1954年，理论物理学家杨振宁和罗伯特·L·米尔斯(在布鲁克海文国家实验室)得出结论，所有的基本力量是自然试图保持对称性的结果- 例如，电荷守恒在电磁的情况下，或保护动量和能量的情况下，爱因斯坦的引力。(Refer to 评论 [1] [3] below: 岳东晓2）规范不变原理) ) (also refer to: 听诺贝尔物理学奖杨振宁讲演:【规范与对称之美】-- （杨―米尔斯规范场理论）本文引用地址：http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-847277-655944.html )
1957年众所周知，杨振宁李政道诺贝尔物理学奖获的工作对宇称不守恒。
1964年，希格斯写了两篇论文，每篇都只有两页长，内容就是现在被称为希格斯场的东西。《物理快报》接收了第一篇论文，但拒掉了第二篇论文。著名物理学家南部阳一郎在评审第二篇论文的时候，建议希格斯加上一部分内容来解释这一理论的物理学意义。希格斯加了一段话，预言这个场中会产生一种新的粒子，即上帝粒子。然后，他把改过的论文投给了那家杂志的对手——《物理评论快报》，结果发表了。(Refer to: 评论[18]方锦清的博客, also below) （参考＃2，＃3, #4）
I’m surprised to read this article from known liberalnewspaper (Ref. #1)! Thank God and the God Particle for The New York Times. Areader can count on The Times to provide a story about the Nobel Prize inphysics that is clear, simple and satisfying.
In view of multiple articles (Ref. #2, #3) on Science Net,here I wanted to add some trivia on the topic:
“At the heart of this quest was an ancient idea, theconcept of symmetry, and how it was present in the foundations of physics buthidden in the world as we experience it. In art and nature,something is symmetrical if it looks the same when you move it one way oranother, like a snowflake rotated 60 degrees; in science and math, a symmetryis something that does not change when you transform the system, like thelength of an arrow when you turn it around or shoot it.
They credited Chen Ning Yang’s work to set up the foundation for2013 Nobel Prize work! Perhaps, Yang is a New Yorker?
In 1954, the theorists ChenNing Yang and Robert L. Mills at the Brookhaven National Laboratory concludedthat all fundamental forces were the result of nature’s trying to maintainsymmetries — for example, the conservation of electric charge in the case ofelectromagnetism, or the conservation of momentum and energy in the case ofEinstein’s gravity.”
“His paper was rejected by thejournal Physics Letters, which was published at CERN, as having no relevance tophysics. So he rewrote it and sent it to a rival journal, Physical ReviewLetters. Along the way he added a paragraph at the end, noting that the theorypredicted a new particle, a spinless creature of indeterminate mass, whichwould become famous as the Higgs boson.”
”How could you find the missing “God particle?”His model predictshow you can locate the particle. It appears simple like puzzle games. It seemsa treasure hunt: You got the map (he predicted) and you followed and found it.
“Imagine you are working on a picture puzzle andit is mostly finished. You have a piece that you know the shape of and itsbasic color and pattern, but you don't see it anywhere on your table. So youget some strong people, like those at CERN to look around, and they move yourcouch, and there is the piece, and it fits perfectly. That is what justhappened. Congratulations to Drs. Higgs, Englert, and Dr. Bose and the amazingteam at CERN.”
“For the experimentalists,”she added, “we are kind of used to being excluded from the Nobel.”
Hopenative Chinese scientists pay more attention on theoretic science, coming upwith hypotheses and theory.
Again,I don’t trust URL links, so I copied and pasted for my future reference asfollows.
*********** Acknowledgment - Sources of Inspiration: Reference ********************7777777777777777
The “God particle” became the prize particle on Tuesday.
Two theoretical physicists who suggested that an invisible oceanof energy suffusing space is responsible for the mass and diversity of theparticles in the universe won the Nobel Prize in Physics on Tuesday morning.They are Peter W. Higgs, 84, of the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, andFrançois Englert, 80, of the Université Libre de Bruxelles in Belgium.
The theory, elucidated in 1964, sent physicists on ageneration-long search for a telltale particle known as the Higgs boson, popularlyknown (though not among physicists) as the God particle. The chase culminatedlast year with the discovery of this particle, which confers mass on other particles, at the Large HadronCollider at CERN, in Switzerland. Dr. Higgs and Dr. Englert will split a prizeof $1.2 million, to be awarded in Stockholm on Dec. 10.
“You may imagine that this is not unpleasant,” Dr. Englert said inan early morning news conference.
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences had not been able to contactDr. Higgs, who had vowed he would not be available Tuesday. A friend and fellowphysicist, Alan Walker, said in a phone interview on Tuesday morning that Dr. Higgs, who does not use acellphone or a computer, had gone off by himself for a few days without sayingwhere, and that he would return Friday.
Dr. Higgs, he said, is a modest man who likes his own company andthe ability to come and go without a fuss. Even before the announcement, hesaid, one journalist had invaded Dr. Higgs’s building looking for an interview.“He was sent away with a flea in his ear,” Dr. Walker said.
In a statement released later bythe University of Edinburgh, Dr. Higgs pronounced himself “overwhelmed,”saying, “I hope thisrecognition of fundamental science will help raise awareness of the value ofblue-sky research.”
The prize had been expected ever since physicists working at theLarge Hadron Collider announced on July 4, 2012, that they had discovered aparticle matching the description of the Higgs. Thousands of particle physicistsworked on the project,and for many of them the Nobel is a crowning validation.
Fabiola Gianotti, who led one of the teams at CERN, the EuropeanOrganization for Nuclear Research, called the prize “a great emotion and agreat satisfaction,” adding that it was nice that the experiments were cited inthe award. “The young physicists are superexcited.”
The Higgs was the last missing ingredient of the Standard Model, asuite of equations that has ruled particle physics for the last half-century,explaining everything from the smell of a rose to the ping when your computerboots up. According to this model, the universe brims with energy that actslike a cosmic molasses, imbuing the particles that move through it with mass,the way a bill moving through Congress attracts riders and amendments, becomingmore and more ponderous and controversial.
Without the Higgs field, many elementary particles, likeelectrons, would be massless and would zip around at the speed of light. Therewould be no atoms and no us.
For scientists, the discovery of the Higgs (as physicists call it)affirmed the view of a cosmos ruled by laws of almost diamond-like elegance andsimplicity, but in which everything interesting — like us — is a result oflapses or flaws in that elegance. That is the view that emerged in a period offeverish and tangled progress after World War II, in which the world’sphysicists turned their energies from war to looking under the hood of nature,using the tools of quantum field theory.
At the heart of this questwas an ancient idea, the concept of symmetry, and how it was present in thefoundations of physics but hidden in the world as we experience it. In art and nature, something is symmetrical if it looks the samewhen you move it one way or another, like a snowflake rotated 60 degrees; inscience and math, a symmetry is something that does not change when youtransform the system, like the length of an arrow when you turn it around orshoot it.
In 1954, the theorists ChenNing Yang and Robert L. Mills at the Brookhaven National Laboratory concludedthat all fundamental forces were the result of nature’s trying to maintainsymmetries — for example, the conservation of electric charge in the case ofelectromagnetism, or the conservation of momentum and energy in the case ofEinstein’s gravity.
By then, however, two more forces of nature had been added to theroster: the so-called weak nuclear force, responsible for some types ofradioactive decay, and the strong force, which holds atomic nuclei together. Inquantum field theory, forces are transmitted by bundles of energy calledbosons. By quantum rules, the mass of a boson is related to the range of theforce: the more massive the boson, the shorter its reach.
When the physicist Sheldon Glashow, now of Boston University,wrote down a theory in 1961 that explained the weak force and electromagnetismas manifestations of a single “electroweak” force, the math indicated that theparticles that transmitted the nuclear part of that force should be massless,like the photons that transmit light and can spread across the universe. Butthe nuclear forces barely reach across an atomic nucleus, suggesting that theircarriers should be among the most massive of elementary particles. How did thecarriers of the weak force become so massive while their brothers the photonsremained free and easy?
It was Yoichiro Nambu of the University of Chicago, who would wina Nobel in 2008, who suggested that the fault might lie not in the laws ofphysics but in how those laws play out in the real world. By a process calledsymmetry breaking, a situation that started out balanced can wind upunbalanced.
Imagine, for example, a pencil standing on its tip; it willeventually fall over and point only one way out of many possibilities. The massof the boson can be thought of as the energy released when the pencil falls.
In 1964, three papers by the different physicists showed how thiscould work by envisioning a kind of cosmic molasses filling space. Particlestrying to go through it would acquire mass.
The first to publish this idea were Dr. Englert and hiscolleague Robert Brout, who died in 2011. Dr.Englert was born in Etterbeek, Belgium, in 1932, and he studied engineering andphysics at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, emerging with a Ph.D. in 1959.While a research associate at Cornell, he bonded with Dr. Brout, a professorthere. When Dr. Englert returned to Belgium, Dr. Brout went with him.
While they were working on their paper, Dr. Higgs, a youngtheorist born in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, was working on his own versionof the theory.
His paper was rejected by the journal Physics Letters, whichwas published at CERN, as having no relevance to physics. So he rewrote it andsent it to a rival journal, Physical Review Letters. Along the way he added aparagraph at the end, noting that the theory predicted a new particle, aspinless creature of indeterminate mass, which would become famous as the Higgsboson.
That paper was accepted with the proviso that he mention Dr.Englert and Dr. Brout’s paper, which had beaten him into print by seven weeks.
Meanwhile, three other physicists — Tom Kibble of ImperialCollege, London; Carl Hagen of the University of Rochester; and Gerald Guralnikof Brown University — were writing their own paper. Just as they were about to send it in, mail that had beendelayed by a postal strike came in, containing journals with the other twopapers, the one by Dr. Higgs and the one by Dr. Englert and Dr. Brout.
The groups and their friends have been arguing ever since overexactly who did and said what. In 2004, Dr. Higgs, Dr. Brout and Dr. Englertwon the Wolf Prize, considered an important forerunner of the Nobel. In 2010,all six physicists shared the Sakurai Prize of the American Physical Society,another big award. Dr. Brout might logically have shared the Nobel if he werealive today; the prize is not awarded posthumously.
The Higgs boson became a big deal after Steven Weinberg made itthe linchpin in a 1967 paper that unified the electromagnetic and weak forcesalong the lines proposed by Dr. Glashow earlier, earning himself a share of the1979 Nobel Prize.
Along the way, the Higgs boson achieved a presence in pop culturerare in abstract physics. To the eternal dismay of his colleagues, LeonLederman, the former director of Fermilab, called it the “God particle” in hisbook of the same name, written with Dick Teresi. (He later said that he hadwanted to call it the “goddamn particle.”) Journalists and the news media couldnot resist the nickname, however, and many particle physicists grudginglyadmitted that the name had brought a dose of drama and public excitement to afield almost breathtakingly austere and abstract.
The July 4 announcement last year ended that tension. That day wasalso the first time that Dr. Higgs and Dr. Englert had ever met. Indeed, thenewly discovered boson so far fits the theoretical predictions so well thatphysicists are a little dismayed. They were hoping for a surprise or two thatwould tell them how to improve on the Standard Model.
The award on Tuesday sets the stage for the Swedish academy tofigure out someday how to recognize the 10,000 scientists who built the LargeHadron Collider and sifted 2,000 trillion subatomic fireballs for a few dozentraces of the precious godlike particle.
“We are of course thrilled — the first big discovery of theL.H.C., for which we built the giant machine and detectors,” said MariaSpiropulu, a professor at the California Institute of Technology and a memberof one of the CERN teams that tracked the Higgs particle down. “For theexperimentalists,” she added, “we are kind of used to being excluded from theNobel.”
The Nobel Prize inPhysics 2013 was awarded jointly to François Englert and Peter W. Higgs "forthe theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understandingof the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmedthrough the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS andCMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider"
2012年7月4日两个科学家第一次见面的情况
François Englert andPeter Higgs meet for the first time, at CERN when the discovery of a Higgsparticle was announced to the world on 4 July 2012.
Nobel Prize-winning scientist Prof Peter Higgs has revealed he did not know he had won the award until a woman congratulated him in the street.
Prof Higgs, who does not own a mobile phone, said a former neighbour had pulled up in her car as he was returning from lunch in Edinburgh.
He added: "She congratulated me on the news and I said 'oh, what news?'"
The woman had been alerted by her daughter in London that Prof Higgs had won the award, he revealed.
He added: "I heard more about it obviously when I got home and started reading the messages."
The 84-year-old emeritus professor at the University of Edinburgh was recognised by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for his work on the theory of the particle which shares his name, the Higgs boson.
He shares this year's physics prize with Francois Englert of Belgium, and joins the ranks of past Nobel winners including Marie Curie and Albert Einstein.
Watch: David Shukman profiles the "shy but brilliant" Peter Higgs
'God particle'
The existence of the so-called "God particle", said to give matter its substance, or mass, was proved almost 50 years later by a team from the European nuclear research facility (Cern) and its Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in Geneva, Switzerland.
Speaking for the first time about the award at a media conference at the University of Edinburgh, he said: "How do I feel? Well, obviously I'm delighted and rather relieved in a sense that it's all over. It has been a long time coming."
An old friend told him he had been nominated as far back as 1980, he said.
Prof Higgs added: "In terms of later events, it seemed to me for many years that the experimental verification might not come in my lifetime.
"But since the start up of the LHC it has been pretty clear that they would get there, and despite some mishaps they did get there".
Stressing the involvement of other theorists and Cern, he added: "I think clearly they should, but it is going to be even more difficult for the Nobel Committee to allocate the credit when it comes to an organisation like Cern.
"I should remind you that although only two of us have shared this prize, Francois Englert of Brussels and myself, that the work in 1964 involved three groups of people, (including) two in Brussels.
"Unfortunately Robert Brout died a few years ago so is no longer able to be awarded the prize, but he would certainly have been one of the winners if he had still been alive.
"But there were three others who also contributed and it is already difficult to allocate the credit amongst the theorists.
"Although a lot of people seem to think I did all this single-handed, it was actually part of a theoretical programme which had been started in 1960."
Landmark research
Prof Higgs was born in Newcastle, but developed his theory while working at the University of Edinburgh.
The landmark research that defined what was to become known as the Higgs boson was published in 1964.
Discovering the particle became one of the most sought-after goals in science, and the team of scientists behind the $10bn LHC at Cern made proving its existence a key priority.
In July of last year, physicists at Cern confirmed the discovery of a particle consistent with the Higgs boson.
Prof Higgs, who had often been uncomfortable with the attention his theory brought, was in Geneva to hear the news, and wiped a tear from his eye as the announcement was made.
Reacting to the discovery at the time, he told reporters: "It's very nice to be right sometimes."
This year's Nobel Prizes are being unveiled this week. Are there any predictors that point to who will be selected? Here's George Beadle's (medicine, 1958) response: "Study diligently. Respect DNA. Don't smoke. Don't drink. Avoid women and politics. That's my formula."
Is precocity in childhood a predictor? When the 2001 economics laureate, George Akerlof, was in second grade, he was asked what he wanted for Christmas, and he said, "A steel mill." Asked the same question by his scientist father, Roger Kornberg (chemistry, 2006) said, "A week in the lab."
But early privilege is not essential. Mario Capecchi (medicine, 2007) was an abandoned child on the streets of wartime Italy. Albert Camus (literature, 1957) grew up fatherless, in poverty in Algiers.
In addition to childhood hardship, many Nobel laureates, men and women, at some point in their lives suffered imprisonment. Nelson Mandela (peace, 1993) set a record with his 27 years in prison in South Africa. Autobiographies show that prison strengthened the convictions of future laureates and toughened their resolution.
Childhood deprivation and adult imprisonment are, however, atypical. The typical Nobel laureate in science is a male, born in a Western country into a middle-class family. His father is a professional, manager or professor. His family is Protestant, agnostic or Jewish. His parents seek out good K-12 schools for him, and he proceeds to a good university. He receives his doctoral degree before he is 25 and undertakes post-doctoral work under a Nobel-level supervisor. He does his groundbreaking research in his late 30s or early 40s, for which he is awarded the Nobel Prize 15 years later.
Rosalind Yalow (medicine, 1977) told women, "You can have it all!" But only 43 of 862 laureates have been women. The prizes got their start in 1901, before women won universal suffrage in most nations, let alone an equal share of education. In the sciences, even in contemporary times, the difficulty of combining motherhood with experiments that have to be checked at 3 a.m. has channeled many women into teaching universities rather than research institutes.
In their autobiographies, many Nobel laureates pay tribute to an outstanding mentor. Five of Enrico Fermi's (physics, 1938) post-docs went on to win the Nobel Prize, and 12 of Ernest Rutherford's (chemistry, 1908). Otto Warburg (medicine, 1931) advised an American doctoral student, "If you wish to become a scientist, you must ask a successful scientist to accept you in his laboratory, even if at the beginning you would only clean his test tubes."
Is eccentricity a concomitant of Nobel-level genius? In fact, laureates are mostly down-to-earth and unpretentious. In the United States, 44% of marriages end in divorce. Among Nobel laureates in the 20th century, the rate was 11%. Much time and energy are saved by a stable family life. Naturally there are exceptions. Erwin Schrödinger (physics, 1933) lived for some years in a middle-class Dublin suburb with his wife and his mistress, while simultaneously carrying on affairs with his students and fathering children with two other Irish women.
There remains one quality that is essential. It is what Leon Lederman (physics, 1988) called "compulsive dedication." What distinguishes Nobel laureates is passion for their work, work that engages their hearts as well as their heads.
Let the example of Marie Curie (physics, 1903; chemistry, 1911) and her husband Pierre (physics, 1903) stand for the experience of many others. The Curies became convinced that radium could be isolated from the mineral pitchblende. The Sorbonne assigned them a shed with a leaking roof and a dirt floor, where the Curies worked for years, freezing in winter and sweltering in summer.
"And yet," Marie Curie wrote in her biography of her husband, "it was in this miserable old shed that the best and happiest years of our life were spent, entirely consecrated to work. I sometimes passed the whole day stirring a mass in ebullition, with an iron rod nearly as big as myself. In the evening I was broken with fatigue…. We worked in the unique preoccupation of a dream."
This experience — being utterly immersed in and dedicated to a task of great significance — is common to all Nobel laureates, and it is cherished by them as much as the prize itself.
David Pratt compiled "The Impossible Takes Longer: The 1,000 Wisest Things Ever Said by Nobel Prize Laureates."
PS: Postscript*** Add-on note for my posts: 各位有缘人【总之就是正在看着屏幕的您！】，[em:3:] blessings! “己所不欲，勿施於人”，實質就是換位思考、尊重別人的利益 = decency。I wrote all my posts based on what I read online, a way of taking break, a routine of daily activity. I can't write anything without this fabric of other's writing, an inspiration that triggers my own motivation to write. Copy/paste the original article provides me with a context to track down where I got the idea, a way to credit back to those writers.“己所不欲，勿施於人”，實質就是換位思考、尊重別人的利益 -You're free to quote my writing. If you're objected to my quotation, can you let me know so I can correct it? Thanks.
Reference: I'd credit the original source of my inspiration to write this post by citing the entire article above, only for academic/teaching purpose, but not for commercial purpose - making and promoting any products. I use both URL (URL is an acronym for Uniform Resource Locator and is a reference (an address) to a resource on the Internet. A URL has two main components: Protocol identifier: For the URL http://example.com , the protocol identifier is http . Resource name: For the URL http://example.com , the resource name is example.com .) and the entire article for my electronic library as URL is drifted with time, so it's hard to find the original citation. Let me know if you're objected to my citation of your article - I'd act accordingly. Thanks so much for your attention.
~~~~~~~~~
add-on note: I've practiced to copy/paste the entire document of my reference to the post I referred to as above to avoid the below problem. It's hectic to do, but it's good for readers. You can see why below.
A common problem with many Chinese Language websites
In re-reading some of my older blog articles, I have found the following problem with many Chinese language websites. When my article gave reference to material associated with my article, e.g., a website, the Chinese website do not archive old news reports. Instead one finds the website referenced has new stories featured that has nothing to do with my article. The old article referenced by me has disappeared and nowhere to be found. There is nothing I can do about this. On the other hand, international news sites such as CNN or NY Times has a distinct reference for each page of content featured. Reader can always see it even if the content is ten years old. I hope ScienceNet reader and the general public can urge these Chinese websites to change their practice. After all, these days computer memory to a first approximation cost nothing.
本博网编者园地个人点滴时空轨迹：满足本个人不同时空 (on travel, on silent, with the public, being alone, staring the sky, feel blue) 阅读需求，本个人探讨国内国际动态，本个人版块解读态势，呈现本个人立体环境。偶而在于传递更多信息(If you swing by for drop-in visit of my blog webpage)。欢迎关注评论指正转载 - 本个人择善固执, 因此不敬之处请原谅。
((择善固执-- I've read many classic books of thinkers and some of them were read many times. Still feel not much has changed in me by reading those books. In the end, we are who we are, and intentional molding and self-help are of little use. Personality determines fate, and personality is of 90% hereditary, so our fate and destiny were pretty much decided when we were born. Sorry for being little pessimistic. ))
??????????????<????ý???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????綥??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????й??????õ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????9?????????????????????????????????????ideas????????4????????????????????????????????????û??????????as????????????????????ideas are cheap????????????й????????????deas???ideas?????????????????
??: "2009??? Guralnik??????????????The History of the Guralnik, Hagen and Kibble development of the Theory of Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and Gauge Particles????????????ζ???????????????????????????B????????о???????????????????û??????they did not form a serious challenge to our work.????
G????EB??????????????????????????????????????û?????????????Hagen???????EB??????????????淶c??????GHK?????????????c???????????Goldstone???????????????In a sense EB and H solved half of the problem ?? namely massifying the gauge particle. GHK solved an entire problem ?? massifying and also showing how the deadening hand of the Goldstone theorem is avoided.???? G????????????????????????GHK???????·?????????An unbiased reading of all the papers should make it clear that GHK is the result of an entirely independent train of thought.???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????·?????????????????????????????????????????ô????????While we were too innocent in our slowness to publish and in the way the referencing was included, we never thought that this would in any way affect????GHK??B????????ο???????? ??????????http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-279992-731275.html
???????? (?????????????????ο?????That's an expert's prose! I got move it up in my portfolio of references literature. So much to learn, so little time!) [??]?????????????û???????????? ?? 140 ????2013-10-10 17:31 |????????|????????????????
??????(2013-10-11 00:58)??????}?Σ?????????????}????Linus Pauling got twice, different categories. Madam Curie got twice. "?????????????????????Marie Curie and Pierre Curie?????????1903??????????????????????Marie Curie???8??????911????????????" (??????????http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-212210-731640.html ). So, it's hard to tell; let time take the course. Perhaps, Yang Chen Ning may make the oldest age record of getting a Noble (second time). Do you want to bet?
??????(2013-10-11 00:40)??????????£??????????????????Go on, continue to expand writing story please! We the public need someone with your caliber to tell what is your field of physics about. If you don't, nobody will do in a way you can explain. Your unique perspective is valuable to the public! However, please try to use the lay language at the level to make it simple to illustrate your complex physics. Thanks!
??????(2013-10-10 13:03)??"???????û???YANG-MILLS???????????????????????(1)?淶???????????????????????YANG-MILLS????" ?????????, ????????£??????????????????????????????????????????????Isaac Asimov, one of the most prolific writers of all time, having written or edited more than 500 books and an estimated 90,000 letters and postcards, said that nowadays 96% of our writing either directly or indirectly borrowed from others. It's up to a writer to give such credits to the original sources. I wonder if someone asked Higgs, "Did you read Yang's articles?" What will he say?
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