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[转载]英文写作中的最常见“十大句式”
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本文提供的十大句式主要包括“否定句、非限制性定语从句、让步状语从句、It引导的从句、假设句、倒装句、强调句、比较句、插入语、原因句”。这“十大句式”具有一定的普遍性。事实上，“十大句式”在阅读论文和论文写作中出现的频率相当高，也是广大科研人员非常熟悉的句式。一旦科研人员熟练地掌握了它们的用法，就能根据内容表达的需要，随时派上用场。
对科研人员来讲，用英文进行科技论文的写作只是一种表达的方式，英文只是一种表达的工具，平时较少关注如何运用多种句式的意识，因此多数科研人员以自己头脑中拼凑的中式英语取而代之，往往想不到运用这些句式。哪些感觉句子写起来挥洒自如的科研人员，其中或多或少地在使用十大句式，在一定程度上说明他们头脑中已经培养起句式写作潜意识。这“十大句式”中除了否定句、倒装句、插入语一般可以写成简单句以外，其它6到7句都属于复合句，占到总数的三分之二以上。换句话说，如果科研人员能运用十大句式正确地写出句子，那么不仅复杂句的数量就可以达到6到7分规定的要求，而且句式呈现多样化，复合句和简单句交错使用，大大增强文章表达效果。
一、否定句
许多否定句中并不含有not的否定结构。如果作者能在论文中正确使用他们，就会增加写作的闪光点，使文章显得生动活泼。
1、Instead of indulging in playing computer games, children should be taught how to benefit from useful information on the internet.(Instead of 介词短语，副词)
2、On no account (Under no circumstances)can we ignore the immense value of knowledge.(绝不——in no way, by no means, in no case)
3、College students take part-time jobs not for more money but for a better understanding of societies.
4、One’s salary does not dependso much on his educational background as on hisability and contribution to the society.
5、In terms of nutrition, fast foodies far from satisfactory.
6、Parents would not expecttheir children to become useful persons without working hard.
二、非限制性定语从句
如果需要对前述的整个句子内容进行解释或说明，就可以用到非限制性定语从句。
1、Undoubtedly, practical courses can beused to the reality, which is of vital importance to theirdevelopment in the future.
2、Children tend to imitate what they haveseen and heard on mass media, which is sometimes dangerous and harmful.
3、The majority of students believe that part-time jobs will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.
三、让步句
让步句是写论文最常用的句式之一，作者务必掌握以下4种用法，可以使英文句子起伏跌宕，富于变化。
1、This view is widely acknowledged；however，there is little evidence that smoking is beneficial to people’s health.
2、Although(While) the computer has been widely used inclass, it cannot replace the role of teachers.
3、Reasonable as the opinion sounds, itcannot bear much analysis.
4、In spite of a lot of conveniences that cars bring to people’slife, it can create a series of serious problems.
四、It引导的句子
It引导的句子是写作中使用频率最高的句式。作者应熟练掌握其用法，并能灵活运用到文章的开篇、主体段和结尾段中。
1、It is hard to imagine what our life would look like without computers in modern society.
2、It is conceivable that being physically active does good to health.
3、It is a highly controversial issue whether women should join the armed forces or not.
4、It is universally acknowledged that water and air are indispensable to human beings.
5、It is essential that endangered species ofanimals be protected against being killed.
6、It is high time that the government took effective measures to solve these problems.
7、It has been made easier for modern people to communicate with each other by the internet in a few seconds.
8、It is worth caring about the way a child behaves.
9、It is no use crying over the spilt milk.
10、It has been a few decades since the computer came into being.
五、假设句
假设句可分为真实假设句和非真实假设句两种。常用在主体段落表示正、反论证。
1、If we destroy old buildings, then we willruin the traditional culture and heritage.(条件假设)
2、You would miss the chance to interact with other students if you used internet at home.
3、Once you change your present job, you will be faced withthe danger of being unemployed.
六、倒装句
在写作中恰当和准确地使用倒装句，有助于句子表达形式的多样化，使语言更加生动有力。
1、Only in this way can the problem be tackled properly.(部分倒装——助动词或情态动词提到主语前)
2、Only when children take arduous efforts can they become successful.(部分倒装)
3、Not only does studying in school serve academic purpose, but students learn how to handle interpersonal relations. (部分倒装——助动词或情态动词提到主语前，形成助动词+主语+谓语动词)
4、Under no circumstances should youngsters follow negative information on mass media blindly.
5、So valuable is water that we cannot afford to waste it.(So that语句中，so+完全倒装+that，或主谓倒装)
6、Nowadays, most dangerous for youngsters is the tendency to indulge in playing PC games.
七、强调句
写作时为了突出句子的某一成分，常常使用强调句。
1、It is for the benefit of maintaining the ecological balance that human beings ought to protect the endangered animal species.
2、It is not until people suffer from some fatal diseases such as SARS and AIDS that they are becoming aware of how significant it is for the government to invest more money in medical care.
3、Nothing in the world is more valuable than health.
八、比较句
正确地使用比较结构可以使文章的句式增加变化，有利于提高写作成绩。
1、Studies show that juvenile delinquency rates are twice as high for youngsters from single-parent families as for those in traditional households.（同级比较）研究表明来自单亲家庭的青少年犯罪率是来自传统家庭的两倍。
2、Generally speaking, people in moderntimes enjoy less leisure time than they did previously.（比较级）一般说来，现代人比过去享有更少的休闲时间。
3、Compared with those with different abilities, children with intelligence do more well in their school work and intelligence tests. 与不同能力的孩子相比，聪明的孩子在学业和智力测验方面表现更加突出。
4、Contrary to pop stars, other professionals like doctors and teachers create the true value for their society.与明星不同，其他专业人员如医生和教师为社会创造了真正的价值。
5、Air is to human what (as) water is to fish. 空气对人类就如同水对鱼一样。
九、插入语
插入语是对一句话做一些附加说明或解释。最常见的位置于句中,一般用逗号或破折号与句子隔开。用得恰当，不仅可以增加字数，而且使文章更显地道和精彩。
1、Computers, most important of all, create wide communication around the world.
2、Providing more parking areas, in the long run, has proved to be a practical way out in many large cities in the world.
3、Observing local culture, consciously and unconsciously, can reduce the chance of offending the locals, or it will lead to the embarrassment and even conflict.
4、Space exploration, some people believe, will bring some unexpected discoveries.
十、原因句
几乎所有的写作试题都要求写原因或者可以写原因。议论文的讲道理实际就是说明原因。因此，掌握好表达原因的结构是十分重要的。
1、Violent films can do harm to youngpeople, because they contains numerous negative information.
2、Human beings are chiefly responsible for wild animal extinction.
3、We should attribute(ascribe) medical advances to the animals which do substantial contributions to the experiment.
4、Because of overpopulation, water shortage has become one ofthe most serious problems.
5、Owing to the fierce competition in today’s world, a great many young people find themselves under great pressure.
结语：句式变换直接影响到论文写作的成败。在此，衷心希望“十大句式”能为广大科技论文科研人员提供一条快速、高效的提高句式写作的途径，真正做到学以致用，“以不变应万变”。
http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-1813407-1003288.html
应试考试记忆英语单词
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人大脑的记忆规律
德国哲学先驱康德在《纯粹理性批判》中论述了人的认知事物的过程：人对事物的认知分为感性(perceptual)、知性(intellectual)、理性(rational)三个过程。就词汇认知来说，个人认为记忆一个陌生单词要先使它成为被动词汇，再转化为主动词汇。陌生单词到被动单词是感性认识阶段，被动单词到主动单词是知性和理性认识的阶段。也就是说记忆单词的过程就是让更多的陌生单词变成被动单词，让更多的被动单词变成主动单词的过程。
陌生单词-----（感性认识）----->被动单词----（知性、理性认识）------->主动单词
很多人在第一次背单词时就想背下来它所有的方面，包括拼写、多个含义、用法等诸多特性，通常是反反复复看几个词，忘的也快。要想刚认识一个单词就直接上升到理性认知阶段是不太可能的，而是需遵循大脑的记忆规律先将陌生单词转化为被动单词形成感性认识。而感性地认识某个陌生的单词需要做到多次在不同的地方见到同一个词，见得多了自然也就记住了。
感性认识——“找”单词、“看”单词
考虑到我们的考试中除“作文”部分外，其他部分并不考察单词的拼写，因此，建议大家在复习单词的时候要以“见到英文想起中文、相近词辨析、单词造句”为目标，先“找”单词，然后“看单词”。
“找”单词找的就是陌生单词。具体的做法是拿到一本词汇书，从头到尾仔细浏览一遍，浏览过程中把已经认识的单词删去，只剩下陌生词汇。“看”单词的具体操作法是每个单词看30秒左右，重点关注发音、词性、释义(每个词性一个释义)、例句(每个词性一个例句)，其中中文释义要看得快，例句要看得慢。如果这个单词是前些天看过几遍的单词，可快速掠过。
在第一次记一个单词的时候只要求成为被动词汇，再次看到它时即使不能立刻想起其意思，但也肯定知道以前背过，再去查查词典加深印象。这些高频常用词复现多次，自然而然能转化成主动词汇，到了该用的地方就能自然而然地想起怎么使用。
知性、理性认识——“背”单词
有人会问：“我昨天看了好几十个单词，今天一看全忘了，怎么办？”。这个问题直接表明你犯了两个错误：第一个错误，单词看一遍是肯定记不住的，要看的遍数多，每次看得快。同样是花三分钟看一个词，一次连看三分钟和连续十天每天看一次、每次二十秒，结果完全不同；第二个错误，检测单词是否记住，靠的是读文章，也就语感和上下文的语境，不是靠中文释义对应来检测。所以这里指的“背”单词并不是说单纯的死记硬背，建议大家把单词放在阅读中去，以文代词，结合上下文语境去“背”单词，自然而然就能记住。
具体的做法是多做阅读材料尤其是真题，将文中的陌生词汇查找出来，然后逐一标注其重点含义、常用搭配等，整理成册反复记忆。
当然也不要认为可以让所有背过的单词都成为主动词汇，一门语言中的主动词汇只占一个人这门语言整体词汇量的小部分，母语亦是如此。
总结
记单词贵在坚持。在记单词的第一个月最为艰难，每个人都处在记了忘、忘了记的状态。只要挺过这段艰难的时期，记完了一个级别词汇的大部分，对常见的词根词缀有了一定的了解之后，再往后扩展就会发现顺利得多，就像滚雪球原理。
最后推荐一个看词汇书做时间预算的方法。先把词汇书看一部分，每天看完后在这一页的最下面记录下当天的日期时间，根据花去的时间、看过的页数和整本书的页码折算出看完整本书所需的时间记录到词汇书的最后一页。但是，随着时间的推移，看书速度会提高，当第二次做预算的时候时间会缩短，之后再进行第三次预算，最后会发现看完这本书所需的时间会远远短于预算时在最后一页写下的实际完成时间，这能极大地提高学习自信。
Some Tricks or Tips
1. 短单词按照词根来记忆，长单词按照发音来记忆
2. 每个单词的每个词性记一个含义，各词性记一个例句
3. 同一单词，不同的转换形式，记一个即可
4. 陌生单词查一下英英翻译，或搜索图件进行图形记忆
5. 具有相同suffix，prefix的词，可以归类到一块记忆
6. 意思相近的词，可以归类到一块记忆
http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-1813407-922222.html
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