要加快自主芯片产业发展。顾文军说，近些日子，国内对中国政府的扶持政策产生了种种非议，一些保护主义的言论甚嚣尘上，似乎我们国家应该开放国门，任半导体产业自由发展、自生自灭，才能体现“经济自由主义”。但其实所有国家对半导体产业都是异常重视、特殊对待、着力扶持的。

不仅仅是因为HPC， 在自主可控的需求下，国家正在加快加大芯片产业的发展推进力度。张云泉同时坦言，目前中国政府和产业界非常重视芯片产业的发展，现在在中国正在研制的芯片类型也很多，已经出现”一哄而上“的迹象了，国外的芯片家族中，除了X86芯片，几乎所有在美国出现过的芯片都开始在中国复活，中国应该尽快选出一两个有前景且基础好的芯片，集中力量进行长期的重点扶持，构建可持续发展的产业链和软件生态系统。


2015.04.18中国青年报
美国芯片禁运将极大刺激中国国产芯片产业化

　　美国芯片禁运将极大刺激我国国产芯片产业化

本报北京4月17日电(记者李新玲)今年2月18日，美国商务部把包括中国国家超级计算广州中心(以下简称“广州中心”)在内的4家中国机构列入限制芯片出口名单。今天，广州中心就此发表声明称：美国“终端用户审查委员会”对广州中心“被用于模拟核爆炸”的指责与事实不符。

这份声明提及，广州中心是广州市政府下属的自负盈亏、纯市场化运营、公益三类事业单位，是广州市的“科技一号工程”，广东省最大的科技基础设施。该中心建设的总目标是立足广州、服务广东，向全国、向全世界开放，重点推进广州的科技创新，支撑广东省产业升级，为提高国家综合科技竞争力作出贡献。

国防科学技术大学于2012年3月获得了为广州中心在2015年之前提供峰值达每秒10亿亿次以上主机系统的合同。随后，“天河二号”一期系统于2013年5月研制成功，同年10月迁入位于广州大学城的超算中心大楼，2014年3月进入边建设、边运营阶段。自从2013年6月以来，“天河二号”一期系统分别在每年两次的世界TOP500超算性能排名中，连续获得4次第一。国防科学技术大学与广州中心之间是典型的计算机承造方与购买使用方的商业关系。

广州中心称，美国商务部实施出口限制(禁运)损人不利己，严重损害了包括英特尔公司在内的美国企业通过长期耕耘中国市场所建立的良好信誉。美国商务部对广州中心实施出口限制(禁运)将妨碍以“天河二号”为平台的正常中美科技合作交流。去年11月5日，美国工程院院士、世界超级计算机500强排名发起人之一、橡树岭国家实验室Jack Dongarra教授，美国能源部先进科学计算研究部主任William Harrod博士等来自美国、欧洲、日本超级计算领域的国际专家齐聚广州中心，围绕如何应用“天河二号”解决诸如气候、环境、开发绿色能源、疾病与健康等世界性难题，与我国有关专家展开深入交流，重点探讨超级计算应用和发展前景等热点问题。但美国商务部的限制令，将极大地挫伤美国科学家来广州中心开展合作工作的积极性。

广州中心认为，美国商务部实施出口限制(禁运)将极大地刺激我国国产芯片产业化以及在国产超算系统部署的进程。按原合同计划，“天河二号”一期系统有4096个节点使用的是国内目前主频最高的“飞腾1500”芯片，效果良好。截至当前，承造方已经完成了“天河二号”计算阵列的扩容和高速通信互连系统的升级。就目前已有的计算资源而言，“天河二号”至少在今后5年内仍会位居Top500的前10名，完全能够满足广大用户的需求。


2015.04.13中国电子报
中国电子重量级芯片“飞腾”亮相 可替换英特尔

3月26日，中国电子信息产业集团有限公司（以下简称“中国电子”）在京召开“CPU与网络交换芯片新品发布暨成果推广会”，网络交换芯片“智桥”SDN智能高密度万兆交换芯片和“飞腾”FT-1500A系列CPU处理器联袂发布。

科技部、国资委、工业和信息化部、国家保密局等主管机关单位领导，天津市、杭州市等地方政府机关单位领导以及国家集成电路基金公司、华芯投资、中国电信、联想集团、浪潮集团等行业领域、产业界代表嘉宾共百余人出席了发布活动。

中国电子总经理刘烈宏在致辞中指出，近年来，中国电子采取联合创新、协同创新、军民融合创新的发展策略，聚焦通用CPU和网络交换芯片作为重点突破口，取 得了一系列可喜的成果。中国电子旗下天津飞腾信息技术有限公司（以下简称“天津飞腾”）的FT-1500A系列CPU处理器和盛科网络（苏州）有限公司 （以下简称“盛科网络”）的“智桥”SDN智能高密度万兆交换芯片CTC8096便是非常具有代表性的新产品。

据盛科网络总经理、“千人计划”专家孙剑勇介绍，此次推出的“智桥”芯片是其自主研发的第四代交换芯片，目标是快速响应云计算、大数据、网络功能虚拟化的 市场趋势，芯片具有性能优、功能强、功耗低和高可靠、高性价比等特点。该芯片由9.4亿人晶体管构成，具有1.2T的交换容量；配图了96个10G端 口，24个40G端口，4个100G端口，支持L2/L3/MPLS/OpenFlow和数据中心功能等特性集合。

据天津飞腾总经理谷虹介绍，FT-1500A系列处理器是64位通用CPU，兼容ARM V8指令集，采用国际先进的28nm工艺流片，具有高性能、低功耗等特点，关键技术国内领先，可实现对Intel中高端“至强”服务器芯片的替代，并广泛 应用于政府办公和金融、税务等各行业信息化系统之中。FT-1500A系列目前包括4核和16核两款产品。其中4核处理器芯片主要面向桌面终端和轻量级服 务器应用领域，主频2GHz,功耗15W，两个DDR3-1600存储通道，支持电源关断、DVFS等低功耗技术，适用于构建台式终端、一体机、便携笔记 本、微服务器等产品；16核处理器芯片面向服务器应用领域，主频2GHz，功耗35W，4个DDR3-1600存储通道，支持虚拟化功能，适用于构建网络 前端接入服务器、事务处理服务器、邮件服务器、数据库服务器、存储服务器等产品。


2015.04.14网民
天河2号已经追不上了，Intel45亿亿次超级计算机来了

上周美国宣布禁止向中国出口超级计算机技术，天河2号性能提升受阻，而Intel公司接到了美国政府的新订单，将于2018年部署一套性能高达18-45亿亿次的超级计算机，远超天河2号。

上周美国政府宣布禁止向中国四家单位出口超级计算机相关技术，Intel显然备受伤害，因为国内的天河2号使用了Intel的Xeon处理器及Xeon Phi加速卡，而且连续四次获得了TOP500冠军，这不仅给Intel带来大笔利润，而且有很强的示范效应，现在这笔生意黄了，后续升级估计没戏了，只能靠中国特色国产了。



不管这是不是网上有些人说的美帝阴谋，不过美国在找理由阻碍他国超级计算机发展的同时也在加快自家超级计算机的研发。继去年底向NVIDIA、IBM投资3.2亿美元研发10亿亿次（100PFLOPS）超级计算机之后，美国能源部再次投资2亿美元给Intel、Cray公司研发18-45亿亿次超级计算 机，主要部署在能源部下属的阿尔贡国家实验室，此前NVIDIA、IBM研发的10亿亿次计算机则部署在橡树岭、劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室。（PS：虽然美国能源部下属的国家实验室名义上也是民用的，但了解过这些实验室历史的读者应该知道，核爆什么的也是他们的重点，美国用这种理由禁止Intel出口芯片到国内是“只许州官放火不许百姓点灯”。）

这次2亿美金投资研发的超级计算机有两台，其中代号Theta的那台计算性能只有8.5PFLOPS（8500万亿次），使用的是Intel的Xeon处理器及代号Kingts Landing的Xeon Phi加速卡，这套HPC使用的都是成熟部件，性能较低，不过功耗也只有1.7兆瓦。

真正值得关注的是其中代号Aurora（欧若拉，极光）的HPC，因为要等到2018年才能部署，所以这台计算机集各种黑科技高科技于一身，理论浮点性能可达180PFLOPS（18亿亿次），最高可扩展到450PFLOPS（45亿亿次），比NVIDIA、IBM的10亿亿次性能要高得多，也要比目前 TOP500排名第一的天河2号的54.9PFLOPS（5.49亿亿次）高出2-7倍多，除非中国能在未来两年内解决高性能计算芯片（自研不太可能，估计可以用各种小手段买到Intel或者其他家的芯片，毕竟美帝只禁止了国内四家单位，不是全面禁止Intel对中国的出口），否则Aurora在2018年登顶TOP500第一应该没什么悬念了，HPC领域除了中国能与美国争锋之外，其他国家不论财力还是需求都小得多。


Intel的Aurora超级计算机

我们再来详细看下Intel的Aurora超级计算机的架构组成，要想实现高达18-45亿亿次的性能（对比的Mira是目前的HPC），Aurora得 使用新一代硬件，其中Intel已经证实Xeon处理器在其中只起到管理作用，计算主力是新一代的Xeon Phi处理器，代号为Kinghts Hill，详情不多，但今年的Kinghts Landing已经使用了14nm工艺，这个Knights Hill加速卡不出意外将使用2018年的10nm工艺，单卡性能估计在4-4.5TFLOPS之间，目前Knights Landing加速卡的性能约为3TFLOPS。


Aurora超级计算机将使用新一代Xeon Phi加速卡

整套HPC将有超过5万个节点，基于Cray公司的Shasta新一代HPC平台设计，板载内存容量超过7000TB，内存带宽高于30PB/s，每个节点的带宽超过2.5PB/s，带宽超过500TB/s。存储系统则会使用Intel第一、第二代Omni-Path架构，容量不低于150PB，文件吞吐 量1TB/s。

整套系统功耗为13兆瓦，比目前的Mira计算机的4.8兆瓦高了1.7倍，但其性能是后者的18倍还多，因此整体的每瓦性能比实际上从2GFLOPS/W提升到了13GFLOPS了，能效比提升了5倍多。


目前美国拥有或者在建的几台HPC（Anandtech）


2015.04.08IDG News Service
After U.S. chip block, China's plan for 100 petaflop supercomputer may get delayed

The U.S.’s recent denial of Intel chips for China’s fastest supercomputer could derail an upgrade to double the machine’s processing power.

China’s Tianhe-2 is the world’s fastest supercomputer with a theoretical peak speed of 54.9 petaflops. It was scheduled to be expanded, and reach a new peak speed of 100 petaflops this year.

Now those plans may be in jeopardy. The U.S. government claims the Tianhe-2 has been used in “nuclear explosive activities”, and has forbidden Intel from shipping its Xeon chips to four related Chinese supercomputing centers.

“I think the U.S. doesn’t want the Tianhe-2 to reach 100 petaflops,” said Zhang Yunquan, a professor at the Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, who also keeps track of China’s top supercomputers.

Although other supercomputers in the world are being developed to reach or exceed the 100 petaflops figure, China’s Tianhe-2 may have been the closest to reaching that goal this year.

The National Supercomputing Center of Guangzhou, which operates the Tianhe-2, declined to comment. But Zhang said in the short-term, China’s supercomputing efforts might be stalled, given that the Tianhe-2 and many other supercomputing systems in the country use Intel’s Xeon chips.

In the U.S., computer scientists are also developing their own 100-petaflop machines, but they aren’t expected to be ready until 2017, said Jack Dongarra, a computer scientist at the University of Tennessee who also compiles the list of the world’s top 500 supercomputers.

As a result of this situation, China will probably “energize” its efforts to develop its own chip technology, he added.

China already showed some of that capability back in 2011, with a supercomputer that used a homegrown processor called the Shenwei 1600.

“Now China is being forced to develop its chip technology,” Zhang said. “We wanted to cooperate with the U.S. on these supercomputer projects, but we can’t do that.”

The U.S. Department of Commerce did not immediately respond to a request for comment.


2015.04.19纽约时报
IBM Project in China Raises U.S. Concerns


IBM’s chief executive, Virginia M. Rometty, said the company’s approach in China was different from that of any other foreign technology maker

HONG KONG — Shen Changxiang, who once supervised the cybersecurity of China’s strategic missile arsenal and spearheaded computer security research for the navy, has warned of the perils of his country’s reliance on American technology.

Yet in December, the 74-year-old former military engineer, one of China’s top-ranking cyberofficials, quietly started working with a company synonymous with American technological prowess: IBM. Mr. Shen’s task is to help a little-known Chinese company absorb and build upon key technologies licensed by IBM, according to a statement posted on a Beijing government website.

In the past 16 months, IBM has agreed — and received permission under United States export laws — to provide the Beijing company, Teamsun, with a partial blueprint of its higher-end servers and the software that runs on them, according to IBM announcements and filings from Teamsun. As the chief scientist overseeing the IBM project on behalf of the Chinese government, Mr. Shen is helping Teamsun, and in turn China, develop a full supply chain of computers and software atop IBM’s technology.

The goal is to create a domestic tech industry that in the long run will no longer need to buy American products, thus avoiding security concerns.

What IBM is doing in China is no different from what the company is doing elsewhere. Yet IBM’s activities in China have become sensitive as they now run into efforts by the Obama administration to persuade Beijing to drop new measures requiring American companies to hand over technology in exchange for market access.

Critics say IBM is caving in to Chinese demands, placing short-term business gains ahead of longer-term political and trade issues. Its actions may spur other American companies to break ranks and also submit to the new Chinese regulations, out of concern that IBM will get advantages by cooperating with the country.

“People do feel angry about what appears to be an accommodation with the Chinese,” said James A. Lewis, an analyst at the Center for Strategic and International Studies. “And you have to kind of expect that, particularly at a time when you have the whole U.S. government ginned up to push the Chinese on this.”

IBM said it was simply being open with licensing technologies as part of a global program called Open Power. Open Power, which IBM initiated in 2013, has 120 members worldwide, including Google and Samsung Electronics. Fewer than 20 are from China, IBM said. The point of the program is to provide base technology that can be enhanced by licensees worldwide and spur global partnerships and business opportunities, the company added.

“Our Open Power partners in China are getting access to the same technology that we make available to all Open Power members around the world,” Edward Barbini, a spokesman, wrote in an email. “We’ve been very transparent with all our stakeholders on this strategy, including the Obama administration, about our plans to expand both the Open Power community and IBM’s technology partnerships around the world.”

In a recent interview posted on Teamsun’s website, Huang Hua, a vice president, said the company’s new capabilities would help it better address security concerns of local Chinese companies. Calling a movement in China to replace crucial high-end technology from IBM, Oracle and EMC an “opportunity,” Mr. Huang said Teamsun’s strategy to “absorb and then innovate” would enable it to eliminate the capability gap between Chinese and American companies and create products that could replace those sold by firms in the United States.

Language about replacing IBM, Oracle and EMC was removed from the site after Teamsun and IBM were contacted for this article. Teamsun declined to be interviewed about the IBM project, and an assistant declined to make Mr. Shen available for comment.

IBM declined to comment on Mr. Shen because he is not an IBM employee. A spokesman with the United States trade representative declined to comment on IBM’s strategy in China.

IBM has many business projects in China. The company has also agreed to license the advanced chip technology that works as the brain of the servers to a separate Chinese company, Suzhou PowerCore. And IBM says it has spoken to clients about letting them build local encryption over its z13 mainframe computer, which could help in China, where a proposed antiterror law requires domestic companies to provide encryption keys or use local Chinese encryption standards.

IBM’s cooperation with Teamsun and Suzhou PowerCore through Open Power is part of the company’s strategic shift away from its traditional hardware, software and services businesses to new cloud, data and mobile offerings. IBM, which reports quarterly earnings on Monday, has been grappling with declining revenue as it makes that transition.

Both the server and chip technology IBM is licensing in China are widely used by banks in the country. In the fourth quarter, IBM generated $4.9 billion in revenue, or 20 percent of the total, from Asia; it does not break out China sales.

“You have Chinese policy interests, U.S. policy interests and IBM policy interests — realistically, your hope of aligning these is not all that high,” said Willy C. Shih, a professor of technology and operations management at Harvard Business School. “I think it’s a tough call for IBM.”

On a trip last month to Beijing, IBM’s chief executive, Virginia M. Rometty, said the company’s approach in China was different from any other foreign technology maker’s.

“Foreign firms need to collaborate with Chinese companies to grow new industries — nowhere is this truer than in the I.T. sector,” she said in remarks at a March 24 panel discussion in Beijing. She said opening IBM’s chip technology to Chinese partners “will create a new and vibrant ecosystem of Chinese companies producing homegrown computer systems for the local and international markets.”

IBM’s Open Power program is getting particular attention in China, according to analysts, because it plays into local demands that foreign tech companies disclose intellectual property, open up encryption standards and submit to invasive security audits of products.

While Beijing has long pushed indigenous innovation policies designed to foster a domestic tech industry, the disclosures in 2013 of online spying efforts by the United States made by the former National Security Agency contractor Edward J. Snowden gave the more hawkish officials in China the evidence they needed to expedite plans to wean sensitive industries, like banking and energy, off foreign technology.

One new Chinese law, which called for disclosure of source code of products sold to banks, was suspended by the government this month. But analysts say Beijing is likely to continue making similar demands in different ways.

Mr. Shen has been thinking about pushing American tech companies out of China for a while. In 2009, he warned of global communications surveillance by the United States in an essay posted on the website of China’s Ministry of Industry and Information Technology.

In a May 2014 interview with state-run media, Mr. Shen said tech products coming from the United States presented “huge security risks,” and in a July essay he wrote that America’s technological dominance makes it a serious threat to Chinese national security. He added that “the U.S. and Israel cultivate hackers in primary school to find the finest Internet and cybersecurity talents” and recommended China create similar policies.

By handing over some intellectual property, analysts say, IBM is calculating it can be a part of the base technology with which Chinese companies build higher-end servers and other new products that meet Chinese regulations. That would help IBM compete with Intel, which provides chip technology from which companies build their own servers.

Many banks in China will soon switch from IBM servers that run the Unix operating system to servers using Linux. And, analysts say, Open Power’s goal in the country is to help keep a part of that business.

Clyde V. Prestowitz, a senior Commerce Department official in the Reagan administration, said IBM’s approach to China is reminiscent of what the company did in Japan decades ago. He said tech transfers to Japanese companies helped them catch up to the United States.

“IBM was arrogant in saying, ‘We’ll give them some tech and then innovate faster than them,’ and that wasn’t the case,” he said.

For Mr. Shen, Chinese-made products built atop IBM technology to be sold worldwide would be a small victory for China in a technological race with the United States that he sometimes characterizes in military terms.

In a speech in September at the China Internet Security Conference in Beijing, Mr. Shen said expansion of the United States military’s online attack and defense capabilities made the Internet the fifth strategic front for the United States, after land, air, ocean and space.

He added, according to state-run media, “That poses a severe challenge to the cybersecurity of China, and we should actively respond, accelerate the building of our cybersecure system and safeguard our cybersecurity and state sovereignty.”


2015.04.20光明科技
光明科技专家反思美国超算限售：应尽快出台《反禁运法》

“三大超算中心在科技部立项的时候，就都是民用的，美国商务部对我们涉核的指责根本不可能。作为公开的超算中心，广州超算有哪些应用，我们网站上介绍都有清楚的介绍。”天河二号系统主任设计师卢宇彤在中国计算机学会举办的“芯片限售对我国超算的影响”论坛上表示。

在此之前，美国商务部发布报告称，决定拒绝英特尔公司向中国的国家超级计算广州中心出售至强芯片用于天河二号系统升级的申请。国家超级计算长沙中心、广州中心、天津中心和国防科技大学四家国家超算中心被列入出口管制名单。

而据《华尔街日报》报道，美国商务部曾于今年2月18日发布一份通知称，使用了两款英特尔微处理器芯片的天河二号和早先的天河1号A系统，“据信被用于核爆炸模拟”。

超算限售提醒国人：核心技术买不来

中国超算技术连续四年夺得世界冠军，无疑给美国施加了很大压力。在去年4月份中美超级计算战略对话会上，有美国专家指出，中国的超算已经超过美国，引发了美国国内一系列的争论。有美国学者指出，由于政府对超算的研究投入减少，使其计算机的领先地位受到威胁。

在卢宇彤看来，涉核只是美国对华超算限售的一个借口。

“这其实是美国学界在给政府施压，你该拨款了。现在美国国会要批2016年的预算，奥巴马最近一直压缩，不停扣钱，大家都要从里面抢钱。” 中科院计算所张云泉研究员补充说。

尽管中国超算技术能够拿世界第一，但从整体水平和应用能力上，与美国尚有差距。卢宇彤表示，美国此次限售令的确影响天河二号的升级计划，但升级是一项复杂的系统工程，中方对此已有部署。“我可以肯定地说，天河二号的‘100P升级目标’肯定能够实现，实现时间也是可控的。”

“借此机会，我想提醒一下我们的相关部门，在选用国外核心产品的时候，一定要做好产品的风险评估。本来天河系统在购买英特尔CPU的时候，是得到了美国政府的许可，但是美国找了一个涉核的借口就终止了正常的商务行动，造成了损失，所以一定要有风险意识，要清醒认识到，核心技术是买不来的。”卢宇彤说。

要研以致用，不要研以致奖

在会议中，胡伟武指出，科研想要获得发展，就应当与市场相结合，形成螺旋上升，只靠政府投资科研经费是不够的，还应当形成良性互动。 “20多年来，我们一直强调要产学研结合，但是直到现在国内也少有成功案例，如果只想的是论文，得一个奖，这肯定是不行的。我们现在不缺院士，缺少一个像英特尔这样的公司。” 中国计算机学会秘书长杜子德称。

“现在中国科技产业的瓶颈不在于研发，而在于应用。做一个高性能的CPU并不难，难的是如何用起来”，胡伟武坦言，超算领域中的很多技术可以达标，但应用指标都还不行，“就技术而言，我们和国外只差两三年，但算上应用，我们就差了二十年了。”

北京并行科技公司总经理陈健表示，国家科研经费中应当有一部分给用户作为基石。“在超算行业中，科技部有很多钱投到造机器上，但是造出来的机器，大家都说用不起，我有一个呼吁，国家能不能分出一部分经费给用户做基石，如果用户有钱用超算，这样超算就有收益，这样超算就可以更好更健康的发展。”

胡伟武尤其强调科技生态产业链的构建，他认为，自主体系有利于自主创新和持续改进，只要建立自主可控的软硬件技术体系，就能基于该技术体系进行持续改进，形成螺旋上升，否则在别人的技术体系中跟着升级，永远没有超越的机会。“像乔布斯，微软说要支持他，他说不要，我要自己做。所以苹果虽然CPU性能很低，但是用户体验很好。”

技术不是目的，而是控制产业生态的手段。产业的组织者或产业生态的控制者可以设计对自己有利的商业模式。“每个产业生态中都只有一个老大，其他都是马仔，每个老大都有控制马仔的手段。所以要想改变目前中国IT产业受制于人的局面，光靠一两项核心技术或一两个产品的突破是不管用的，必须建立起自主可控的信息产业体系。”胡伟武说。

反禁运法的制定非常必要

针对此次美国对华芯片限售令，身为人大代表的胡伟武呼吁有关部门尽快出台《反禁运法》。“国外禁运的产品，只要我们国内科技一有突破，他们就立即解禁，倾销进来，我们希望政府有关部门制定法规，对曾经对我们禁运的产品，重点审查10年，不予其销售。不然国外一解禁，我们的自主研究就白费了——这是对付禁运最有效的办法。”胡伟武称。

“如果在禁运后十年，没有让外国厂商因解禁而进来，国产高性能芯片市场化方面会做得很好”，胡伟武认为，反禁运法可以让国产芯片厂商在芯片禁运发生后，能够放心地进行研发，不担心由于国外突然解禁而白折腾。

实际上今年3月，中国计算机学会(CCF)已经向全国人大常务委员会法制工作委员会、国务院法制办公室提交了“中国计算机学会关于制定《反禁运法》的建议”，指出凡对我国禁运的装备、器材、技术及软件等，在我国研发成功以后，一定时期不得进口或征收高额关税等反制措施，以保护我国的国家利益、民族产业利益和科技人员的积极性。

“尽管这项建议是在一个月之前的提的，当时没有爆发美国限售芯片的事。但现在回过头来看，反禁运法的制定是非常重要，非常必要的。”陈健称。（光明网记者 陈百惠）


2015.04.19中国新闻网
“天河二号”主任设计师：美国限售令不会影响

中新社北京4月19日电 (记者 张素)针对近期美国限制英特尔公司(Intel)向中国的国家超级计算中心和国防科技大学出售“至强”处理器芯片，中国人民解放军国防科学技术大学教授、天河二号系统主任设计师卢宇彤19日在北京首次进行公开回应。

4月初，美国商务部发布公告，决定拒绝英特尔公司向中国的国家超级计算广州中心出售“至强”芯片用于天河二号系统升级的申请。美国媒体随后披露，美国商务部在2月发布通知，称使用了两款英特尔微处理器芯片的天河二号系统和天河一号A系统“据信被用于核爆炸模拟”，因此4家位于中国的机构包括国家超级计算长沙、广州、天津中心和国防科技大学被列入出口管制名单。

“‘天河’系列主要针对民用市场，又是公开的超算中心，根本不可能涉核。”卢宇彤对此反驳。中国国家超级计算广州中心亦在4月16日发布声明，表示该中心是一家完全开放的公共平台，怀疑在此开展核爆炸模拟是缺乏基本的军事常识。

据悉，天河二号使用了32000颗“Xeon”处理器和48000颗“XeonPhi”协处理器，曾在世界超级计算机500强排行榜连续四次夺冠。天河二号原计划在今年将计算能力从55PFLOPS升级到100PFLOPS(PFLOPS是petaflops缩写，表示每秒1千万亿次浮点计算速度)。

“我可以肯定地告诉大家，天河二号的‘100P升级目标’肯定能够实现，实现时间也是可控的。目前已有技术路线和相应预案，待时机成熟时会对外发布。”卢宇彤说。

卢宇彤表示，美国限售令的确影响天河二号的升级计划，但升级是一项复杂的系统工程，中方对此已有部署。“超级计算机是各国政府战略布局的重点，2010年以来，科技部和国家自然基金委都对项目加大投资力度，无论国际形势如何变化，中国都会坚定不移地发展国产超级计算机系统”。

卢宇彤还透露，研发团队长期致力于实现核心技术自主可控，天河一号及天河二号均使用了部分国产芯片，试用龙芯、飞腾等国产芯片既是发现现有产品不足，也为下一代系统作准备，“国产芯片比世界最先进的芯片还有三到五年的差距，我们会继续缩小差距”。

“超级计算机催生了技术革新和产业革命，是一项造福全人类的科学事业。美国限售令显得不合时宜。”卢宇彤说，研发团队愿意积极开展国际合作，全面提升超级计算的技术和应用水平。


2015.04.20新华网
超算专家：美国限售“天河”芯片或将倒逼中国丢掉幻想创造奇迹

新华网北京４月２０日电（记者白瑞雪）中国计算机学会青年计算机科技论坛１９日在北京举行的特别论坛上，“天河二号”主任设计师卢宇彤透露，“天河二号”的升级目标肯定能实现，时间也在可控范围内。
这是美国公布“限售令”以来中国“天河”团队成员首次做出回应。
根据计划，位于国家超级计算广州中心的“天河二号”将在２０１５年内从５５Ｐ升级到１００Ｐ以上。Ｐ为超级计算机的运算单位，代表每秒千万亿次的计算性能。这意味着，在每半年进行一次排名的全球超级计算机５００强排行榜（ＴＯＰ５００）上，已经有了“四连冠”纪录的这套中国系统很可能会成为占据冠军宝座时间最长的机器之一。
而现在，由于美国商务部４月初出台的限售措施，这一原本没有悬念的预测变得不再确定。列入限售对象的４家中国机构，包括以“天河”为业务主机的三家超级计算中心和“天河”的研制者国防科大，限售的产品则直指已在“天河二号”上装配近１０万颗的英特尔“至强”ＣＰＵ。
卢宇彤表示，“限售令”的确会给“天河二号”升级计划带来一定的负面影响，但升级是一项复杂的系统工程，不可能将成败完全系于ＣＰＵ。
关于“天河二号”升级到１００Ｐ的目标，卢宇彤说：“我们已有技术方案，待时机成熟会对外发布。中国的高性能计算发展会主动应对各种挑战，在未来不太长的时间内迈上一个新台阶。”
作为目前世界上速度最快的超级计算机，“天河二号”的强大计算能力与英特尔ＣＰＵ的高性能密切相关，也离不开中国自主研发的体系结构、高速互连系统、操作系统、容错技术、节能技术等核心技术。
中国计算机学会高专委秘书长、中科院计算所研究员张云泉认为，限售事件或将倒逼出中国进一步打造自主可控系统的决心和潜力，长远来看对中国超算发展利大于弊。
部署在济南超算中心的“神威蓝光”超级计算机，ＣＰＵ和系统软件全部为中国自主研发。构建“天河二号”服务阵列的“飞腾－１５００”达到了“天河一号”时代的英特尔ＣＰＵ水平，目前距离国外先进水平还有３到５年的差距。
“核心技术的自主可控是国家战略，也是我们一直在努力的目标，不会因为美国限售与否而有任何改变。”卢宇彤说。
“龙芯”系列处理器负责人胡伟武指出，要改变中国ＩＴ产业受制于人的局面，光靠其中一两项核心技术或一两个产品的突破是不管用的，必须建立起自主可控的信息产业体系，就像“两弹一星”时代建立起自主可控的工业体系一样。
论坛执行主席、北京并行科技有限公司ＣＥＯ陈健表达了相似的观点：“英特尔不仅有市场领先的芯片，同时集中了全世界最优秀的调优工程师和上万名软件工程师。”
至于美方称“天河二号”“被用于模拟核爆炸”的说法，中国国家超级计算广州中心１６日已发表声明进行驳斥。
卢宇彤说：“无论国际形势如何变化，中国都会坚定不移地发展国产超级计算机系统。”
实际上，作为求解挑战性问题的科学计算工具，“天河”系列超级计算机一直是充分开放的平台。
基于“天河一号”，国家超级计算天津中心广泛开展与美国、亚太地区和欧盟地区的超级计算中心、高性能计算研究机构之间的技术交流合作。依托“天河二号”，德国科学家对１９９２年美国加州兰德斯大地震进行了模拟研究，美国科学家开展抗艾滋病毒药物作用机理研究，均取得重要成果。



2015.04.21观察者
中国“天河二号”超算专家淡定面对美芯片限售：我们不怕限购

“没事不惹事，事来了也不怕事。”“天河二号”主任设计师卢宇彤借电视主持人汪涵的话表达她对美国限售芯片的看法。她同时透露说，“天河二号”的升级目标肯定能实现，时间也在可控范围内。

卢宇彤是在19日举行的中国计算机协会青年计算机科技论坛特别论坛上发布上述消息的。这也是美国公布“限售令”以来中国“天河”团队成员首次作出回应。

4月上旬，媒体报道了美国商务部把与超级计算机相关的四家中国机构列入限制出口黑名单一事。这四家中国机构包括以“天河”为业务主机的三家超级计算机中心和天河的研制者国防科学技术大学，限售的产品则直指在“天河二号”上装配近10万块的英特尔“至强”CPU。美国商务部的公告声称，美国政府认定名单上的这些机构“涉及违反美国国家安全或外交政策利益的活动”。

以“天河”为代表的中国超级计算机事业似乎正在面临一场危机。而出席特别论坛的业界专家认为，长远来看，这一事件将加快中国自主研发进程，总体说来可能利大于弊。


天河二号主任设计师卢宇彤

对限售令早有预案
“没有这次限售令事件的话，‘天河二号’拿下6到8个冠军没问题。”中国计算机学会高专委秘书长、中科院计算机所研究员张云泉说。

根据计划，为与国家超级计算机广州中心的“天河二号”将在2015年内从55P升级到100P以上。P为超级计算机的运算单位，代表每秒千万亿次的运算性能。这意味着，在每半年进行一次排名的全球超级计算机500强排行榜上，已经实现“四连冠”的这套中国系统很可能会成为占据冠军宝座事件最长的机器之一。

CPU被誉为计算机的“大脑”。面对英特尔难以继续武装中国“大脑”的现实，“天河二号”升级所需的CPU能否以其他外国产品替代？或者，已在“天河”系列计算机上小试牛刀的国产CPU能否独挑大梁？


天河二号所使用的国产主板

一片猜测声中，卢宇彤表示，“限售令”的确会给“天河二号”升级计划带来一定的负面影响，但升级是一项复杂的系统工程，不可能将成败完全系于CPU。

她说，“天河”在选择技术路线之处就就进行过充分的风险评估，也针对各种情况制订了相应的预案和部署。这一次，当美国的“限售令”引发各方热议时，“国防科大内部非常平静”。

“‘天河二号’升级到100P的目标肯定会实现。我们已有技术方案，待时机成熟会对外发布，”卢宇彤说，“中国的高性能计算发展会应对各种挑战，在未来不太长的时间内迈上一个新台阶。”

作为目前世界上运算速度最快的超级计算机，“天河二号”的强大计算能力与英特尔CPU的高性能密切相关，也离不开国防科大原创的体系结构、高速互联系统、操作系统、容错技术、节能技术的核心技术。

“中国超算不怕限售。”张云泉说，“曙光、神威、天河等系统的研发正是在禁运和封锁中不断壮大起来的。实践表明，外国禁运的技术和产品，反倒“逼”出了中国巨大的决心和潜力。”

国产CPU差距仍在
今天的技术语境下，“不怕”并不是民族主义的情绪化表达。根据张云泉的评估，“天河”系列超级计算机的国产化率约为70%，部署在济南超算中心的“神威蓝光”则达到85%以上。后者的CPU和系统软件全部自主研发。


中科院计算机所研究员张云泉

同样得到较广泛应用的国产CPU还包括“龙芯”和“飞腾”，其产业化是国家“核高基”重大专项支持的结果。作为与载人航天、探月工程并列的16个重大专项科技之一，这一从2006年延续至2020年的计划期望摆脱我国在核心器件、高端芯片、基础软件领域依赖国外的局面。
但业界专家的共识是：尽管进步很大，国产CPU差距仍在。

据中科院计算所研究员、“龙芯”系列处理器负责人胡伟武介绍，由于编译系统和微结构的差距更大，“龙芯”与国外CPU相比虽然主频只差一倍，用户体验却有数量级的差异。卢宇彤认为，构建“天河二号”服务阵列的“飞腾-1500”达到了“天河一号”时代的CPU水平，目前距离国外先进水平还有3到5年的差距。

“核心技术的自主可控是国家战略，也是国防科大一直努力的目标，不会因为美国限售与否而有任何改变。”卢宇彤说。

胡伟武指出，要改变中国IT产业受制于人的局面，光靠其中一两项核心技术或一两个产品的突破是不管用的，必须建立起自主可控的信息产业体系，就像“两弹一星”时代建立起一个完整的软硬件生态系统而不是在英特尔、微软控制格局下增砖添瓦，需要借助市场和政府双重力量，也需要科技价值观的转变。

除此之外，也要对自主研发加强保护。早在美国公布“限售令”之前，中国计算机学会已向国家相关部门建议制定《反禁运法》——“其他国家对我国禁运的装备、器材、技术及软件等在我国研发成功之后，已定时期不得进口该国的同类产品或对其征收高额关税，以此作为反制措施，保护我国的国家利益、民族产业利益和科技人员的积极性。”

超算竞争日益激烈
针对美方称“天河”超级计算机“被用于模拟核爆炸”的说法，中国国家超级计算广州中心16日发表声明说，该中心是一个完全开放、市场化运营的公共平台，怀疑在此开展核爆炸模拟至少是缺乏基本的军事常识。尽管限购的真正原因必然比借口复杂得多，美国的这一举动显然与中国“天河”接连夺冠直接相关。

超级计算领域异常激烈的竞争背后是国家综合实力的较量，是国家前瞻性发展规划的角逐。如果说当年日本“地球模拟器”的横空出世推动了美国将超级计算机从军用扩展至民用，中国“天河”的稳稳领先则进一步加剧了国际竞争，促使美国、日本、欧洲、印度、韩国等调整其超级计算发展战略。


天河二号计算机

2014年4月，张云泉与多名中国超算专家一起赴美，就“中国超算是否已经超越美国”与美方展开战略对话。“中美专家共同的研判结果是：中国整体实力特别是应用能力比美国差10年以上。他们放心了。”

仅仅过去一年，美国人的想法似乎又变了，一方面给中国超级计算机升级设置障碍，另一方面加快自己的性能跨越，宣布将为三个国家实验室建立超过100P的超级计算机。

卢宇彤说：“这次限售再次证明，超级计算机是各国政府战略布局的重点。无论国际形势如何变化，中国都会坚定不移地发展国产超级计算机系统。”

“许多年来，美国都以拥有世界上最快的超级计算机而骄傲，但现在，中国成为这一荣誉的拥有者。与这个变化本身相比，更重要的是变化背后的努力——中国多年来在计算机产业上的巨大投入。但无论怎样，其结果只会是推动科学的发展，科学将是最后的赢家。”在“天河”首次夺冠的2010年，英国爱丁堡大学并行计算中心主任阿瑟·特鲁曾这样说。


2015.04.22易网
【另一面】美国禁运芯片，立法反制不靠谱
中国目前的反禁运立法建议都缺乏基本的法律常识

导读：近日，中国计算机学会建议中国立法机构尽快制定《反禁运法》，部分中国IT人士也为反禁运立法摇旗呐喊。但目前中国媒体报道中的的反禁运立法建议都缺乏基本的法律常识。

六十秒读懂专题：禁运决策的主体是外国政府，跨国公司只是服从监管，因为美国政府的禁运决定惩罚跨国公司是张冠李戴；若进口高技术产品受到限制，可通过行政申诉寻求权利救济；若行政申诉的尝试失败，还可以诉诸世贸组织的争议解决程序；“中国 自主研制高新技术产品后，美国马上对中国市场进行倾销”的说法毫无根据：1993年，美国政府解除对中国高科技设备出口限制跟中国研发出同类设备无关；如果国内企业认为国外竞争者涉嫌倾销，可以诉诸已有的反倾销国际国内法律，无须另立《反禁运法》。

禁运决策的主体是外国政府，跨国公司只是服从监管，因为美国政府的禁运决定惩罚跨国公司是张冠李戴，缺乏法律常识

中国计算机学会在其《关于制定<反禁运法>的建议》中声称《反禁运法》应“通过规定对我国禁运的装备、器材、技术及软件等在我国研发成功以后，一定时期不得进口或征收高额关税等反制措施，以保护我国的国家利益、民族产业利益和科技人员的积极性。” 部分支持人士走的更远，声称“对于禁运的外国厂商在解禁后需要重点审查十年，不予其销售”。

但事实上，做出限制商品出口决策的主体是外国政府，出口公司作为其司法辖区内的商业机构只能服从政府监管。以近日美国政府行政限制因特尔等公司向中国四家机构出口芯片一案为例，英特尔就曾在接受媒体询问时声称对这次出口限制表示不解，但“既然美国政府得出了结论，公司必须遵守美国法律”。荒谬的是，《反禁运法》支持者的主张的反禁运措施对外国政府和企业不作区分，最终付出代价的却是无辜的外国企业，而不是做出禁运决策的政府部门。对于外国企业来说，被本国政府限制出口商品已经让其利益受损，如果禁运解除后又被中国法律限制进入市场，外国企业相当于为其所在地政府的政策买了两次单。这种张冠李戴的主张明显是缺乏法律常识的表现。

若进口高技术产品受到限制，可在45天内向美国政府申诉召开听证会：如果证据令人信服，美国政府就要解除出口限制

如果商品进口受限方认为出口国政府限制其进口某种商品的理由明显不合理，首先应该在其法律框架下寻求申诉进行权利救济。根据美国负责高技术产品出口管制的政府商务部产业和安全局(Bureau of  Industry and Security, BIS)的规定(15 CFR Part 756)，受限制的企业或个人可在被通知之日起45天以内向BIS提交申诉申请。BIS会随即召开听证会，如果受限企业或个人的证据让人信服，BIS就需要解除对该种商品的出口限制。实际上，在谈及限制向中国四家机构出口芯片一事时，美国商务部长普里茨克就提到相关机构如果不满出口限制，可以向商务部申诉召开听证会。

若行政申诉的权利救济尝试失败，还可以诉诸世贸组织的争议解决程序：1975年，瑞典曾以国家安全为由限制商品进口，受影响国家向世贸组织随即上诉，瑞典被迫解除进口限制

另外，如果商品进口受限方认为禁运理由不合理，且出口国的行政上诉机制不够公平，还可以通过诉诸世贸组织的贸易争端解决机制(DSB)。国际贸易法专家马丁·斯密茨(Martin Smeets)在《全球对话》上的《WTO与经济制裁》一文给出了一个实例：1975年11月，瑞典曾对部分鞋类的进口数量进行了限制，认为进口鞋类威胁到了本国鞋类产品的生产能力，从而影响了战争时期和紧急状况下本国的应急能力。受影响的国家随即诉诸世贸组织的争端解决机制。专门成立的委员会最终认为瑞典的主张不成立，瑞典也因此宣布结束对皮鞋和橡胶鞋类的进口数量限制。

“中国自主研制高新技术产品后，美国马上对中国市场进行倾销”的说法毫无根据：1993年美国政府解除对中国高科技设备出口限制，跟中国研发同类设备无关

支持设立《反禁运法》的人士认为，中国研究机构研发出被禁运装备、技术及软件等以后，“美国和其他国家往往立即解禁该类产品与技术，向我国大肆倾销”，并指出实例：1993年10月中国研究机构研发出“曙光一号”3天后，“美国立即解除了该等级设备对中国的禁运”。但这一说法和事实相去甚远。根据美国国会研究处的资料(96-272 F)和《纽约时报》的报道，美国政府正式解除该项出口限制的时间是1993年12月9日，解除限制的主要原因是克林顿总统希望在防大规模杀伤性武器扩散方面推动和中方的合作：既不是中国媒体宣称的“中国研发出来的设备美国3天就解除禁运”，禁运解除的理由也跟中国企业的“自主”研发毫无关系。最终由美国克雷公司（Cray）出口到中国的产品仅800万美元，根本无法达到中国媒体所谓“倾销”的标准。

反禁运不能拿倾销说事：对倾销行为已有世贸组织《反倾销协约》和中国《反倾销协定》界定，禁运不能作为倾销认定的依据

不看动机只看事实是法律最基本的原则。如果中国企业认为国外竞争者在中国企业研发出同类设备后对中国的销售行为构成倾销，无论外国企业倾销出于什么动机，中国企业都应诉诸中国业已存在的《反倾销条例》向中国商务部申请调查。中国《反倾销条例》的国际法依据是世贸组织《反倾销协议》，而这一国际条约对倾销的认定标准中并无任何关于禁运的规定。换句话说，根据国际法，对倾销行为的认定，和倾销者的动机、倾销商品是否被禁运、或倾销行为与“国产”同类商品研发时间的先后都毫无关系。



2015.04.07VR World
Uncle Sam Shocks Intel With a Ban on Xeon Supercomputers in China

China's Tianhe-2 supercomputer is world's fastest supercomputer, at 33 PFLOPS demonstrated and 55 PFLOPS theoretical performance.

Just as Intel’s (NASDAQ: INTC) CEO Brian Krzanich opens the regular staff meetings before a dramatically reduced IDF2015 Shenzhen conference, it is a good time to review how government and enterprises don’t see eye to eye when it comes to strategic business.


China's Tianhe-2 supercomputer is world's fastest supercomputer, at 33 PFLOPS demonstrated and 55 PFLOPS theoretical performance

Remember the Tianhe-2 machine at Guangzhou Supercomputer Center, the current World’s number one according to Top 500 Supercomputer list? Unlike some other China supercomputers – Tianhe-2 is fully Intel based machine,  the world’s largest assembly of Intel Xeon CPUs and Xeon Phi accelerators.

Even after Intel ‘opened the kimono’ and gave a nearly 70%  discount on its processors and accelerators, it has given Intel, and therefore US technology sector a major foothold in China and Asian region as such. Over the course of past two years, we were involved in a lot of discussions with Intel staff who were not privy to see the financial impact of the deal — and even argued our undoubtedly solid information. We’re not here to report how things should be, or are in marketing and investor presentations to its numerous staff, but how things really are.

During 2015, the Tianhe-2 supercomputer was supposed to be doubled in its size, up to 110 PFLOPs peak, again using the very same Intel processors and accelerators. Since now these are mature products with lower real manufacturing cost for Intel, they could finally make some real money.

Well, it was not to be: our tweety bird from the window chirped to us that Uncle Sam has put this supercomputer centre, together with National University of Defense Technology in Changsha, the system’s creators, and Tianjin centre, among others, on so a so-called “Denial List”, which prevents any high technology from the USA to be sold to these sites. Our sources used even harsher words.

Knowing that these several sites alone are expected to order some 250+ PFLOPS of compute in the next few years (around 500,000 top-end Broadwell-EP Xeon E5v4 processors, or  approximately $1 billion high margin list price) and they were THE Intel friendly ones, this is quite a loss to Intel, thanks to Uncle Sam.

But, what’s worse strategic loss in time is that, based on this decision as an excuse, indigenous China high end processor architectures can now push the government to gradually remove any dependence on US. This means just one thing: an AMD or Intel x86 processor technology is increasingly becoming errata non grata. Should the Chinese government react in force, it will give the Chinese vendors the blank check support to go all the way a developing their Alpha, POWER and MIPS processors for both the government and the mainstream commercial use.

You may think they are not up to the mark, but remember how fast British ARM architecture became the dominant processing architecture in the world. And this group doesn’t need to worry about the antiquated x86 ISA, worry about satisfying the dumbed down shareholder masses, or overpaying their marketing and sales staff, as well as the fat check, golden parachute-protected CxOs.

They have taken the best that the USA has developed (some of key Alpha, GPGPU and MIPS architects left US over the course of past four years, a lot of them due to non-renewed visas) and discarded due to corporate shenanigans, and the continued developing it much farther than anyone expected both on hardware and software side.
Five years ago, ShenWei showed a CPU that performed faster than the fastest GPUs of the time. Now, fourth generation is approaching.


Five years ago, ShenWei showed a CPU that performed faster than the fastest GPUs of the time. Now, fifth generation is approaching, slotting between Tesla and FirePro GPGPUs and next-gen Xeon Phi accelerators. However, this is not an accelerator or a GPGPU – this is a CPU

So, thanks to Uncle Sam, China might not have a 110 PFLOPS Intel based supercomputer but it definitely will launch a 100 PFLOPS system based on upcoming 64-core, TFLOPS-class ShenWei Alpha, with true blue CPUs possibly faster per socket then even the next generation Xeon Phi or Volta/Pascal-based Teslas.  Next, of course 100 PFLOPS Chinese POWER8 or 9 — (thank you IBM) and then possibly even Loongson MIPS – -it may come back into the high end field with renewed government support because of this Uncle Sam move. All are clean, elegant, scalable high end RISC architectures.

So who are the winners and losers from this?

NUDT and Tianhe may be the losers for now, but only short term. They will simply speed up their HPC ARM plan.

Intel comes out the big loser from this and a lot: who will want to do a phased deployment large x86 machine in China now, and worry about future phases? Then comes Uncle Sam himself: they lost even that little bit of influence on the high end China HPC. How is that for “cutting your nose to spite your face?”.

VR WORLD’s  Analysis: US government moves accelerate the Chinese CPU roadmap while curtailing juiciest sales for Intel and other US vendors





制裁前:

2015.01.17钛媒体网站
芯片设计企业群狼共舞，中国芯片产业正进入爆发期

凭借强大的市场优势和产业优势，中国成为能与欧洲、美国争夺通信技术标准制定权的力量之一，已经成功主导制定了3G标准TD-SCDMA和4G标准TD-LTE，并正在积极推动5G标准。

芯片

2013年中国芯片进口花费的资金超过石油进口，让国人开始关注中国芯片业的发展，2014年9月中国成立芯片产业扶持基金1500亿进一步炒热了这个话题，中国大陆芯片产业眼前的目标就是台湾，相对台湾，大陆的芯片产业优势明显。

凭借强大的市场优势和产业优势，中国成为能与欧洲、美国争夺通信技术标准制定权的力量之一，已经成功主导制定了3G标准TD-SCDMA和4G标准TD-LTE，并正在积极推动5G标准。中国拥有世界五大设备商中的两个，其中华为居世界设备商之首。在中国各方的努力下，快速提升在移动通信技术标准上的专利话语权，为国内芯片产业走向世界保驾护航，中兴和华为已在美国市场与对手展开多次专利诉讼并部分赢得胜利，中国已不再任欧美随便挥舞专利大棒。

中国已经成为全球最大的智能手机市场，2013年中国市场销售的智能手机占全球销售智能手机的比例超过30%，与此同时中国也是全球最大的手机制造国，中国生产了全球约8成的手机，据估计中国采购了全球约50%的芯片。为了就近服务中国市场赢取市场份额，目前Intel、三星和SK海力士等都在中国建设半导体制造厂，联电已经在苏州建设了8英寸的和舰半导体工厂并刚获得台湾当局批准投资参股在厦门建设12英寸的半导体工厂。

台湾虽有联发科和台积电两个芯片产业龙头，其中台积电居世界半导体代工厂第一名占有全球代工市场份额46.3%的市场份额，联发科是世界手机芯片市场仅次于高通的巨头。联发科面临着大陆芯片设计企业的群狼冲击，并面临着大陆芯片设计企业抢人才的挑战【参见：2015.0327到大陆去！人才流失加剧，台湾产业正遭遇瓶颈】；台湾第二大、世界第三大半导体代工厂联电受到大陆半导体代工厂中芯国际的挑战。台湾的手机企业HTC自从被苹果以专利战打压衰败后至今未见复兴的迹象。由于缺乏大陆在整个产业链条上强壮实力，两大芯片产业龙头面临孤军作战的不利局面。

芯片设计群狼共舞

中国目前拥有海思、紫光、瑞芯微等芯片设计企业，他们各有优势，除了这几个芯片企业还有其他几个，这里只是着重介绍这几个处于领头位置的芯片企业。

根据IC Insights的数据，2013年海思位居世界无晶圆厂IC设计企业第十二位，2014年海思发布的麒麟920芯片性能据测试软件安兔兔的数据超过了联发科和高通的同档次芯片，基带支持LTE CAT6技术是世界第一个支持该技术的基带。在64位处理器成为热点后，海思只是比高通和联发科迟了2~3个月就在12月推出64位的处理器。在采用生产工艺上，海思比高通、联发科更激进，已经采用台积电16nm FINFET工艺生产网通芯片。从技术上看海思无疑是中国的领头羊，只是目前海思的手机芯片还只是供给兄弟企业华为手机。

紫光在并购展讯和RDA后获得了INTEL的投资入股，并获得X86架构的授权。2013年据IC Insights的数据展讯在世界无晶圆厂IC设计企业排名第十四位，而2012年是第18位上升迅猛；另外据Strategy Analytics的数据在2014年第一季度展讯在全球基带芯片市场超过INTEL据世界第三；目前展讯的TD-LTE芯片已经被联想和酷派等采用。RDA在2012年开始推出GSM基带芯片并在当年8月起每月出货量达到1000万片以上，在当时已经形成了对展讯的威胁，这也是紫光将他并购以免它威胁展讯的原因。在整合RDA和展讯后紫光将强化在手机芯片市场的优势。

瑞芯微在平板芯片市场崛起，2014年一季度居中国平板芯片市场份额第一，借助与INTEL的合作获得了通信基带，将能稳固在平板市场的份额，并有机会进军手机市场。INTEL在出售了采用ARM架构的XSCALE业务后，一再努力进军移动市场，但是始终难有起色，于是与瑞芯微合作并将X86架构授权给瑞芯微，希望借助瑞芯微的成本和功耗控制能力帮助INTEL解决挠头的成本和功耗问题，而从首款芯片XMM6321来看看瑞芯微的表现也没有让INTEL失望。2015年瑞芯微将推出整合LTE基带的Sofia芯片，进入目前火热的LTE市场，INTEL的领先工艺、X86架构强大的性能与瑞芯微的成本和功耗控制能力结合或为双方带来希望。

芯片制造，拉近与台湾差距

中国拥有中芯国际、华虹宏力等半导体制造企业，其中以中芯国际的实力最强、工艺最先进。据IC Insights的数据，2013年中芯国际以4.6%的市场份额据世界第五位。2014年6月高通宣布将采用中芯国际的28纳米工艺生产4G芯片，12月高通和中芯国际共同宣传采用28纳米工艺生产骁龙410成功，借助与高通的合作加速了中芯国际28纳米工艺的成熟。中芯国际28纳米比台积电落后了两年，但是相比联电落后并不大，其40纳米制程正与联电抢夺市场份额，28纳米工艺成熟将会导致高通将部分芯片转单到中芯国际，进一步拉近与联电的差距。

上海华虹宏力半导体制造有限公司，由原上海华虹NEC电子有限公司和上海宏力半导体制造有限公司合并而成，是世界领先的8英寸晶圆代工厂。华虹宏力工艺技术覆盖1微米至90纳米各节点。据IC Insights的数据2013年华虹宏力的市场份额居世界第八位。

政府扶持下的芯片业

中国正着力扶持自己的芯片产业，组建了1500亿元的资金扶持芯片产业的发展，中芯国际等是被扶持的半导体制造厂之一，高通将部分芯片转交给中芯国际制造，部分原因正是受到中国政府的反垄断调查压力所致，目前中芯国际在工艺上已经形成紧逼联电的态势，再加上政府的扶持将能对台湾半导体制造老二联电造成更大的压力。中芯国际这几年也在提升对大陆芯片设计企业的支持，2013年大陆业务占中芯国际的营收比例已经达到40.4%。

紫光、海思等是被政府重点扶持的芯片设计企业，正受惠于中国手机业的发展。紫光、海思等芯片设计企业对台湾芯片设计龙头联发科已经产生威胁，海思甚至在技术上超越了联发科。华为手机2014年出货量达到7500万同比猛增40%，其明确优先采用自家兄弟企业海思的芯片。

据StrategyAnalytics估计，紫光旗下的展讯2014年Q2凭借着WCDMA基带出货量同比猛增170%，超越Intel成为基带营收份额第三，已经推出TD-LTE芯片并被联想、酷派等采用，早期曾投资参股印度Micromax并成为它的主力芯片提供商，目前Micromax已经成为印度本地第一智能手机品牌并正在威胁印度市场份额第一的三星；国内这几年成长最快速的手机企业小米已经与国内的联芯合资生产手机芯片，凭借小米庞大的出货量联芯或将实现史上最好的业绩。国内芯片设计企业凭借着各自的优势对台湾芯片设计企业龙头联发科产生威胁，而联发科的主力市场正是大陆市场，国内的芯片设计企业在技术和市场上都正在形成对联发科的优势。

因此有相关人士认为在扶持政策出台和行业维持高景气度的背景下，中国的芯片产业将进入爆发期，其中大陆芯片设计产值有望超越我国台湾，成为全球第二，仅次美国。


2014.12.23康源半导体
2015年中国芯片如何取得突破

        随着智能手机的普及和4G的推广，我国对于芯片的需求量日渐增加，但是受制于核心技术不强和知识产权等方面的限制，我国芯片主要依赖进口的局面依然改观不大。

据《经济参考报》报道，根据央行规定，从2015年起我国将逐步停发磁条银行卡，并以更加先进的金融IC卡进行替代，目前各地已陆续开展“磁条卡换芯”工作。目前，我国存量金融IC卡已突破十亿张，但仅荷兰恩智浦一家公司就占据我国超过95%的市场份额，剩余市场也被德国英飞凌与韩国三星等国际巨头瓜分。中新社 供图

日前，工信部发布公告，宣布国家集成电路产业发展咨询委员会成立，负责对集成电路产业发展也即芯片产业发展的重大问题和政策措施开展调查研究，提出咨询意见和建议等。

据了解，该咨询委员会由集成电路、网络与信息安全、通信、软件、产业经济、金融等领域的专家和企业家组成。第一届咨询委员会共有37名委员。

在业内人士看来，这是工信部积极落实《国家集成电路产业发展推进纲要》的又一重要举措，显示出我国尽快在集成电路产业发展方面取得新突破的决心。

芯片严重依赖进口

随着智能手机的普及和4G的推广，我国对于芯片的需求量日渐增加，但是受制于核心技术不强和知识产权等方面的限制，我国芯片主要依赖进口的局面依然改观不大。根据海关总署统计，2013年中国进口集成电路2313.4亿美元，同比增长20.4%，国内近八成的芯片依赖于进口，其中高端芯片进口率超过九成。芯片也超过石油成为国内第一进口大户。

据中国半导体协会的数据显示，2014年1月~9月中国集成电路产业销售额为2125.9亿元，同比增长17.2%。但是，2014年1月~9月我国进 口集成电路2086.9亿块，同比增长4.9%;进口金额虽然同比下降了10%，但依然达到1576.9亿美元，预计全年依然会超过2000亿美元。

中国已经成为全球最大的智能手机市场，2013年中国市场销售的智能手机占全球销售智能手机的比例超过30%，与此同时中国也是全球最大的手机制造国， 据估计中国采购了全球约50%的芯片。这也因此吸引了更多国际芯片巨头的目光，为了在中国市场取得一定的市场份额，目前英特尔、三星等都在中国建设半导体 制造厂。国际手机芯片巨头美国高通更是高度重视中国市场。

据了解，目前国内芯片企业发展迅速，在芯片设计行业，已经出现了海思、紫光、瑞芯微等企业，它们在国际竞争中具备了一定的实力。而在芯片制造方面，中国拥有中芯国际、华虹宏力等半导体制造企业，其中以中芯国际的实力最强，据统计，2013年中芯国际以4.6%的市场份额居世界第五位。目前，中芯国际还在手机芯片领域谋求与高通合作生产更加先进的芯片。比如，2014年6月高通宣布将采用中芯国际的28纳米工艺生产4G芯片，当年12月高通和中芯国际共同宣布采用28纳米工艺生产骁龙410成功。

有业内人士分析称，我国目前拥有全球最大、增长最快的集成电路市场，成为全球集成电路巨头鏖战的主战场。除了高通外，越来越多的海外巨头也在谋求与国内 企业合作。中国的企业也开始加强对外合作。据不完全统计，从2013年底到2014年底，中国集成电路行业共发生4宗海外并购，涉及金额超过50亿美元。

突破面临众多挑战

虽然发展迅速，但我国芯片产业依然面临许多困境。

芯片制造方面仍有诸多压力。中国电子信息研究院相关研究人员告诉记者，当前全球集成电路产业竞争格局，正逐渐由寡头垄断转变为寡头联盟，联盟之外的企业很难进入，而专利共享、技术共享也造就了各种小圈子，在这种情况下，中国企业仅靠一己之力占有一席之地越来越困难。

从目前全球芯片代工格局来看，台湾台积电一家独大，市场占有率接近50%，另有三家企业市场占有率近30%，中芯国际目前市场占有率全球排名仅第五位，但是技术水平与国际一流企业还有一定差距。

在业内人士看来，核心技术和知识产权的缺失，仍是制约我国集成电路产业发展的重要因素。

作为全球最大的手机芯片厂商，高通在手机芯片和无线通信标准必要专利技术上居于支配地位，几乎把控着全球中高端手机的“命门”。凭借知识产权的垄断地位，高通建立起获利高昂、广受业界诟病的商业模式。

高通的专利许可费被业界称为“高通税”，是按照整机售价的 5%来计费，而不是按照其提供的芯片来计，也就是说对和高通毫无关系的显示器、电池、软件等部分甚至手机营销费用和利润，高通也要收费。 这在一定程度上导致我国国产手机利润低薄，据了解，扣除高通5%的专利费后，2013年华为、中兴等手机厂商的利润不到0.5%。

自2013年年底至今，国家发改委对高通垄断调查事件已经持续一年多，目前进入了最后处罚阶段。但有分析人士指出，即便罚金超过10亿美元，对于年收入超过200亿美元的高通来说，影响相对较小。

“如果核心创新能力不能跟上世界高端脚步，未来高端芯片对外依存度较高的局面就不会有较大改观。”中国电子信息研究院一位研究员称。

政府支持力度加大

也正是在这种落后的背景下，2014年，国家加大了对集成电路产业的支持力度。先是《国家集成电路产业发展推进纲要》推出，接着，2014年9月份，1200亿元的集成电路产业发展基金正式成立，这让中国的芯片设计、研发、制造产业获得了新一轮的发展机遇。

据工信部相关负责人介绍，发展基金采取市场化的运作方式，发挥杠杆的作用，通过撬动社会资金，来推动整个产业的良性发展。

据了解，基金的投资将遵循五个基本原则进行：一是政策，按照国家战略，重点支持集成电路产业发展;二是市场化，充分发挥市场机制作用;三是成本效率，以 最合理成本达到最佳效益;四是风险控制，以风险管控确保稳健经营;五是资产配置，重点关注芯片制造，同时要兼顾产业链的相关环节。

不过，仍有分析人士指出，基金1200亿元的首期投资已经算是很多，但由于中国集成电路产业基础落后，还不足以满足跨越式发展的需要。

据工信部软件与集成电路促进中心调查，国内35家IC企业采用的工艺，仍主要集中在中低端的65纳米以上，采用最新28纳米工艺的企业数仅占8%，近一半以上的企业工艺停留在较低档次的0.1微米左右的水平。

因此，从长远来看，基金的持续运营还需要更多的政策补位，中国芯片发展也还需要更多支撑。

从发达国家走过的历程来看，在集成电路产业发展初期都有政府的身影。比如上世纪80年代，日本曾一度超越美国，成为全球储存半导体芯片领域的引领者，关键便在于政府搭建的超大规模集成电路合作研究平台。1987年，在美国政府补贴10亿美元的情况下，14家在美国半导体制造业中居领先地位的企业也组成了R&D(研发投资)战略技术联盟，该组织的建立为今后美国集成电路的快速发展起到了关键作用。

中国集成电路产业发展基金的成立和运营也必将会促进中国芯片产业的发展，不久前工信部相关负责人就要求，2015年应尽快总结基金运营的经验，并为其它领域的突破提供示范。


2015.01.27华尔街日报技术网站
China’s Chip Makers Explained
Eva Dou


Spreadtrum Communications Inc. is one of China’s rapidly growing chip design firms. The Shanghai-headquartered company is partnering with Intel and expanding with the help of Chinese government grants.

China has no chipmakers on a scale of a Qualcomm or Intel, but it’s sure been busy in the sector lately. The government is pouring billions of dollars into its chipmakers for economic and security purposes. Overseas investors like Intel have had their interest piqued as well. Here are the sector’s main players explained.

TSINGHUA UNIGROUP（清华控股，同方、紫光）:
Imagine if the Massachusetts Institute of Technology purchased Qualcomm to help meet President Obama’s economic goals. That’s more or less the unlikely back story of Tsinghua Unigroup in China. The company is a subsidiary of a larger conglomerate, Tsinghua Holdings, whose sole investor is one of China’s elite universities, Tsinghua University. In the past year, Tsinghua Unigroup has kicked it into high gear as China’s top leaders seek to build up the country’s chip sector. TU scooped up two Chinese chip design firms in quick succession and merged them (the larger one being Spreadtrum, which makes the chips inside many a Chinese smartphone and tablet). The moves have attracted attention overseas as well: Intel bought a 20% stake in Tsinghua Unigroup last year for $1.5 billion. It all means Tsinghua Unigroup is the closest thing China has to a chip champion right now. Its technology is still years behind U.S. firms like Qualcomm, but the influx of funds from Intel and the Chinese government could be a game changer.

SPREADTRUM（展讯）:
Remember that time Mozilla announced a $25 Firefox smartphone? A main reason for the low price was the low-cost Spreadtrum chip inside. Spreadtrum is doubtlessly the most global of China’s chipmakers, with a western-trained CEO Leo Li and a range of international clients. The company thrived on making cheap feature phone chips, and has since transitioned to making smartphone chips, albeit with lagging technology. The company listed on Nasdaq in 2007, but was delisted last year when it was acquired by state-owned Tsinghua Unigroup. It has since expanded rapidly with the help of Chinese government grants, and is working on secure chips to run Chinese officials’ smartphones. It’s also partnering with Intel on co-designed chips after Intel’s investment in Tsinghua Unigroup last year. Spreadtrum plans to relist at some point on a Chinese stock exchange.

SMIC (SEMICONDUCTOR MANUFACTURING INTERNATIONAL CORP.中芯国际):
Most chip makers from Qualcomm to Spreadtrum outsource their manufacturing to contractors, known in the industry as “foundries.”  SMIC, or the Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corp., is China’s main player in the foundry sector. While SMIC has attracted both Chinese and international clients since its founding in 2000, it only holds a sliver of global market share. Analysts say SMIC is about two generations behind industry leaders in technology, and narrowing the gap will be difficult. Foundries require vast quantities of capital investment each year just to keep pace with technological advancement, unlike chip designers, so it is much harder for SMIC to catch up with its rivals than, say, Spreadtrum among chip designers.

HISILICON（海思半导体）:
This Chinese chip designer is China’s largest and has the most advanced technology. But it flies under the radar as it is a wholly owned subsidiary of Huawei and makes chips mainly for its parent company’s electronics. Hisilicon has been notable in the past year for beating some international rivals like Taiwan’s Mediatek at making chips based on the speedy so-called “LTE Advanced” standard, a development that Bernstein Research analyst Mark Li characterized as “quite amazing.” But as an inward-focused subsidiary of Huawei, it’s unlikely to be become a major challenger to global chipmakers anytime soon.

ROCKCHIP（瑞芯微电子）:
Rockchip is another Chinese chip maker that Intel recently chose as a strategic partner. Originally a maker of chips for MP3 players, it has progressed to making the processors inside many cheap Chinese tablets. Its main challenge has been a lack of cellular baseband technology, as tablets increasingly take on phone functions. But the company has begun to make gains outside of China: In 2013 H-P chose a Rockchip processor for its Slate 7 tablet. Like Spreadtrum, Rockchip will be launching processors co-developed with Intel this year, and it will likely be striking a higher profile with the help of the Silicon Valley giant.



2015.01.27华尔街日报
China Looks to Prop Up Domestic Chip Makers
Cybersecurity Concerns Give New Impetus to Country’s Effort to Cut Reliance on Foreign Components

Eva Dou in Beijing and Don Clark in San Francisco


The Chinese government has asked Spreadtrum to make special-order ‘safe phone’ processors for some officials’ smartphones. Above, an engineer at the company’s facility in Shanghai

As China tries to forestall foreign governments from tapping its phones, it has turned to a man named Leo Li.

The chief executive of Chinese chip maker Spreadtrum Communications Inc. said China’s central government asked his company last year to begin making special-order “safe phone” processors for some officials’ smartphones, replacing in one to two years widely used chips from U.S. suppliers that Beijing fears could have built-in “back doors” to aid foreign spies.

“The security of handsets is very much on the minds of Chinese officials,” said Mr. Li in an interview this month.



China’s Ministry of Industry and Information Technology didn’t respond to a request for comment.

Cybersecurity concerns are helping to shape a new wave of technological development in China, adding another impetus to a well-financed government campaign to reduce the country’s dependence on foreign components. Semiconductors have emerged as a focus, both because of their economic importance and in controlling key functions of smartphones, televisions, computers, networking equipment and other products.

Most recent disclosures about intelligence-gathering have focused on software vulnerabilities rather than computer chips, which are much more difficult to modify. But Chinese officials are nonetheless trying to reduce the risks, following revelations about U.S. surveillance activities by former National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden.

China Vice Premier Ma Kai declared semiconductors a key sector in September 2013, three months after Mr. Snowden alleged U.S. authorities hacked millions of Chinese phone messages. These hacks, however, had nothing to do with chips, and it is unclear if chips have ever been used for spying purposes.

The push dovetails with China’s growing aspirations to move beyond the factory floor and foster homegrown innovation. Though the country has become a dominant maker of smartphones and other products, the vast majority of chips inside them come from foreign suppliers including Qualcomm -1.17

Chinese chip designers and manufacturers are years away from fulfilling the country’s needs, analysts and industry executives say. But the government’s uneasiness about foreign chip makers—and the push to create competition for them—adds to pressures facing U.S. companies trying to do business in the country.

A Chinese agency is investigating Qualcomm, which supplies the vast majority of advanced wireless chips for smartphones as well as many processor chips, under the country’s antimonopoly law. The government is expected to accuse the company of abusing its market dominance over smartphone patents.

The country has tried to spur semiconductor development in the past, but remains far behind foreign competitors in both design and manufacturing technology. This time, though, the government’s funding is more generous and its tactics more sophisticated, analysts say. Since the fall of 2013, China has announced plans to funnel more than 160 billion yuan ($25.6 billion) into a variety of chip-related initiatives, with further investment expected.

“The growth goals are ambitious, but are very real,” said Handel Jones, chief executive of the Silicon Valley consultancy International Business Strategies, who has written two books about technology in China and spoke recently with government officials there.

Some progress has been made already. China’s semiconductor imports fell 5.9% last year compared with a 20.5% rise in 2013, according to Chinese customs data. The country still gets more than 90% of semiconductors from abroad, Mr. Jones of IBS estimates, but the percentage of homegrown chips—which stood at 4.5% in 2010—reached 8.6% in 2014.

For Spreadtrum, the government assistance has made a difference, says Mr. Li. The Nasdaq-listed company was acquired at the end of 2013 by a Chinese state-owned firm, Tsinghua Unigroup. Since then, government grants have helped Spreadtrum increase its staff by a third last year to 4,000, with plans to hire an additional 1,500 this year, he said.

The company has also been able to accelerate its chip development. Though Spreadtrum still lags years behind leading U.S. firms, Mr. Li says his company will be able this year to match a key selling point of companies like Qualcomm: the ability to handle speedy long-term evolution—or LTE—cellular connections on a new multifunction “system-on-a-chip.”

Previously, only one Chinese chip firm had LTE capability, a Huawei Technologies Co. subsidiary named Hisilicon that makes chips almost exclusively for Huawei-branded devices.

Foreign giants in the roughly $350 billion global semiconductor business seem to have little to fear soon from Chinese competition. Chinese chip design companies only held 8% of the global market in 2014, according to research firm IC Insights, and this was mainly low-end chips.

Samsung Electronics 005930 -1.83 , SK Hynix 000660 and Intel Corp. -1.22 have chip factories in China, and they are stepping up investments and joint ventures aimed at penetrating the Chinese market. This could also improve local expertise in semiconductor manufacturing and design.

One of the most sanguine about Chinese competition is Intel, whose x86 chip designs are found in almost all personal computers and can’t easily be copied by Chinese designers.

“The fact that they want to develop that capability, we don’t feel threatened by that,” Andy Bryant, Intel’s chairman, said in a December interview with Wall Street Journal editors.

The Silicon Valley giant has lagged behind in mobile chip market share though, and has looked to China for growth. Last year, Intel bought a 20% stake in Spreadtrum’s parent company Tsinghua Unigroup and announced a partnership with a smaller Chinese chip maker, Fuzhou Rockchip Electronics Co., to make tablet chips together.

Intel officials say the potential boost for sales in China outweigh any risks about sharing technology for the company, which has largely dodged the harsh government scrutiny faced by Qualcomm.

The U.S. government has long operated programs to make sure that chips used in military systems are produced in Pentagon-monitored domestic factories. It is also helping to fund research in ensuring that chips made in foreign factories for other kinds of devices haven’t been improperly modified, though there is little evidence such tampering has occurred.

Qualcomm representatives declined to comment on security concerns of Chinese officials. But Henry Samueli, co-founder and chairman of rival Broadcom Corp. -2.22 , dismisses the issue as largely “hype.” He said it is much easier to exploit vulnerabilities in software and other parts of high-tech products than tamper with chips.

Broadcom sells a broad range of communications chips used in networking devices and other systems built in China, and Mr. Samueli says he has noticed little hesitance to buy his company’s products. “In the end, if you deliver the products that they want, they will use them,” he says.

Still, Spreadtrum’s Mr. Li hopes to benefit from the security concerns. He said the Chinese government hopes to have “safe phones” for officials in a couple of years that use vetted chips made by Spreadtrum, as well as a secure operating system and encryption technology designed in China.

It is unclear what company might manufacture these “safe phones.”

A basic version will also be available for Chinese consumers, he said.

“Whether it’s the government or regular consumers, they worry about their privacy,” he said.


2014.10.13路透社
Intel gains a new ally in China's chip wars

BEIJING/SAN FRANCISCO (Reuters) - Intel's investment of up to $1.5 billion in two fast-growing Chinese mobile chipmakers has effectively aligned the U.S. giant with a third party - a Beijing government intent on producing a viable domestic challenger to the likes of Qualcomm and Samsung.

For more than a decade, China has targeted semiconductor design and manufacture as a major focus of its industrial policy. Activity has picked up markedly over the past year with a spate of cross-border mergers and cooperation deals.

"We've entered an inflection point where government policy has started to work - it's started to help the local semiconductor industry," said Nomura analyst Leping Huang.

The deal hashed out by Intel Corp Chief Executive Brian Krzanich over 24 hours in Beijing in early August extends Intel's beachhead in China, the biggest battleground in the smartphone industry, and boosts the company's years-long effort to catch up to leading mobile chipmaker Qualcomm Inc.

A key visit during the trip was to Yang Xueshan, the deputy chief of China's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT), who gave his blessing for the deal.

The agreement, unveiled on Sept. 26, gives Intel a 20 percent stake in Spreadtrum Communications and RDA Microelectronics through shares in a Tsinghua University holding company, with the aim of jointly developing and marketing smartphone chips.

China is the world's largest consumer and manufacturer of smartphones yet relies heavily on imported chips - particularly the processors that power the latest devices - made by San Diego-based Qualcomm, South Korea's Samsung Electronics Co, or MediaTek Inc of Taiwan.

China's ramped-up activity also arrives on the heels of revelations about the U.S. surveillance program PRISM, which has prompted Beijing to undertake a slew of actions to enhance the security of its information technology industry.

For Intel, the world's leading manufacturer of chips for personal computers, the Tsinghua deal offers an additional path into the world's biggest chip market after it was slow to recognize the mobile revolution and design new processors for smartphones and tablets.

Intel spokesman John Mandeville declined to comment.

NATIONAL TARGETS

The China Semiconductor Industry Association estimates that revenue from China's chip industry reached 251 billion ($40.98 billion) in 2013, while domestic demand for chips amounted to 917 billion yuan, representing more than half of global semiconductor consumption.

Deng Zhonghan, a member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and National People's Congress, said in March that China's $210 billion worth of annual chip imports exceeds the value of the country's entire yearly petroleum imports.

In June, the State Council offered the country's most comprehensive guidelines for the development of the semiconductor industry, outlining specific revenue targets for 2015 and 2020, with chip revenue set to grow at a better-than 20 percent annual clip, to reach 350 billion yuan by 2020.

An important part of Beijing's effort, analysts and industry insiders say, was consolidation of Spreadtrum and RDA, two companies formerly trading independently on Nasdaq.

The two companies were acquired a year ago for $1.7 billion and $900 million respectively by Tsinghua Unigroup, government-affiliated private equity group controlled by Tsinghua University in Beijing.

As part of its recent deal, which is expected to close early next year, Intel and Unigroup will form a new holding company that contains Spreadtrum and RDA.

Beijing wants the Unigroup companies to become competitive with Taiwan's MediaTek within five years and overtake Qualcomm within 10 years, according to a person familiar with Unigroup.

TRUE PARTNERS

Since taking over in 2013, Krzanich has aggressively positioned Intel to catch up with Qualcomm, the leading mobile chipset maker.

A central part of that strategy is China, where consumers are snapping up low-end smartphones made with low-cost chips from local suppliers like Spreadtrum and MediaTek.

Intel started investing in local operations 20 years ago, and presently operates factories across the country for manufacturing, assembling and testing microprocessors. Intel also has research and development operations in Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen.

In May, Intel said it reached an agreement with Fuzhou-based Rockchip to produce chips for tablets based on Intel's architecture.

"With China, what they want is for you to be a true partner," Krzanich told reporters in September. "We go in and we partner, we build factories, we build R&D and we help local companies."

Intel's deal with Tsinghua Unigroup comes three months after Qualcomm agreed to partner with Shanghai-based Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC), China's largest foundry, to produce some of Qualcomm's smartphone chips.

As part of the agreement, Qualcomm will help SMIC implement its first high-end 28 nanometer manufacturing technology.

It also coincides with a year-long Chinese anti-monopoly investigation into Qualcomm. Critics say the probe unfairly targets foreign companies in order to help domestic companies, which Chinese authorities flatly deny.

Krzanich first discussed ways to collaborate with the Chinese firms during a visit to Tsinghua University in April, where he and Intel China head Yang Xu met Tsinghua Holding's Xu Jinhong, Unigroup's Zhou Weiguo, Spreadtrum founder Li Liyou, who is also a Tsinghua University alumnus.

He made a second trip to Beijing, the whirlwind visit in August, after which the deal fell into place.

"Tsinghua University is an important driving force for the development of national science and technology, and Tsinghua Holdings is a key part of that effort," Tsinghua Holdings Chief Executive Xu Jinhong told Reuters by email.

Xu characterized the Intel investment as "a new model for cooperation between Chinese and U.S. companies in the chip industry."

Analysts say that Intel's deal will give the Santa Clara-based company a moderate boost by gaining a partner with strong relationships with local phone manufacturers.

The deal should also give Intel enough protection of its intellectual property through licensing arrangements and other conditions, said Scott Kennedy, director of the Research Centre for Chinese Politics and Business at Indiana University.

"There's potential benefits for everyone," Kennedy said.


2015.03.02北京周刊英文版
China's Chip Race
Chipmakers are becoming new favorites of overseas acquisitions by Chinese companies


CHIPS AT THE TOP: A technician checks the 28-nanometer chips for mobile phones produced by Spreadtrum Communications (Tianjin). This chip reaches internationally advanced levels

Chinese companies are changing their interests from oil and gas resources into nail-size chips. As the global chip industry remains in the doldrums and China is issuing various favorable policies, Chinese chip industry is bracing significant opportunities for takeoff.

Trendsetters

Since 2014, Chinese firms have been buying more foreign integrated circuit (IC), or chip, companies.

In May 2014, STATS ChipPAC Ltd., a leading service provider of advanced semiconductor packaging design, assembly, test and distribution solutions headquartered in Singapore, disclosed that some companies were offering to buy but didn't specify the names of the buyers. When disclosed later, the buyers turned out to be two Chinese firms, Jiangsu Changjiang Electronics Technology Co. Ltd. and Tianshui Huatian Technology Co.

In August, California-based OmniVision Technologies Inc., an image censor chip supplier for iPhones, announced the receipt of a non-binding acquisition proposal worth of $1.67 billion from a Chinese consortium. The investment group was led by Beijing-based Hua Capital Management Ltd. and included Shanghai Pudong Science and Technology Investment Co. Ltd.

On December 23, Jiangsu Changjiang Electronics Technology Co. Ltd. announced it was entering into a co-investment agreement to form an investment consortium with Siltech Semiconductor (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. and National Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund Co. Ltd. in connection with the proposed acquisition of STATS ChipPAC Ltd.

A Bloomberg report on December 3, 2014 said Chinese companies spent almost $5 billion in five major chip-related takeovers in the past 18 months.

According to a report of Economic Information Daily, chips have been the most imported products by China for more than 10 years.

Serving as the "heart" of all electronic devices, chips are widely used in computers, consumer electronics, network communications and automobile electronics. According to a research by the International Monetary Fund, a semiconductor chip with production value of $1 translates into $10 in growth for the related information industry, and adds $100 to a country's GDP.The chip industry is crucial to both stimulating economic growth and ensuring information security and national security.

Various countries and regions, including the United States, Europe, Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan, regard the chip industry as a major strategic one and invest heavily in the industry, said the Economic Information Daily report.

Policy support

A series of favorable policies issued by the State Council since 2014 have encouraged Chinese companies make overseas acquisitions.

On June 24, 2014, the State Council published a set of rules called the National Guidelines for the Development and Promotion of the Integrated Circuit Industry, proposing eight major measures, such as putting in place a special national industry investment fund, to stimulate the dynamism and creativity of IC companies and accelerate the pace of China's IC industry to catch up with international leaders.

On October 14, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology announced the establishment of a national IC industry investment fund worth 120 billion yuan ($20 billion).

Acquiring powerful overseas chipmakers seems to put the IC industry on the fast track. An anonymous vice president of a Shanghai-based chip firm told Economic Information Daily that mergers and acquisitions represent the general trend. For instance, after being merged, two IC industrial leaders in Taiwan--MediaTek and MStar Semiconductor--squeezed almost all the other companies out of the region. However, Chinese companies have frequently encountered "encirclement" by international giants with the strategy of patent.

"To be stronger, the best option for China's chip industry is to acquire powerful foreign companies with patent technologies," the anonymous executive said.

Gu Wenjun, chief semiconductor analyst with market research agency iSuppli, said the global chip industry is now lagging, with more than 100 chip factories worldwide being closed. But in East Asia, about 60 chip factories are in business. Robust market demand in Asia makes the region crucial to chipmakers. The global chip industry is shifting its focus to Asia, where China is the focus of the Asian market.

"In the past three decades, the industry has experienced several cyclical recessions, and each time of industrial restructuring has brought opportunities to Asia," said Gu. "Japan, South Korea and China's Taiwan have grasped such opportunities and contributed to the takeoff of chip industry, and now, China is facing the same opportunities."

Wang Yanhui, Secretary General of Mobile China Alliance, said in recent years, there are frequent threats to national security, such as the Prism spying scandal and the leak of 2 million emails and documents from Britain's offshore financial industry. China is now accelerating its production of information technologies, and chips are the cornerstone of the country's information security. In the government's future procurement, a large amount of domestically produced chips will be purchased. This will increase the demand for China's chip industry.

According to Wang, China's top leadership has made the chip industry part of its national strategy, and vows to support its development. The Central Government has issued several policies, while various local governments are preparing supporting measures to nurture large makers of core competitiveness through industry investment funds and overseas acquisitions.

Multiple challenges

Despite huge potentials and bright prospects, China's chip industry still faces severe challenges in taxes and suppression of international giants.

Li Liyou, CEO of China's biggest chip designer Spreadtrum Communications, Inc., told Economic Information Daily that domestic chip firms have to pay a 10-percent income tax and a 5-percent business tax, while their overseas rivals have much lower tax burdens. For instance, Taiwan's MediaTek only pays a 2-percent tax, because according to Taiwan's Statute for Upgrading Industry, IC companies can deduct income taxes with costs of research and development (R&D) as well as mergers and acquisitions.

Chipmakers on the Chinese mainland call for more tax cuts and other supporting measures. An anonymous president of a Guangzhou-based chip company suggested China follow practice of other countries, allowing chipmakers to deduct income taxes with R&D costs, or give tax rebates to domestic chipmakers. He also suggested the government not directly reduce the tax rate, but deduction of income taxes with R&D costs will encourage chip firms to make innovations.

It is more challenging for Chinese chipmakers, who are competing with international giants. In the Chinese market, international giants and domestic companies have the same target clients, and foreign firms, with their monopoly-like position in the market, often discourage Chinese clients from buying Chinese products.

Li cites an example that after his company began negotiating a contract with Chinese electronics company TCL. Senior executives of Taiwan's MediaTek soon required TCL to stop the cooperation with Spreadtrum, threatening that it would stop supplying its products to TCL and offering an extra sum of marketing allowance as incentive for keeping their business.

Hostile takeover is also a challenge. In recent years, many foreign firms have acquired emerging Chinese chipmakers with independently developed technologies. For example, American global semiconductor company Qualcomm has been attempting to acquire Chinese industrial leader Spreadtrum.

Wang said some foreign companies are also participating in China's industry investment funds, such as IC investment funds, established by governments of different levels. According to Wang, once overseas rivals successfully enter the government IC investment funds, they may use the funds to acquire emerging Chinese chip firms to consolidate their monopoly positions in the market. Wang warned that the government must watch out for such possibilities.


2015.04.05圣何塞水星报
More deals ahead? China fund buys Silicon Valley chip maker

China's aggressive new policy to expand its semiconductor industry is worrying U.S. chipmakers, many of which are based in Silicon Valley, and raising potential national security concerns as it begins to acquire U.S. tech companies.

The world's largest market for integrated circuits, China is expected to spend up to $100 billion on both domestic investments and acquisitions abroad to grow its semiconductor industry by more than 20 percent annually over the next five years.

"Clearly their ambition is to transition from being a technology follower to a leader," said Jonathan Davis, vice president of the semiconductor equipment maker trade group SEMI.

The Chinese growth plan, which was announced last year and is still unfolding, comes from a country awash in money and looking to grow its own information technology industry from the bottom up, experts say.



"The goal is total control end-to-end on their technology -- hardware and software," said semiconductor industry analyst Pat Moorhead of Moor Insights and Strategy in Austin, Texas.

In one of the first signs of its interest, a new Chinese investment group with connections to the government made a $1.64 billion offer in September to buy OmniVision Technologies of Santa Clara. The company has about 30 percent of the market for digital image sensors.

Little has been heard about the deal since then, prompting speculation it may have run into trouble with the secretive interagency Committee on Foreign Investment in the U.S. That panel reviews foreign acquisitions of U.S. tech companies for competitive and national security concerns, and OmniVision's image sensors, which can be use for surveillance and security systems, may have caught its attention. A spokesman for the agency said it does not comment on "specific cases."

Then in March, a Chinese consortium led by investment funds in Shanghai and Beijing offered to buy Milpitas-based Integrated Silicon Solution Inc., or ISSI, for $639 million. ISSI designs and sells specialty memory chips globally, including to U.S. companies that supply the aerospace industry and military. The deal is still pending and likely will be reviewed by the foreign investment panel.

The OmniVision offer may have been shelved when the political landscape wasn't shaping up favorably for the deal, said China expert Derek Scissors, who noted that it would have taken place as U.S. presidential campaigning heated up.

"I read the ISSI deal as a substitute for OmniVision," said Scissors, who is at the American Enterprise Institute in Washington, D.C. "If they get pushback, they will try something else."

Because it is much smaller than OmniVision, the acquisition of ISSI is less likely to stir opposition, he said.

ISSI declined to comment, and the investment group did not respond to a request for comment.

China's sweeping plans have American semiconductor makers wondering how they'll fit in.

"The (Chinese) government has decided to spend literally billions of dollars trying to level the playing field a bit" between the U.S. and China, said Orville Schell, director of U.S.-China relations for the Asia Society, which commissioned a study of China's high-tech investments in the U.S. "I think the American semiconductor industry is torn between resisting Chinese intrusion into this field and buying into it."

Even at its most ambitious, the plan will not make China a dominant player internationally, and America will still have a leading role in the industry. Semiconductors are the third-largest U.S. export behind airplanes and automobiles, according to the Semiconductor Industry Association.

Association president John Neuffer said in a statement that his group hopes China's plan doesn't prevent foreign semiconductor companies from competing there on equal terms.

The scope of the program is new, but China has long invested in the U.S., particularly California. The study commissioned by the Asia Society found that the Golden State has been "by far the most important recipient" of Chinese high-tech investment, both in the number of deals -- 148 since 2000 -- and in value -- $1.82 billion, with the Bay Area accounting for 40 percent of the investments. The goal often was "to gain a long-term foothold" in the U.S., or to develop markets in the U.S., rather than to pack a company up and ship it to China.

Last year Lenovo paid $2.1 billion for IBM's server business and paid $2.91 billion to Google for Motorola Mobility. Earlier, Lenovo also took a run at buying smartphone maker Blackberry, but the Canadian government reportedly stopped it on national security concerns.

Security concerns have also squelched a number of past Chinese attempts to buy U.S. tech companies. In 2011, the Committee on Foreign Investment in the U.S. forced Chinese telecom giant Huawei to drop the acquisition of some assets from bankrupt Silicon Valley cloud computing startup 3Leaf.

"They're jump-starting what they already have with acquisitions of what they consider to be strategic technologies," said Craig Ellis, an analyst with B. Riley.

Despite the valley's concerns, some companies here are finding ways to work with the Chinese on their chip efforts. Beijing-based Tsinghua Unigroup, a subsidiary of a state-owned fund, recently bought Chinese chipmakers Spreadtrum Communications and RDA Electronics. Intel is investing $1.5 billion in Tsinghua and Spreadtrum will sell a family of Intel chips for smartphones, then design its own chips based on that architecture. Both companies will sell those chips.


2014.06.24IDG News Service
China sets out to become global leader in chip manufacturing

China is propping up its local chip manufacturing industry with new policies and financial support intended to turn the country into a semiconductor-making powerhouse by 2030.

In policy guidelines published Tuesday, the Chinese government laid out a blueprint to develop the domestic integrated circuit industry.

The country not only wants to sharpen its competitive edge, but also wean itself from foreign chip makers, China’s Ministry of Industry and Information Technology said in a separate posting.

China is already the biggest manufacturer of electronics, and also one of the largest markets for them. Last year, China-based companies made almost 1.5 billion mobile phones and 340 million PCs. But the country’s electronic industry, with profit margins at about 4.5 percent, is not generating the net earnings it would like from the goods, according to the ministry.

In addition, China’s semiconductor makers are still far behind their international rivals. In 2013, the country’s integrated circuit imports reached US$231 billion, the ministry said.

“Speeding up development of the integrated circuit industry represents a fundamental requirement to improve the IT industry and will raise the nation’s level of security,” the ministry added.

China set out several goals in the Tuesday guidelines. They include establishing a “financial platform and policy environment” by 2015 to support the local chip industry. In the same year, China’s integrated circuits industry will have exceeded 350 billion yuan (US$56.8 billion) in revenue and have started large-scale production of chips built with 32- to 28- nanometer manufacturing processes, the ministry said.

By 2020, China’s chip makers in mobile devices, networking and cloud computing will reach production levels on par with the global leaders, the ministry forecast. The technology is expected to be bought globally.

The Chinese government hopes that the industry blueprint, hammered together by various ministries, will pave the way for China’s integrated circuits industry to lead globally by 2030. Several Chinese companies in the industry will be considered top tier by then, according to the plan.

To meet these goals, China is creating a small government group to push the industry’s development. It’s also starting a fund to support industry players, and will encourage local banks to invest in the market.

Tuesday’s guidelines mark China’s latest effort to promote its domestic tech industry. The country is still largely dependent on foreign IT vendors. For example, Microsoft’s Windows and Google’s Android are the two most popular OSes in the country and Intel chips power many of the PCs and servers in China, as well as its fastest supercomputer, the Tianhe-2.

But certain Chinese companies are growing quickly. Lenovo is the world’s largest PC maker, and Huawei Technologies is a major supplier of networking gear. Chinese chip vendors Allwinner and Rockchip are also putting pressure on foreign rivals and gaining market share in lower-end tablets and smartphones.

Lately, China has also been pointing to the dangers of using foreign technology, in light of the U.S.’ surveillance programs. Last month, the Chinese government threatened to ban vendors from selling their products in the country if they failed to pass a new “cybersecurity vetting system.”


2015.03.26中国电子报、电子信息产业网
中国电子重量级芯片“智桥”、“飞腾”联袂亮相

CENA讯：3月26日，中国电子信息产业集团有限公司（以下简称“中国电子”）在京召开“CPU与网络交换芯片新品发布暨成果推广会”，网络交换芯片“智桥”SDN智能高密度万兆交换芯片和“飞腾”FT-1500A系列CPU处理器联袂发布。



科技部、国资委、工业和信息化部、国家保密局等主管机关单位领导，天津市、杭州市等地方政府机关单位领导以及国家集成电路基金公司、华芯投资、中国电信、联想集团、浪潮集团等行业领域、产业界代表嘉宾共百余人出席了发布活动。

中国电子总经理刘烈宏在致辞中指出，近年来，中国电子采取联合创新、协同创新、军民融合创新的发展策略，聚焦通用CPU和网络交换芯片作为重点突破口，取得了一系列可喜的成果。中国电子旗下天津飞腾信息技术有限公司（以下简称“天津飞腾”）的FT-1500A系列CPU处理器和盛科网络（苏州）有限公司（以下简称“盛科网络”）的“智桥”SDN智能高密度万兆交换芯片CTC8096便是非常具有代表性的新产品。



据盛科网络总经理、“千人计划”专家孙剑勇介绍，此次推出的“智桥”芯片是其自主研发的第四代交换芯片，目标是快速响应云计算、大数据、网络功能虚拟化的市场趋势，芯片具有性能优、功能强、功耗低和高可靠、高性价比等特点。该芯片由9.4亿人晶体管构成，具有1.2T的交换容量；配图了96个10G端口，24个40G端口，4个100G端口，支持L2/L3/MPLS/OpenFlow和数据中心功能等特性集合。



据天津飞腾总经理谷虹介绍，FT-1500A系列处理器是64位通用CPU，兼容ARM V8指令集，采用国际先进的28nm工艺流片，具有高性能、低功耗等特点，关键技术国内领先，可实现对 Intel中高端“至强”服务器芯片的替代，并广泛应用于政府办公和金融、税务等各行业信息化系统之中。FT-1500A系列目前包括4核和16核两款产品。其中4核处理器芯片主要面向桌面终端和轻量级服务器应用领域，主频2GHz,功耗15W，两个DDR3-1600存储通道，支持电源关断、DVFS等低功耗技术，适用于构建台式终端、一体机、便携笔记本、微服务器等产品；16核处理器芯片面向服务器应用领域，主频2GHz，功耗35W，4个DDR3-1600存储通道，支持虚拟化功能，适用于构建网络前端接入服务器、事务处理服务器、邮件服务器、数据库服务器、存储服务器等产品。


2015.03.30道琼斯
IBM technology adopted in Chinese chips, servers

International Business Machines Corp. in 2013 began offering its technology for other companies for use in their own chips and computers. Now some tech firms in China are taking Big Blue up on it.

China’s Suzhou PowerCore Technology Co. said it would offer its own variant of the IBM Power8 microprocessor, the first chip to emerge from the program, which is known as OpenPower. The CP1, as the Chinese chip is called, is expected to be used initially by another Chinese company called Zoom Netcom in a new line of servers called RedPower.

An array of hardware based on Power8 technology was on display at an event in Silicon Valley this week, including prototype circuit boards by Google Inc. and Rackspace Hosting Inc. and servers by China’s Inspur Group Co. The terms of IBM’s OpenPower licensing haven't been disclosed.

For IBM’s partners, a key motivator is the desire to foster competition amid Intel Corp.’s near-total lock on the market for microprocessor chips used in servers, particularly the varieties used by big Web companies and other cloud-style facilities.

In China, government officials have nurtured local chip makers for reasons that include fears that foreign intelligence agencies could find ways to exploit non-Chinese components. Taking part in IBM’s OpenPower program doesn’t address such concerns, but IBM is encouraging licensees in China and elsewhere to add custom features that they control.

“What we do is we develop based on key industries’ needs,” said Adam Zhu, Suzhou PowerCore’s chairman, in an interview Tuesday on the eve of an OpenPower event in San Jose, Calif.

Mr. Zhu said his company is in discussions with a range of potential customers in China about using the Power8 technology, including communications carriers and power companies. He expects the chip to be ready in June.

Ken King, IBM’s general manager for OpenPower alliances, said Chinese officials endorsed the program last fall, helping to spur demand in the country. “It’s a local China pull versus an IBM push,” he said.

IBM, which has been reducing its reliance on revenue from selling hardware, uses its Power microprocessor line, of which Power8 is the latest, in one of two remaining computer lines. The Power8 is known for extremely high performance.

But the IBM server business that uses the chip line has been shrinking, as the x86 technology used by Intel and Advanced Micro Devices Inc. has become ubiquitous. So Big Blue opted to change its tactics to reach cloud-based services, which have been the most active server buyers lately.

Such customers often favor commodity-style servers and components that are available from many suppliers. So one of IBM’s thrusts is to sell its own Power8 chips to makers of such hardware.

The first is Taiwan’s Tyan Computer Corp., a server supplier that is a unit of MiTAC International Corp. IBM recently said its cloud services unit SoftLayer would offer the Tyan systems as an option.

Other cloud companies have expressed interest in non-x86 servers. Google was an initial member of the OpenPower Foundation; one of the Web giant’s executives, Gordon MacKean, chairs the foundation. The company hasn’t spelled out any plans for deploying Power8 in its own data centers.

Rackspace didn’t initially publicize its involvement with the effort. But the cloud service, besides developing a prototype Power-based server design, says it plans to deploy such systems as an option in addition to servers based on Intel Xeon x86 chips.

Changing hardware technologies can translate into a lot of work for the software developers who patronize cloud services. But Aaron Sullivan, a Rackspace senior director who also holds the title distinguished engineer, said shifting to Power-based hardware has become a lot easier with recent versions of the Linux operating system and other developments.

And the shift could pay off big in many cases, he said. “You can get 10 to 20 times performance gains” from technologies enabled by OpenPower than traditional x86 systems, Mr. Sullivan said.

Intel isn't standing still, offering frequent upgrades to its Xeon line and customizing chips for big cloud customers. The company has been battling not only Power8 but also new chips based on technology licensed by ARM Holdings PLC, the chip design used in most smartphones.

Mark Miller, an Intel spokesman, dismissed the notion that Power8 offers major technical benefits, noting that Xeon sales have risen steadily as IBM’s volumes have fallen.

“Regardless of claims, Intel architecture has demonstrated the best balance of performance, cost efficiency and reliability across the broadest set of workloads,” Mr. Miller said.


2015.04.08IDG News Service
Intel courts China's hardware startups to popularize its mobile, IoT chips

Erwin Liu is the CEO of a fledgling Chinese startup, and he’s been the happy recipient of free chips from Intel.

“Whenever I went to Intel’s offices, they would always give us some free samples,” he said.

Liu’s company, CEIN Biotechnology, which develops finger vein scanners, is just one among the many Chinese tech startups Intel is courting.

In the battle for chip supremacy, the U.S. tech giant has been trying to dig deep into China’s hardware industry, and ensure that not just big vendors use its technology, but small emerging players too.

On Wednesday, Intel held its annual developers conference in Shenzhen, China, at a time when rival ARM-based chips from Qualcomm and MediaTek have been all the rage.

Although Intel has dominated the PC and server markets, it has struggled to replicate that success in smartphones and tablets. ARM-based chips have long been favored in mobile devices, even as Intel tries to catch up and offer new, more battery-friendly processors with improved connectivity.

Intel isn’t giving up, and in Shenzhen it has been promoting its upcoming mobile technology. The company has also been planting the seeds in China to keep its processors relevant in the long-term, through investment and partnerships.

On Wednesday, Intel announced a “Mass Makerspace Accelerator” program that seeks to fund Chinese startups and developers, with an investment that includes 120 million yuan (US$19.6 million.)

“Makers” can refer to tech hobbyists who enjoy building their own gadgets. But many of them are also establishing hardware startups that are selling wearables and smart home products, and seeking funding on Kickstarter. In Shenzhen, developers have come up with robots that can draw pictures, handheld air purifiers, and new phone charging accessories.

This all comes at a time when the Internet of Things space is starting to take off. Intel is expecting billions of new connected devices to be sold in the coming years for health monitoring, exercise, and smart furniture, among others.

However, it won’t just be a few vendors offering these products, but a giant crowd made up of both big and small players, not all of whom are well-known.

During the PC era, Intel’s route to chip-selling was defined and straight-forward. For example, in the laptop market, the company only had to work with six or so different notebook manufacturers out of neighboring Taiwan, said Bryan Ma, an analyst with research firm IDC.

That all changed with the arrival of tablets and smartphones. An army of Chinese vendors has stepped up, selling mobile devices across the world, although under brand names few may have heard of.

“Intel is being forced to work with a completely different set of supply chain folks that’s doing things quite differently in much smaller quantities,” Ma said.

This has involved finding partners that know the Chinese industry. Last year, it struck a deal with Rockchip, a local maker of ARM-based processors, to jointly develop an Intel-based Atom chip for tablets. The Atom X3 processor goes into production this month, and over 45 tablet, smartphone designs are already being developed around it.

“Mobile, we are coming,” said Rockchip’s CEO Min Li at Intel’s developer conference.

A year ago, Intel also announced it would spend $100 million to fund Chinese product development in convertible laptops, tablets, smartphones and wearables. About $37 million of those funds have already been used, with some going to a Chinese Android ROM developer called Lewa, and iris-recognition developer EyeSmart Technology.

“We are not the only company that innovates,” said Doug Fisher, an Intel senior vice president, in a press conference. “And so it’s important for us to plant a lot of seeds, and let a thousand flowers bloom, and try and harvest the most precious of those.”

Intel’s efforts include its Edison development platform, which involves helping entrepreneurs build connected devices around its Edison chip.

Liu, the CEO of the finger vein scanner startup, became involved with the Edison platform through a competition Intel sponsored. Liu’s company is developing finger vein recognition software that can be used in banks or hospitals to identify users.

The company, however, also wanted to come out with some consumer-facing hardware, so it developed a prototype finger vein reader with Intel’s Edison chip.

“The Edison support has been timely, and fast. In two or three weeks we’ve been able to complete the concept, and move it to hardware,” Liu said. To help his startup and others, Intel has also recruited manufacturers and Chinese Internet firms to potentially assemble and distribute the products.

Liu said he could have chosen chips from Qualcomm, but said Intel’s Edison processor was better designed to run his finger-vein reading services. Intel has also been quick to answer any technical questions, through its website, over the phone and via messaging apps.

The support has helped promote Liu’s company. “We were just established, our brand awareness and product still needs work, but Intel has been there to help us compensate,” he said.


2014.12.03彭博
China Wants What’s in Your Phone as Chips Replace Oil
China, home to 1.3 billion mobile-phone accounts, pursues ways to build its domestic chip industry and reduce reliance on imports from Taiwan, the U.S. and South Korea

Dec. 4 (Bloomberg) -- The Chinese government’s hearty appetite for oil and gas acquisitions to feed its economy is starting to give way to something most people carry with them in their pockets: semiconductors.

Chinese companies spent almost $5 billion in five major chip-related takeovers in the past 18 months, data compiled by Bloomberg show, with most deals getting state funding.

That spree shows no signs of slowing as China, home to 1.3 billion mobile-phone accounts, pursues ways to build its domestic chip industry and reduce reliance on imports from Taiwan, the U.S. and South Korea. The well-funded acquisitions could mean tougher competition for smaller chip companies from those countries.

“China doesn’t want to be dependent on anyone,” said Michelle Chen, head of China technology investment banking at JPMorgan Chase & Co. “There’s a strong desire to build their own intellectual property, increase product depth and breadth, and, if need be, acquire intellectual property and capabilities.” 

The Chinese government will provide as much as 1 trillion yuan ($163 billion) in funding over the next five to 10 years to boost the domestic market and help private companies make acquisitions at home and abroad, McKinsey & Co. estimates.

Jiangsu Changjiang Electronics Technology Co., China’s biggest chip tester, joined the fray in November when it offered $780 million for unprofitable Singaporean competitor Stats ChipPac Ltd. Beijing-based private equity firm Hua Capital Management Ltd. is tapping government funding for its $1.7 billion bid for OmniVision Technologies Inc., a U.S. company whose camera sensors have been used in Apple Inc.’s iPhone.
Taiwanese Imports

Before the recent string of deals, Chinese buyers had made just two semiconductor acquisitions that topped $500 million, according to data compiled by Bloomberg going back to 1994.

China is a huge consumer of chips, accounting for about 45 percent of worldwide demand. Imports feed more than 90 percent of that demand, with almost a quarter of processors bought from Taiwan, according to a McKinsey report in August and Chinese customs statistics from 2012. Last year the value of imported semiconductors amounted to $232 billion, up 35 percent from the year before and more than China’s oil imports, according to customs authorities cited by the official Xinhua News Agency.

U.S. manufacturer Qualcomm Inc., for example, supplies high-end chips to Chinese smartphone makers like Xiaomi Corp. Taiwan’s Mediatek Inc. provides the brains for cheaper phones. The chips are also found in hardware stretching from computer servers to televisions.
‘Moving Up’

Smaller U.S. and Taiwanese companies focused on semiconductor design will struggle to compete with the newly-merged Chinese firms, according to Mark Li, an analyst at Sanford C. Bernstein & Co. Even Taiwan’s Mediatek may need to lower prices, said Rick Hsu, an analyst at Daiwa Securities Capital Markets in Taipei.

“The Chinese are very aggressive and eating up competitors’ lunch in the low-end segment, and now they’re moving up,” he said.

China aims to generate more than 350 billion yuan in local semiconductor revenue by next year, up 40 percent from 2013, according to a June statement from the State Council, the nation’s cabinet. It plans to boost sales almost four times faster than the global average. Building a homegrown chip industry is a national security priority for China, Xinhua reported at the time.

“There is a clear strategic push from the Chinese government to strengthen the domestic semiconductor industry,” said James Perry, head of Asia technology investment banking at Citigroup Inc.
Resources Drop

The surge in chip purchases contrasts with a slump in acquisitions of overseas oil and gas assets following corruption probes into senior management at state-owned companies linked to former Chinese Politburo member Zhou Yongkang. This year, Chinese purchases of overseas energy assets are set to fall to $9.4 billion, the lowest since at least 2008, Bloomberg-compiled data show.

Semiconductor deals are mainly coming from government-backed acquirers or those who can tap into state funding sources, Citigroup’s Perry said. Beijing’s Tsinghua University plans to merge two recently-acquired semiconductor design firms while a government-owned company in Shanghai has announced two acquisitions so far this year.

Acquisitions will likely come across the semiconductor supply chain -- from testing and assembly to design and equipment used to manufacture chips, said JPMorgan’s Chen.
More Coherent

China’s current pursuit of semiconductor assets is more coherent than previous attempts to build an industry, said Chris Thomas, an associate partner at McKinsey and a former Intel Corp. China executive.

“It’s under direct oversight from the State Council,” he said. “It’s intended to bring in private talent to help the government spend money effectively.”

The success of the drive depends on whether Chinese companies can find the right targets and effectively integrate them, said Thomas. Another hurdle is local governments competing with each other for the same assets, he said.

That happened in November 2013 when a division of Tsinghua University outbid Shanghai Pudong Science & Technology Investment Co. for RDA Microelectronics Inc., a maker of chips for lower-end mobile phones that was traded in the U.S.

Such battles highlight “a constant tension in the overall government policy,” Thomas said. “Competition for assets may be inconsistent with the goals of consolidation and building scale.”


2015.04.06钛媒体
中国芯片争雄：展讯强营销，海思强技术

华为海思与展讯是目前中国手机芯片企业中领先的两个，展讯强在营销，华为海思则强在技术。华为海思要想走出华为被其他手机企业采用还需要时间，而展讯已经走向世界被国内外手机企业采用，不过在技术上看展讯在相当长的时间内还是落后于华为海思的。

近日展讯发布了4G芯片SC9430A，产品路线图描绘了明年将推出16nm FinFET工艺的LTE产品。据估计今年下半年台积电的16nm FinFET工艺将量产，而华为海思也将推出采用该工艺的LTE芯片。这两个企业无疑是目前中国手机芯片企业中领先的两个，展讯强在营销，华为海思则强在技术。

展讯强在营销，技术稍弱

早在2G时代，展讯就通过超低价、三模三待等特色从联发科手里抢夺份额，最高峰时期展讯曾占2G手机的20%的市场份额。

3G时代，展讯的精力主要放在TD-SCDMA上，当时在这个市场还有联芯、MARVELL和T3G等，MARVELL当时的芯片表现不错被手机企业用于高端市场，当时国内外的智能手机企业推出的中高端TD-SCDMA智能手机多采用MARVELL的芯片。展讯的产品较成熟、价格低、能推出turnkey方案占据TD-SCDMA市场的约半数市场份额。

展讯在TD-SCDMA市场的好景被联发科抢走。2012年下半年，联发科推出TD-SCDMA手机芯片，2012年底中国移动集采9款手机，联发科即占5款，而展讯占4款。联发科的加入推动中国的TD-SCDMA产业快速发展，2013年TD-SCDMA手机销量达到1.55亿部，约是2012年的6000万部销量的2.5倍，联发科居功至伟。

展讯在WCDMA市场发威。联发科2011年发布了支持Android系统的WCDMA芯片MT6573芯片并在当年赢得1000万销量，2012年更放量大增到1.1亿片。展讯推出的WCDMA芯片要比联发科晚太多，直到2013年7月才推出首款WCDMA芯片，不过展讯的WCDMA芯片技术成熟，价格超低，进入三星的采购清单，另外展讯也与印度市场的本地手机品牌MICROMAX合作，当然展讯的芯片也被国产手机采用，在这样的情况下展讯的出货量也迅猛增长，到2014年第一季度据strategy analysis的数据其出货量超过intel居全球基带市场份额第三的企业。

华为海思技术强大

作为全球最大的电信设备商华为，自然拥有雄厚的移动通信技术积累，这帮助了它在手机芯片市场的发展。早在2005年华为海思就推出了WCDMA基带，并用于自己的上网卡产品上，比联发科在2009年首次推出WCDMA芯片早了4年，不过由于华为海思在处理器技术上稍弱，华为海思一直都未能在手机芯片市场发力。

2012年华为海思推出K3V2四核手机芯片，当时号称是全球最小的四核A9架构处理器，性能上与当时主流的处理器如三星猎户座Exynos4412相当，虽然这款芯片存在一些发热和GPU兼容问题，但是仍不失为是一款成功的芯片，代表着华为在手机芯片市场技术突破。

2014年，华为海思技术大爆发，先是发布了海思麒麟910芯片，其后发布了海思麒麟920芯片，麒麟920用安兔兔测试获得了跑分王的称号，让华为海思一鸣惊人。此外，这款手机芯片的基带支持LTE CAT6技术，是全球首款支持该技术的手机芯片，领先手机芯片霸主高通一个月发布，而联发科支持LTE CAT6技术要到今年下半年，展讯则表示要到明年。

华为海思技术实力强大自不用说，不过至今华为海思的芯片只是用于自己的兄弟企业华为手机上，而没有被其他手机企业采用。

中国芯片，展讯与华为海思争雄

如文章开头介绍，展讯16nm FinFET工艺的芯片要到明年才能发布，而只要台积电下半年量产16nm FinFET工艺，华为海思就将推出采用该工艺的产品，而在LTE产品发布上，华为早已领先于展讯，可以看出华为海思的技术很明显是要领先展讯不少。

不过从市场营销上看，就可以看出展讯要领先华为海思太多。早在2G时代，展讯的芯片就已经被国产手机采用销售到国外市场，在3G时代展讯的手机芯片更是被三星这个全球手机市场份额第一的企业采用，并且展讯早早就已经与印度市场本地的手机企业MICROMAX合作，可见展讯在营销上是领先华为的。或许可以说，华为手机成就了华为海思，但是华为手机同样阻碍着海思走出华为，因为考虑到与华为手机的竞争关系手机企业要采用华为海思的产品总是有顾虑的，这正是三星的处理器在世界都是处于领先位置的，但是只有魅族采用，其他手机企业考虑到与三星的竞争关系而至今没有采用。

华为海思与展讯的竞争，从手机芯片市场份额看，展讯未来还是会遥遥领先于华为海思，华为海思要想走出华为被其他手机企业采用还需要时间，而展讯已经走向世界被国内外手机企业采用，不过在技术上看展讯在相当长的时间内还是落后于华为海思的。（本文首发钛媒体）


2014.12.12北京市
市领导调研北京可信开放高端计算系统产业化项目服务器生产基地

2014年12月9日，北京市张工副市长前往北京可信开放高端计算系统产业化项目服务器生产基地考察调研并见证了北京新云东方系统科技有限责任公司首台高端服务器的下线交付。
北京新云东方系统科技有限责任公司是华胜天成集团旗下子公司，该公司负责建设的北京新云高端服务器生产基地是北京可信开放高端计算系统产业化项目（简称TOP项目）系列产品的重要组成部分。项目由华胜天成公司与IBM合作开发高端计算系列产品，通过引进国际先进技术和资源的整合，实现高端计算国产化和相关核心技术的自主化，完善信息安全保障体系，构建自主可控产业链。加快首都信息安全产业发展。

北京新云高端服务器生产基地位于首钢微电子有限公司厂区内，厂房建筑面积3300？ ，取得了ISO9000、CCC等质量体系认证，并满足 IBM 各项工艺技术指标要求。该生产基地首台服务器的下线，标志着TOP产业化项目将逐项落地并进入全面实施落实阶段。
为使TOP产业化项目更好满足国民经济支柱行业对信息系统高性能、高可靠和高安全的需求，全面植入中国可信计算技术，开辟自主可控、安全替换的国产高端可信计算系统，市经济和信息化委还聘请了中国工程院沈昌祥院士作为TOP产业化项目首席科学家并颁发了聘书。
张工副市长在服务器下线仪式上指出，当前信息安全产业呈现底层化、综合化、服务化、新技术化的发展趋势，国际信息安全形势日益严峻，迫切需要加快建立可信、开放、高端的计算系统，实现高端计算国产化和相关核心技术的自主化，完善信息安全保障体系。此次，华胜天成公司承担（TOP）产业化项目，站在了IBM这个巨人的肩膀上，有利于消化和整合IBM公司核心软硬件技术，扩展和重构开发相关的技术和产品，加快形成“可信、可用、有知识产权”的国产化高端计算系统体系，打造包括芯片、服务器、存储、软件、硬件的绿色产业链，创新产业培育方式和项目运作模式，争取将 TOP项目做成一个标杆项目，为中外合作发展高精尖产业创造新模式、新样本，推动北京打造有全球影响力的科技创新中心。
北京市经济和信息化委张伯旭主任及软件处、电子处、新闻宣传处相关同志参加调研并出席仪式。


2015.04.15华尔街日报
China’s Biggest Chip Maker’s Possible Tie-Up With H-P Values Unit at Up to $5 Billion
Tsinghua Unigroup in talks to buy a controlling stake in Hewlett-Packard unit H3C Technologies

BEIJING—Two years ago, Zhao Weiguo was running an obscure Chinese state-owned company peddling tech services, natural gas and Chinese herbal medicines.

Today, that company is China’s microchip national champion—and a beacon for how Western tech companies might get to do business in China in the future.


Tsinghua Unigroup Ltd. is in talks to buy a controlling stake in Hewlett-Packard Co. ’s China data-networking operations, Mr. Zhao, its chairman, said in an interview earlier this week. Discussions are still taking place over the 51% stake in H-P subsidiary, H3C Technologies Co., he said, in a deal that people familiar with the talks say could value H3C at as much as $5 billion.

Mr. Zhao, who says he herded goats as a child and later amassed a fortune in coal, gas and real estate in the northwestern desert region of Xinjiang, said his company isn’t an arm of Beijing despite its high-level political connections. Instead, he said, he offers foreign companies a connection to the vast China market.

“Many people suspect I’m a ‘white glove’ for the government,” Mr. Zhao said in a rare interview, using a term for a front. “But we’re really just a very market-oriented company.”

Foreign technology companies increasingly are partnering with Chinese companies to reach consumers, as sales slump in the face of increasing pressures from Beijing. Chinese leaders are worried about a dependence on foreign gear as well as cybersecurity, following revelations in 2013 that the U.S. government used infrastructure belonging to American companies for spying.

Some of Silicon Valley’s largest firms have deepened their China partnerships in the past year. Chip maker Intel Corp. is already a partner of Tsinghua Unigroup, having bought a 20% stake last year for $1.5 billion. Intel also launched a partnership with Huawei Technologies Co. in March to make cloud solutions for telecom carriers.

International Business Machines Corp. struck a deal with Chinese server-making rival Inspur Group Ltd. in August. And Lenovo Group Ltd. last year acquired IBM’s low-end server unit last year, which was facing tougher competition from Chinese rivals and political pressure on its Chinese customers to buy from domestic companies.

“A lot of this is driven by the Western side,” said Chris DeAngelis, Beijing-based general manager of tech consulting firm Alliance Development Group. “If you’re losing market share, how do you do something different? That’s the only way these U.S. firms can expand in the market.”

The talks between Tsinghua Unigroup and H-P were previously reported by The Wall Street Journal but not confirmed by either company. An H-P spokeswoman declined to comment.

Mr. Zhao’s company has drawn interest from both U.S. firms and support from China’s top officials, as Beijing strives to develop a homegrown semiconductor sector. Tsinghua Unigroup became China’s largest chip maker after acquiring two of the country’s largest mobile-chip firms, Spreadtrum Communications and RDA Microelectronics, in 2013. Intel executives said last year that they believe partnering with Spreadtrum is opening doors for the company in the low-cost smartphone market, a sector that Intel has its eye on.

Tsinghua Unigroup’s largest chip subsidiary Spreadtrum is a major maker of processors for low-cost smartphones in emerging markets. The company’s main rival is Taiwan’s Mediatek Inc., which supplies low- to midrange smartphone chips.

It faces a steep climb to become a major global player. China’s chip makers still mainly make processors for low-end smartphones, with their technology two to three years behind the cutting edge, according to Nicole Peng, China research director of research firm Canalys.

“They won’t be able to catch up anytime soon,” she said.

Mr. Zhao said he believes that by following the lead of Chinese companies like Huawei and investing over the long term, he can build a world-class company.

Little is known about Tsinghua Unigroup outside of China. It was founded in 1988 by China’s elite Tsinghua University, the alma mater of many of the country’s top leaders, including current President Xi Jinping. It is still controlled by a university holding company and has close ties with the government through Tsinghua’s alumni network. The son of former Chinese President Hu Jintao was previously the Communist Party head of the firm’s parent company.

Beijing’s new chip support fund announced in February it would invest 10 billion yuan ($1.6 billion) in Tsinghua Unigroup in the next five years.

H-P inherited H3C, a major supplier of corporate-data networking gear in China, when it bought 3Com Corp. in 2010. H3C was formed in November 2003 as a joint-venture between China’s Huawei and 3Com, but recently has faced uncertainty under H-P ownership because of Beijing’s push for state-owned firms to use domestic technology suppliers, people familiar with the matter said.

Tsinghua Unigroup is expanding the chip business rapidly, planning to add 1,000 employees by the end of the year to the 4,000 already on the payroll, Mr. Zhao said. He estimated chip revenue to reach $1.8 billion this year, up from $1.5 billion last year—still a drop in the bucket of the $340 billion world-wide chip market, according to tech research firm Gartner’s estimate for 2014.

Mr. Zhao, 48, said his decision to transform Tsinghua Unigroup into a chip business wasn’t directed by the government and he didn’t know that Beijing would announce plans to funnel more than 160 billion yuan ($25.8 billion) into the country’s chip industry last year. Instead, he said, it was a combination of his personal interest in technology—he’s a graduate of Tsinghua University’s electrical engineering program—and the opportunity arising to acquire Spreadtrum in 2013.

“It’s like if you carry your gun up the mountain, you just know there’s game there,” said Mr. Zhao, who also controls an investment firm that owns 49% of Tsinghua Unigroup. “Maybe you’ll catch a deer, maybe a goat, you don’t know. It was when I came upon Spreadtrum that I realized chips would be the key direction for Tsinghua Unigroup.”

China’s top officials are eager to develop advanced smartphone chips domestically to avoid having to rely on foreign ones that could have “back doors” built into them, Spreadtrum Chief Executive Leo Li said in an interview in January.

Mr. Zhao said he hopes to forge more partnerships with U.S. companies such as H-P.

“I believe we are creating a new kind of model for U.S.-Chinese company partnerships,” he said.


2015.03.12中国计算机学会
中国计算机学会建议制定《反禁运法》

日前，中国计算机学会( CCF )向全国人民代表大会常务委员会法制工作委员、国务院法制办公室提交了“中国计算机学会关于制定《反禁运法》的建议”(以下简称《建议》)，并同时将《建议》抄送中央网信办、商务部以及工业和信息化部。

《建议》指出：长期以来，以美国为代表的西方国家，以各种政治、经济、环境、安全、军事等借口和名义，利用审批、许可证等行政手段，奉行和实施对中国的货物、服务和技术的出口管制和禁运措施，极大损害了我国的国家利益、产业利益和广大消费者的权益。更为恶劣的是，当我国科技人员通过艰苦奋斗、自力更生研发出被禁运装备、技术及软件等以后，美国等西方国家往往立即解禁该类产品与技术，向我国大肆倾销，妄图阻碍甚至彻底扼杀我国相关高技术产业的形成与发展。

为适应国际政治经济社会发展的新变化，应对西方国家的禁运，中国计算机学会建议有关部门尽快制定《反禁运法》，通过规定对我国禁运的装备、器材、技术及软件等在我国研发成功以后，一定时期不得进口或征收高额关税等反制措施，以保护我国的国家利益、民族产业利益和科技人员的积极性。

中国计算机学会关于制定《反禁运法》的建议

长期以来，以美国为代表的西方国家，以各种政治、经济、环境、安全、军事等借口和名义，利用审批、许可证等行政手段，奉行和实施对中国的货物、服务和技术的出口管制和禁运措施。我国加入世贸组织以来，围绕着所谓反补贴、反倾销、特保措施、纺织品出口、知识产权、劳工标准、动物福利、环境保护、食品安全、人民币汇率等方面的贸易摩擦和壁垒不断。这极大损害了包括中国在内的广大发展中国家的国家利益、产业利益、企业利益和广大消费者的权益。

早在朝鲜战争期间，美国即对中国实施全面封锁禁运。随后又经历了有限放松和严格控制阶段。近年来，迫于美国经济的窘困和我国创新能力的提升，美国的相关政策有所缓和，但依然将中国列为管制最为严格的国家和地区名单之列。2007年6月，美国商务部正式公布了对华两用产品和技术出口管制清单，清单涉及20类产品，多达2500项。这也是美国历史上第一次单独针对中国制订的管制内容。

美国主要依据其《武器出口管制法》和《国际军品流通条例》来管制武器、军火和防务技术、产品和服务的输出。具体审批由美国国务院负责，但美国国防部拥有很大的发言权。同时依据其《出口管理法》以及《出口管理条例》来管制“民用”特别是“军民两用”技术和产品的出口，由美国商务部负责这类项目的管制。

除了国内立法，美国还建立了以其为主导，众多西方发达国家参与的多边机制，如“瓦森纳安排”(前身为臭名昭著的“巴黎统筹委员会”)、“核供应国集团”、“澳大利亚集团”及“导弹及其技术控制制度”等，进一步加强对其他国家的出口管制及禁运的力度。

近年来，在国际事务中，西方国家动辄以所谓政治、人权等为借口，以禁运为手段，粗暴干涉别国内政的例子屡见不鲜。例如，欧美部分国家就以马航MH17坠机事件为借口，对俄罗斯实施了广泛的禁运措施。

更为恶劣的是，长期以来，当我国科技人员通过艰苦奋斗、自力更生研发出被禁运装备、器材、技术及软件等以后，美国等往往立即解禁该类产品与技术，向我国大肆倾销，妄图彻底扼杀或严重阻碍我国相关高技术产业的形成与发展。

党的十八大报告指出，中国将继续高举和平、发展、合作、共赢的旗帜，坚定不移地致力于维护世界和平、促进共同发展。中国将始终不渝走和平发展道路，坚定奉行独立自主的和平外交政策。我们坚决维护国家主权、安全、发展利益，决不会屈服于任何外来压力。

目前，我国已经建立了以《对外贸易法》为引领，《反倾销条例》、《反补贴条例》、《保障措施条例》、《货物进出口管理条例》、《技术进出口管理条例》等为配套的对外贸易法律体系。

《对外贸易法》第七条规定，任何国家或者地区在贸易方面对中华人民共和国采取歧视性的禁止、限制或者其他类似措施的，中华人民共和国可以根据实际情况对该国家或者该地区采取相应的措施。但上述规定过于原则，对具体措施的规定还不够细致、缜密、严格，对受损的中国产业、企业等的保护、救济措施也不够有力。

为适应国际政治经济社会发展的新变化，特别是应对西方国家的禁运，中国计算机学会建议制定《反禁运法》，通过规定对我国禁运的装备、器材、技术及软件等在我国研发成功以后，一定时期不得进口或征收高额关税等反制措施，以保护我国的民族产业利益和科技人员的积极性。同时，可考虑广泛联系发展中国家，在“上海合作组织”、 “金砖国家”等范围内，谋求多边机制安排，以维护广大发展中国家的利益。

中国计算机学会
2015年3月12日



2014.12.0221世纪宏观研究院分析师 耿雁冰 张梦洁
寻找中国最强“芯”：集成电路产业区域格局
【注：21世纪网站原文找不到。新浪的转载。】

受政策红利推动，中国第二大进口商品—集成电路（IC），将进入地方跨越式赶超发展阶段。

在国家明确将集成电路产业上升至国家战略后，地方版集成电路规划相继出台。今年6月24日国务院印发了《国家集成电路产业发展推进纲要》后，安徽、甘肃、山东、湖北、四川等地陆续跟进并出台了产业发展政策，加之此前北京、上海、天津的集成电路扶持政策，一幅地方版的集成电路发展蓝图徐徐展开。

21世纪宏观研究院此前曾在宏观层面就集成电路行业发展进行了初步分析（详见本报10月16日8版《大基金探路：本土强芯的投资契机》），此次我们将对地方版集成电路规划、现状、未来等加以剖析，进而为其他省份的集成电路产业发展，以及整个国家层面的产业路径，提供范本。

规划：首选产业投资基金模式

今年以来，多个省市明确将集成电路作为地方重点发展产业，从政策规划来看，产业投资基金模式成为首选。

11月24日，上海成立总体规模为100亿元的产业基金，四川也明确将成立集成电路产业投资基金，并向社会公开择优选择基金管理团队，推动企业提升产能和实行兼并重组、规范企业治理。

北京：主抓设计和制造，成立300亿元产业投资基金。继去年12月北京成立300亿元IC产业发展，今年2月，北京市发布《北京市进一步促进软件产业和集成电路产业发展的若干政策》，可以说是在国家版集成电路扶持政策之前的首个地方政策。北京市的产业规划有三大亮点：一是推进集成电路产业集聚发展，中关村科学城作为设计基地，南部高技术制造业和战略性新兴产业发展带将建设国家级集成电路产业园；二是主抓设计和制造，并鼓励设计企业与生产企业开展合作；三是政策中提出创新集成电路产业投融资模式，意在推动重点企业兼并重组和产业园区建设。

天津滨海：主抓设计，每年2亿元“集成电路设计产业促进专项资金”。今年3月天津滨海新区出台集成电路发展意见，给予每年专项资金额度2亿元。与北京的发展定位不同，天津滨海主抓集成电路设计产业，并规划到2020年，集成电路设计产业集群发展格局基本形成：重点推动开发区天大科技园、高新区软件园、保税区展讯科技园等三个产业集聚载体。

安徽：突出芯片在家电、显示面板、汽车制造等终端企业的应用，支持合肥等市建立集成电路产业发展基金。安徽于9月出台《关于加快集成电路产业发展的意见》，在扩大投融资渠道上，政策中提出建立以企业为主体的多元化投融资体系，对在中小企业板和创业板上市的集成电路企业，由省和同级财政分别给予100万元奖励；并支持合肥等市建立集成电路产业发展基金。

湖北：300亿元集成电路产业基金即将设立，重点支持集成电路制造领域，兼顾集成电路设计、封装测试、装备材料等环节。湖北于9月出台《湖北省集成电路产业发展行动方案》，并提出设立湖北集成电路产业投资基金，在产业集群上重点推进武汉光谷集成电路产业园、宜昌磁电子产业园建设，依托光通信、光显示、红外传感、北斗导航等特色优势，基本建成以武汉新芯为核心的集成电路设计、制造、封装及应用的完整产业链。

从集成电路产业发展格局来看，基本形成了长三角、环渤海、珠三角三足鼎立之势。包括北京、天津、山东、河北、辽宁在内的环渤海地区，2012年实现销售收入440.23亿元，在全国所占份额为20.4%。

其中，北京作为国内综合科研实力最强的地区，在技术研发、集成电路设计、芯片制造、封装测试、设备和材料方面具有良好基础。在2014年（第28届）中国电子信息百强企业中，北京地区入围企业有8家，合计主营业务收入达4062亿。

包括上海、江苏、浙江在内的长三角地区，是国内晶圆制造、封装测试企业最为集中的区域，2012年集成电路产业销售规模1223.21亿元，在国内集成电路产业总销售收入所占份额为56.7%。中国十大IC设计企业中，长三角地区占据的名额已经达到5家，其销售额合计占十大设计企业总销售额的46.16%。

以广州、深圳、珠海为核心的珠三角地区，2012年实现销售收入285.14亿元，占全国市场份额13.2%，已发展成为中国重要的集成电路设计产业化基地。广东在电子信息产业领域已拥有20多个各类国家级创新研发平台和100多个省级重点科研和产业化机构。

而随着封装测试业从长三角地区向低成本的中西部地区转移，甘肃、四川、武汉、合肥等地将是重点承接地。

目前，甘肃已形成了以集成电路封装测试业为核心，引线框架、封测专用设备、模具、半导体封装材料和包装材料等配套的产业体系。截至2013年年底，华天电子集团集成电路封装测试能力及销售收入在全国内资上市企业中位列第二。

英特尔将上海工厂全部产能转移四川成都后，成都工厂已成为亚洲最大的芯片封装测试厂，全球笔记本计算机60%的芯片组和55%的微处理器是从英特尔成都工厂封装出厂。而乐山是我国最大的半导体分离器件生产基地。四川的薄弱环节是集成电路领域的制造和集成电路设计企业、封装测试材料和物流配送及配套服务环节，特别是晶圆制造规模不大。

从体量而言，2012年中国集成电路产量为823.28亿块，在国家统计局公布的16个省份集成电路产量中，江苏集成电路集群化规模最为显著。2012年江苏集成电路产量居于首位为292.59亿块，广东、上海尾随其后，越过了百亿块产能门槛。

而在增速表现上，湖北发展势头最为强劲。工信部数据显示，湖北今年前三季度软件业累计增速达38%，同比增速也达到了37.6%。

现状：江苏体量居首，湖北增速最快

前景：行业或迎并购重组潮

多个省份将产业投资基金模式作为首选，尤其是在北京、上海、四川、湖北等省市明确产业投资基金规模、运营方式等大背景下，对于持续性投入需求大的集成电路产业而言，新一轮并购重组潮或即将来临。

一方面，政策助力支持行业并购重组。此次集成电路纲要的一个政策导向是鼓励企业兼并重组，形成10家左右具有国际竞争力的企业，鼓励境内企业扩大国际合作，并购整合国际资源。加之1200亿元规模的国家集成电路产业投资基金正式设立，天时地利因素已具备。

另一方面，从集成电路企业的分布数量与发展需求来说，并购重组是企业自身愿景，人和因素也已具备。在集成电路设计领域中，中国约有520家企业，而由于设计公司都是轻资产公司，资金一直是制约集成电路设计行业发展的一个瓶颈。此外，在制造领域中，2012年共有426家企业，小型企业更是超过半数。其中，大型企业62家，中型企业122家。而且从近年来的发展趋势来看，小型企业个数增速更加明显。

集成电路作为工业生产的“心脏”，技术水平和资金实力要求都较高。因而，在此轮政策红利驱动下，受益于投融资渠道拓宽、财政补贴等利好因素，通过资本运作加强行业整合步伐亦是大势所趋，“散乱小”状态有望结束。

有调查报告显示，行业内已有30%的公司接到过收购请求，有24%的公司希望能收购同行公司，有约25%的公司有意愿接受收购。近期这轮并购重组潮已初现端倪：如紫光集团私有化收购展讯、锐迪科，同方国芯并购成都国微科技和北京晶智益达，大唐对旗下半导体设计业务的重组等等。


美通社2015.03.04
DeLclima将为无锡超级计算中心提供效率最高的制冷系统
-系统价值约达1900万元人民币（约合270万欧元）

意大利特雷维索2015年3月4日电 /美通社/ -- 通过签署一份价值约达1900万元人民币（约合270万欧元）的协议，DeLclima Group 确立了其在IT制冷领域的领导地位。这份协议的内容为向中国无锡超级计算中心(WSC)提供效率最高的制冷系统。

无锡超级计算中心由中国科学技术部和无锡政府于2006年共同投资建立，乃是全球最为先进的一个高性能计算平台。

通过签署一份价值约达1900万元人民币（约合270万欧元）的协议，DeLclima Group 确立了其在 IT 制冷领域的领导地位。这份协议的内容为向中国无锡超级计算中心 (WSC) 提供效率最高的制冷系统。

这家中心的新式超级计算机的每秒浮点运算次数 (FLOPS) 为100千万亿次，跻身全球速度最快行列，由于上述超级计算机需要在非常精确的条件下进行大规模冷却，可靠性还要达到最高。

凭借领先的解决方案和在高端数据中心应用方面所积累的丰富经验，DeLclima 通过下属子公司克莱门特 (Climaveneta)，被指定提供28兆瓦容量的制冷系统。这套系统价值达270万欧元，靠18台配有磁悬浮无油变频 (VFD) 压缩机的克莱门特水冷式冷水机来运作，它还拥有同类最佳的季节能效比(接近于10)。这批设备定于2015年第二季度交付。

DeLclima 制冷系统加上采用自然冷却和一次泵变流量系统等更进一步的生态可持续技术，能够使数据中心的整体能耗与传统设计相比降低45%，同时还遵守相关环境标准所设定的严格能效要求。

DeLclima 首席执行官卡洛-格罗西 (Carlo Grossi) 表示：“DeLclima 能够参与这个项目确认了我们在高效数据中心制冷应用领域的领先地位，并为我们遍布全球的相当多的相关装置又增添了一笔。”他继续表示：“在中国建设银行之后，这是我们在中国所获得的第二个享有盛誉的大型项目，这表明我们在中国的业务具有非凡实力和品质，也说明我们将能很好地受益于下一波数据中心和云计算发展浪潮。我们很荣幸借助自身的创新型IT制冷和高精度空调技术，为中国的数字化转型做出贡献。”

无锡超级计算中心新添置的计算机系统是由中国政府制定的大规模云计算发展项目中的一颗“明星”，现在预计到2016年，中国的数据中心容量将比2013年的时候增加一倍有余，在这方面的总投资预计将达3700亿美元（消息来源于 Broad Group）。

DeLclima（意大利证券交易所股票代码：DLC）专门从事供热、通风、空调和制冷 (HVACR) 方面的业务。

DeLclima 通过克莱门特和 RC GROUP（意大利艾洛其集团），为工业流程和 ICT（信息通信技术）应用方面的商业建筑室内温控和制冷 (ICC&R) 设计、制造和销售创新型节能产品，并提供增值型服务。DeLclima 还通过 DL Radiators 经营散热器业务。

DeLclima 下属公司都拥有相同的使命，即通过提供高效、可靠、经济上可行和生态可持续的解决方案，尤其是通过采用可再生能源，帮助增进幸福和提升工业生产率。

Delclima 在三大洲开展制造活动，并在全球范围内和其子公司、经销商与服务公司一道开展业务，尤其关注欧洲、中国和印度市场。该公司总部位于意大利，自2012年以来一直在米兰证券交易所 (Milan Stock Exchange) 公开上市，以前曾 De'Longhi（德龙）集团的专业部门。



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