Substance dependence 毒品/药物依赖

Substance-related disorders毒品或药物相关的障碍(二)

Substance use disorders毒品/药物使用障碍

Substance dependence毒品/药物依赖
A maladaptive pattern of substance use, leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by three (or more) of the following, occurring at any time in the same 12-month period:
不良的毒品/药物使用模式,导致显著的功能损伤或困难,在一年内出现以下三项或以上现象的发生:

(1) tolerance, as defined by either of the following:
耐受,以下任何一项出现
(a) a need for markedly increased amounts of the substance to achieve intoxication or desired effect
需要显著增加毒品/药物的用量来到达中毒或想要的效果
(b) markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance
使用相同用量的毒品/药物所到达的效果显著减弱

(2) withdrawal, as manifested by either of the following:
戒断现象,以下任何一项出现
(a) the characteristic withdrawal syndrome for the substance (refer to Criteria A and B of the criteria sets for withdrawal from the specific substances)
出现该毒品/药物特有的戒断症状(见该毒品/药物的戒断指标A和B)
(b) the same (or a closely related) substance is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms
需要使用该毒品/药物(或几乎相同)的毒品/药物来减轻或避免戒断症状

(3) the substance is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended
需要长期大量的使用该毒品/药物

(4) there is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control substance use
对该毒品/药品的持续渴望,或无法减少使用,或无法控制使用

(5) a great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain the substance (e.g., visiting multiple doctors or driving long distances), use the substance (e.g., chain-smoking), or recover from its effects
花费大量时间在获取这些毒品/药品上(如看不同的医生为了处方,开很长的车程去获取)和使用它们(如一根接一根地抽烟),或者花费大量时间在使用后的恢复上

(6) important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of substance use
因为毒品/药物的使用导致取消或减少重要的社交,工作,健身活动

(7) the substance use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by the substance (e.g., current cocaine use despite recognition of cocaine-induced depression, or continued drinking despite recognition that an ulcer was made worse by alcohol consumption)
尽管知道使用毒品/药物会导致身体上某些疾病的持续和复发,或引起心理上某些问题的发生或恶化(如:可卡因会导致忧郁,喝酒使溃疡恶化),也继续使用.