受虐妇女辩护的理论与实践

The Theory & Practice of Battered Women’s Defenses

作者：Sarah Buel 教授（德克萨斯大学法学院）

Based on:

根据：

Sarah M. Buel, Effective Assistance of Counsel for Battered Women Defendants: A Normative Construct, 26 Harv. Wom. L.J. 217 (2003)

Sarah M. Buel，

《对受虐妇女被告的有效辩护:一个标准化建构》－《哈佛妇女法律杂志》第26期，217页（2003）

Lexicon of Defense Options

辩护选择词典

A.   Battered women’s advocates have tried to eliminate use of term “battered women’s defense” to avoid idea of expecting special treatment.

       受虐妇女的辩护人试图不再使用“受虐妇女辩护”这个术语，免得被人认为期求特殊对待。

B.   Traditional SELF-DEFENSE doctrine is often more effective.

       传统的自卫条例常常更有效。

II. Premised on Law of Self-Defense,   在自卫法的前提下

A person is justified in using deadly force against another to the degree she reasonably believes that deadly force is immediately necessary to protect herself against the other%27s use or attempted use of unlawful deadly force or to prevent the other%27s imminent commission of aggravated kidnapping, murder, sexual assault, aggravated sexual assault, robbery, or aggravated robbery.

Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 9.31.

一个人有理由向他人使用致命武力，只要她有理由相信她只有马上这样做，才能保护自己免受他人使用（或企图使用）的非法致命武力的伤害。或者是为了防止他人即将进行的加重的绑架、谋杀、性侵犯、抢劫或加重的抢劫。

Question: Was homicide or assault defendant a battered woman whose mental state or  perceptions were affected by the abuse?

       提问：犯杀人或侵害罪的被告是精神状态或认知被虐待影响的受虐妇女吗？

This fact question may arise in a prosecution for homicide or assault in which defendant admits having committed the act  but defends on the ground either that she acted in self-defense, or that the abuse caused her conduct.

这个事实问题在那些被告承认犯了杀人或侵害行为的诉讼中被提出来。但都以被告是进行自卫或是虐待导致了被告的行为予以辩护。

III. Allowing evidence of sujbectivestate of mind: A. State v. Wanrow (Wa. 1978).

    容许主观意识状态作为证据： 万柔案件

Wanrow shot William Wesler, a man much larger than herself, who had entered the home in which Ms. Wanrow was staying, unexpectedly, without permission of the occupants, intoxicated, and under circumstances suggesting the existence of a real threat to the safety of the children and women occupying the home. Petitioner was convicted of 2nd degree murder, but her conviction was reversed on appeal. We affirmed that reversal on the ground that certain evidence was improperly admitted at trial.

万柔枪杀了威斯勒。威斯勒块头比万柔大得多，他醉醺醺地，未获得允许就毫无预警地进入了万柔的房子。在这种情况下，室内的万柔及其孩子面临的危险真实存在。万柔被判二级谋杀罪，但是这项判决在上诉法庭被推翻。我们赞成上诉法庭的决定，因为在初审时，某些证据未被恰当地采纳。

State v. Wanrow万柔案件:

Court also said jury was not properly instructed on Ms. Wanrow%27s defense of self-defense. We emphasized that Ms. Wanrow, a small woman who was partially disabled at the time & whose children were present in the home, must be allowed to present to the jury her perception of the situation that night, "including those perceptions which were the product of our nation%27s %27long and unfortunate history of sex discrimination.%27

       法庭还认为：陪审团在万柔地自卫辩护中得到的指示有欠妥当。

       我们要强调的是：万柔体格较小，还有些残疾，并且当时孩子在场，因此她必须被准许向陪审团陈述她对当晚情形的认知。

       “还包括那些由我们国家‘长期的不幸的性别歧视’造成的认知”

1st Case applying BWS: State v.

Kelly (N.J., 1984) held:

BWS was relevant to honesty & reasonableness of defendant%27s belief that she was in imminent danger of death or serious injury and was appropriate subject for expert testimony; defendant%27s expert%27s conclusions were sufficiently reliable under New Jersey%27s standards for scientific testimony; defendant%27s expert was sufficiently qualified; &exclusion of battered woman%27s testimony required reversal and remand for new trial.

       第一起应用受虐妇女综合症的凯利案件认为：

受虐妇女综合症与被告认为自己即将处于死亡或重大伤害的危险中这一信念的诚实性和合理性相关联。受虐妇女综合症是专家证言的恰当主题。在新泽西州科学证言标准下，被告的专家结论是完全可以信赖的；被告的专家是完全有资格的；由于未使用受虐妇女的证言，因此判决被推翻，法庭还被要求重新审理案件。

Battered Women Syndrome

受虐妇女综合症(BWS)

BWS is not a defense, but rather A PATTERN of SYMPTOMS USED TO DESCRIBE THE EFFECTS of ABUSE on the VICTIM. BWS was coined by Dr. Lenore Walker to help juries understand the rationality of battered women’s conduct. But growing concerns about the misuse of BWS. Most states now accept BWS。

69% of states admit testimony on BWS；

12 states mandate by statute that BWS testimony be admitted in self-defense cases；

39 states permit expert testimony to show defendant fits BWS；

Initially BWS hailed as helpful, but Some adhere too strictly to BWS reliance on the CYCLE Theory, holding there are 3 phases in abusive(1. ) Tension Building； (2.)  Explosive Incident; and (3.)  Honeymoon or contrite behavior relationship:

受虐妇女综合症不是辩护根据，而是各种症状的样板，用于描述虐待对受虐者产生的影响。

沃克博士印证了受虐妇女综合症能帮助陪审团理解受虐妇女行为的合理性这一点

但越来越担心对受虐妇女综合症的滥用

大多数的州现在接受受虐妇女综合症

       69％的州准许使用受虐妇女综合症

       12个州的法令要求在自卫的案件中准许使用受虐妇女综合症

       39个州准许专家作证，证明被告符合受虐妇女综合症。

最初使用受虐妇女综合症很有帮助，但一些人太过遵守受虐妇女综合症对“循环理论”的依赖关系，认为在虐待关系中有三个阶段

      (1. )日趋紧张期

      (2.) 爆炸性事件

      (3.)平静期或悔悟引行为

Cycle Theory problematic because Less than half of victims found it accurate;  + Some courts want facts to strictly adhere to cycle theory’s sequence or they will not find the defendant was a battered woman.

“循环理论”很有问题，因为：不到一半的受害者认为它是准确的；一些法庭要求事实与循环理论的步骤严格吻合，否则他们将不把被告视为受虐妇女。

e.g. Thigpen v. State (Ga. 2001)

Court said that violence perpetrated against woman by her ex-husband did not span a prolonged period of time as required by BWS. Therefore, she could not use BWS to explain why she killed her husband within a year of the abuse starting. Thigpen court continued,

Her “swift response in seeking a restraining order . . . falls far short of demonstrating the ‘psychological paralysis’ that is the hallmark of BWS.” This shows hypocrisy of criticizing those who don’t take immediate action against batterer, but punishing those who do.

       塞格朋案

法庭称：该妇女的前夫对她的暴力行为未能持续施虐妇女综合症要求的那么长的时间。因此，她不能使用受虐妇女综合症来解释她为何在暴力开始后的一年内就把她的丈夫杀害了。

塞格朋的审判法院继续道：

       她申请限制令的迅速反应远不能证明“心理瘫痪”这一受虐妇女综合症的特点。

       这显示了一种伪善：那些对施虐者不立即采取行动的妇女被批评，然而采取了行动的妇女却被惩罚了。

State v. Hagerty    (Tenn. 2002)

Trial court said that battered woman had voluntarily stayed in bad relationship, so no need to have expert explain her behavior. But Court of Appeals said that an expert should be permitted to explain why she had stayed. Walker says battered women engage in LEARNED HELPLESSNESS She defines this as a victim’s learned, but mistaken belief that she is not powerful enough to escape.

Problems with learned helplessness:

Many survivors are insulted by this concept. It infers volition; that battered women stay in violent relationships even with appealing options.

This ignores the myriad economic, social, psychological + legal obstacles victims face.

BWS may offer demeaning portrayals of abuse victims that are inaccurate & highly prejudicial.

BWS essentializes the definition of woman; making it hard to defend anyone not fitting the model of “perfect woman.”

海格提案件

初审法庭称：受虐妇女是自愿留在暴力关系当中的，所以没有必要让专家解释她的行为。但是上诉法庭称应准许专家解释为何她留下了沃克博士说受虐妇女陷入习得性无助她把受虐者认为自己没有足够的能力逃脱的这个观念定义为是习得的但却是错误的观念。与习得性无助有关的问题一些幸存者被这个概念所侮辱这推断出选择；尽管面对诱人的选择，受虐妇女仍呆在暴力关系中。这忽略了受虐者面临得无数经济、社会、精神及法律障碍。

受虐妇女综合症描述受虐妇女时可能会贬低她们，这些描述可能不准确，还可能带有非常大的偏见。受虐妇女综合症精炼了妇女的定义；使得很难为那些不符合“完美女人”标准的被告进行辩护

3. BWS tends perpetuate race + class

    Stereotypes

Worst against Black women as hostile, over-bearing, sexually promiscuous, tough;  Prof. Shelby Moore argues this makes it hard for Black women to receive fair trial;Judges & jurors may blame the victim for the abuse + assume she could have left.

受虐妇女综合症会使种族和阶层的陈见长期存在对黑人妇女成见最深。黑人妇女被认为是充满敌意的，专横的，性关系混杂的，凶恶的。摩尔教授争论道：这使得黑人妇女很难获得公正的审判。法官和陪审团成员会将虐待归咎于受虐者。他们认为她本可以离开。

D.  Positive Use of BWS to explain积极地使用受虐妇女综合症来解释：

1.    Why woman may perceive imminent, life-threatening danger when a man would not;

       为何妇女会认知到迫近的，威胁生命的危险，而男性不能；

2.    Why abuse victim stayed with batterer;

       为何受虐者留在施虐者身边

3.    Why she may have committed crimes to appease her batterer; or

       为何她可能为了满足施虐者而犯罪

4.    Any other seemingly irrational behavior.

       其他看起来不理性的行为。

BWS used in domestic violence & child abuse prosecutions:

用于家庭暴力和儿童虐待诉讼中的受虐妇女综合症

In State v. Searles, 141 N.H. 224, 680 A.2d 612, 57 A.L.R.5th 819 (1996),

held that trial court properly admitted expert testimony on the domestic-violence syndrome

       where 2 key prosecution witnesses in an assault prosecution, the wife + daughter of the defendant, had downplayed their injuries and the defendant%27s conduct. The court recognized the relevancy of the testimony, even though the defendant had not specifically attacked the witnesses‘ credibility.

       认为初审法庭恰当地准许了专家关于家庭暴力综合症的证言 在一起侵害诉讼中两个关键的起诉证人－被告的妻子和女儿忽视了她们受到的伤害以及被告的行为。法庭认识到了证言的相关性，尽管被告没有特意攻击证人的可信度。

Bechtel v. State (Oklahoma, 1992)

贝克泰尔案件

“In prosecution for 1st degree murder, trial court erred in not allowing expert testimony on battered woman syndrome. BWS has gained substantial scientific acceptance & will aid trier of fact in deciding facts in issue, that is, reasonableness & imminence when testimony is offered in cases of self defense.” Bechtel v. State  (Oklahoma, 1992) said:  Before such testimony may be admitted: defendant must offer evidence that establishes herself as "battered woman";expert must establish herself/himself as one who is qualified by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education to diagnose defendant as suffering from BWS; defendant, who has submitted herself to psychological or psychiatric examination . . . may be ordered . . . to submit to examination by state%27s expert witness on application by state, with defendant%27s expert allowed to be present and observe; Bechtel v. State  (Oklahoma, 1992) ，expert may not give opinion on whether defendant acted reasonably in perceiving herself as being in imminent danger & whether defendant acted in self defense; andtrial court must give in its jury charge specific instruction on standard of reasonableness. To explain why victim did not leave sooner: “Domestic violence expert%27s testimony regarding battered person syndrome . . .was admissible to explain behavior of defendant%27s girlfriend in failing to report abuse for 3 months, where defendant attempted to undermine girlfriend%27s credibility by cross-examining her about failure to report to police the same abuse that she testified about during trial, and defendant introduced his own witnesses to show that girlfriend never seemed scared of defendant and did not report any abuse by him.”

在一级谋杀的起诉中，初审法庭犯了错误，它没有准许受虐妇女综合症的专家证言。受虐妇女综合症的科学性被广泛接受，将帮助确定哪些是事实，即，当自卫案件中提供证言的合理性和迫切性。贝克泰尔案件中提到：在这些证言被承认之前：被告必须提供能证实自己是受虐妇女的证据；专家必须证实自己是称职的，具有相应的知识、技能、受过培训或者教育来诊断被告正遭受受虐妇女综合症；接受心理或精神检查的被告，会被命令接受政府专家证人的检查，被告的专家可被允许在场观察。在被告认为自己处于迫近的危险当中这一点是否合理以及被告是否是为自卫才犯罪，专家不可以给意见。关于合理性标准，初审法庭必须给陪审团具体的指示受害者为何没有早些离开：家庭暴力专家关于受虐者的证言…被准许解释被告的女友为何3个月都没有报告虐待。当被告试图通过对她未能向警察报告虐待（在初审时她说有虐待）这一点来破坏这位女友的可信度时。被告传入了自己的证人，来证明这位女友似乎从不害怕被告，也未报告过任何他虐待她的事情。

Alvarado v. State (Georgia, 2002).

Ineffective counsel failed to argue cumulative effect of physical & mental abuse on battered defendant’s perception of danger.

Commonwealth v. Stonehouse, 555 A.2d 772 (Pa. 1989)

Laws may be facially gender-neutral, but social subordination of women results in disparate outcomes. So, important for lawyer to explain how this individual woman was impacted by the abuse. Term “Battered  Woman’s Syndrome” may be repugnant to some, but it is now codified in much statutory & case law. Thus, lawyers may have to use the term as a means of describing this abuse victim’s response to battering.

Preferable is Texas Code Crim Proc. Art 38.36 Evidence in Prosecutions for Murder

辩护不够有效，未能提出生理和心理虐待给受虐妇女对危险的认知产生累计影响这一论点。

法律可能表面上性别中立，但是妇女在社会的从属地位使得结局迥异

所以对律师来说，解释虐待给某特定妇女带来了怎样的影响这一点是很重要的

对于受虐妇女综合症这个术语一些人看法不一致，但是它目前已被编入成文法和案例法中

所以，律师们也许得用这个术语来描述受虐者对虐待的反应

比较好的是德克萨斯州法典第38.36条

谋杀诉讼中的证据：

(a.)  In all prosecutions for murder, the state or the defendant shall be permitted to offer testimony as to all relevant facts and circumstances surrounding the killing and the previous relationship existing between the accused and the deceased together with all relevant facts and circumstances going to show the condition of the mind of the accused at the time of the offense. Texas Code Crim Proc. Art 38.36 Evidence in Prosecutions for Murder

在所有谋杀的指控中，公诉方或者被告应被允许提供与谋杀相关的事实和情形，以及被告和死者先前的关系的证言。还有显示在犯罪发生时候被告的思想状态的相关事实和情况。

德克萨斯州法典第38.36条

谋杀诉讼中的证据：

(b) In a prosecution for murder, if a defendant raises as a defense a justification the defendant, in order to establish the defendant‘s reasonable belief that use of force or deadly force was immediately necessary, shall be permitted to offer:

在一起谋杀诉讼中，为了证实被告完全有理由相信使用致命武力是迫切的必需的，被告应被准许提供：

(1) relevant evidence that the defendant had been the victim of acts of family violence committed by the deceased; and

能证明被告是死者家庭暴力的受害者的证据；

(2) relevant expert testimony regarding the condition of the mind of the defendant at the time of the offense, including those relevant facts and circumstances relating to family violence that are the basis of the expert‘s opinion.

与被告犯罪时的精神状态有关的专家证词，包括与家庭暴力相关的事实和情况（专家意见就是据此形成的）。

Expert testimony may be necessary

to introduce BWS or its equivalent:

为了介绍受虐妇女综合症或相应的症状，专家证言也许是必要的

Why this victim stayed

       为何受虐者留下了

The impact of the abuse on this victim

       虐待给受虐者的影响

OR to generally explain common behavior of victims being unable to leave immediately after the abuse  AND

       或者大概地解释被虐以后无法马上离开的受虐者通常会有的行为

Typical impact on victims.

       对受虐者的典型影响

Challenging Issues in U.S.

美国一些有挑战性的问题

Astonishing degree of incompetence among lawyers representing abuse victims in criminal cases.

       在刑事案件中代理虐待受害者的律师能力低的惊人。

State v. Betty Lou Beets(Tx. 2000)贝蒂案件

Atty obtained media rights to her life story in exchange for representation

       律师以获得她生平的故事的媒体权为交换，为她代理案件。

Atty failed testify that he had told her of insurance policy

       律师未能证明他已经告诉她保险政策

As a result, she was convicted of murder for remuneration – given death penalty

       结果，她被判谋杀－死刑

Executed in Texas Feb. 2001

       于2001年2月在德克萨斯州被处决

2. People v. Day 案件  (California, 1992)

Defendant claimed the deceased (the man with whom she lived) frequently beat her + that she killed in self-defense,

       被告声称死者（她与他同居）经常打她＋她杀他是为了自卫，

defendant was rendered ineffective assistance of counsel by counsel%27s failure to investigate and present evidence of battered woman syndrome (BWS) (characteristics of women who stay in abusive relationships).

       律师未能给被告进行有效辩护，因为他未能调查及出示受虐妇女综合症（处于虐待关系中的妇女的特征）

“This evidence was admissible to rehabilitate defendant after the prosecutor impeached her by urging that her conduct, i.e., engaging in violent conduct during the relationship, failing to escape the relationship, and fleeing after the killing, was inconsistent with self-defense.”

       “在公诉人检举被告，认为她的行为（牵涉同居暴力、未能脱离同居关系，杀人后逃窜）与她的自卫不相吻合后，受虐妇女综合症这个证据被准许用来为被告平反。

People v. Day 案件  (California, 1992)

“BWS evidence would have deflected the prosecutor%27s challenge to defendant%27s credibility by dispelling commonly held misperceptions of women living in abusive circumstances and explaining behavior that may appear unreasonable to the average person.

       受虐妇女综合症这一证据，通过消除对处于虐待关系中的妇女的错误认识，以及解释常人看来不合理的行为，可以减弱公诉人对被告可信度的质疑。

Moreover, not only was defense counsel unaware of BWS, he perpetuated several erroneous notions about battered women.”

       而且，不仅辩护律师不知道受虐妇女综合症，他还使一些关于受虐妇女的错误观念继续下去了。

B. Poor treatment further compounded by judges refusing to apply the law.法官拒绝应用这个法则加剧了不适当的处置

Judy Haney (Alabama 1991)

朱蒂案件

Atty so drunk that trial suspended.

       律师醉得一塌糊涂，因此审判被暂停。

She was convicted of first degree murder, given death penalty in Alabama.

       她被判为一级谋杀罪，判处死刑。

Atty did not produce hospital records & other evidence corroborating horrific abuse Judy & daughter suffered at hands of husband she killed.

       律师没能提供医院证明以及其他证据来证明朱蒂和她女儿在死者手上遭受了可怕的虐待。

2. Case outcome predicated on:

案件结局的预测根据：

Battered woman’s lawyer 受虐妇女的律师

The judge 法官

If she is a woman of color 如果她是有色人种妇女

If she’s poor 如果她很贫困

C. Lawyers often fail to convey full history & impact of abuse.

律师常常不能完整地传达虐待的历史和影响

Whether by use of experts or other witnesses, lawyers must better explain what this victim has endured.

不管使用专家或是其他证人，律师必须更好地解释受虐者忍受了什么。

Abuse against women has often been severe:

对妇女的虐待常常很严重：

Rapes  强奸

Knife & other stabbings 刀伤及其他刺伤

Gunshots 枪击

Closed fist 拳击

Strangulation 勒死

Forced watch abuse of children 强迫观看虐待儿童

Then why don’t they leave?

那么她们为何不离开？

Lack money 缺钱

No job skills 没有工作技能

Low self-esteem 缺乏自信

Lack support network 缺乏支持网络

No place to go 无处可去

Prior bad experience with system 先前的经验导致的对社会制度的坏印象

Own criminal record 自身的犯罪记录

Obstacles to Leaving, continued:

离开的障碍还有：

Don’t speak English or are illiterate不会说英语或者没文化

INS fears 惧怕移民局

Mental health issues – depression精神健康问题－压抑

Medical problems 医疗问题

Disabilities 残疾

Addiction  瘾

Fear of Child Protective Services 惧怕儿童保护服务

Obstacles to Leaving, continued:

离开的障碍还有：

Fear of retaliation 担心报复

Fear of losing child custody 担心失去孩子的监护

Self-blame 自责

Faith dictates staying 信念致使留下

Belief that kids need father-figure 坚信孩子需要父亲

No car 没有车

No knowledge of resources 不知道资源

What does a mother + 2 children get on welfare per month?

一个母亲和两个孩子每月能获得多少福利？

 New Hampshire   $550; Texas  $208（新罕不什尔州：550美元；德克萨斯州：208美元）

50% of states pay < $400 （50％的州支付 < 400美元）

THIS IS NOT ENOUGH TO LIVE ON!

这根本不够赖以生存

“50 Obstacles to Leaving a.k.a. Why Victims Stay,”

‘50个离开的障碍’，也叫做‘为何受害者留下’

By Sarah M. Buel, in Colorado Lawyer (1998).

VI. Distinguishing Battered Defendants

区别受虐的被告

Typically are crime victims previously betrayed by system

主要是先前曾被社会体制背叛的受害者

Battered women afforded legal services as victims are rarely compelled to crime.

作为受害者时得到过法律服务的受虐妇女很少会犯罪

Dr. Angela Browne, Centers for Disease Control Study

Ineffective counsel may not be as obvious as Beets & Haney

 比茨 & 汉妮案件中的辩护不力尤其明显

May be lawyer who makes no effort to really listen to battered client.

可能是个不曾费心真正地去倾听自己的委托人（受虐者）的律师

2. Dual or Victim Arrest

双双逮捕还是逮捕受虐者

Too many true victims arrested due to sloppy, lazy or vengeful cops

由于警察的粗心，懒散或者由于他们想报复，很多真正的受害者被逮捕

Mutual combat extremely rare. . .

互殴是极端少见的

Batterers over-report being hit, while victims over-report their hitting – even if in self-defense.

施虐者夸大被打，受虐者也夸大被打－－即使是在自卫

“Domestic violence is a planned pattern of coercive control.”

“家庭暴力是一种有计划的强制控制”

David Adams, Ph.D., Batterer’s Treatment Expert – 25 yrs.

大卫·亚当斯博士，施虐者治疗专家－25年

“Pattern of abuse creates long-term danger & trauma for victim.”

虐待给受虐者造成长期的危险和创伤

Donald Dutton, Ph.D. – batterer’s expert & author

唐纳德·多顿博士－施虐者专家，作家

3. Empirical studies document unwillingness of  many judges to apply the law for battered defendants –

NYU Prof. Holly Maguigan’s study of battered women defendants in U.S.

经验研究表明：很多法官不太愿意对受虐被告应用这条法则－－纽约大学霍莉· 玛桂甘教授的研究：《美国受虐妇女被告》

Duress – court did not allow:

胁迫－－法庭不允许：

Expert testimony that defendant, convicted of carrying gun during commission of drug offense, suffered from BWS, was properly excluded as irrelevant to defendant%27s asserted duress defense, where testimony dealt with defendant%27s subjective perceptions stemming from syndrome, and where district court allowed into evidence all objective evidence of defendant%27s fear of alleged batterer, including testimony as to batterer%27s violent nature and all specific instances of abuse defendant had suffered.U.S. v. Willis, C.A.5 (Tex.)1994, 38 F.3d 170,

       在进行被告由受虐妇女综合症引起的主观认知的证言时，以及地区法院准许采纳所有能证明被告惧怕所谓的施虐者的客观证据（包括关于施虐者的暴力天性及所有具体的受虐者被告的受虐例证）时，被判在毒品犯罪中携带枪支的被告，患有受虐妇女综合症这一专家证言未被法庭采纳，因为被认为与被告的胁迫辩解无关。法庭的这一做法是恰当的

BWS permitted in United States v Marenghi (Maine, 1995).

在United States v Marenghi 案件中允许使用受虐妇女综合症

In drug prosecution, defendant would be allowed to introduce expert testimony about battered-woman syndrome

       在毒品起诉中，被告将被允许引入关于受虐妇女综合症的专家证言

as part of duress defense to show special vulnerability to fear.

       作为胁迫辩护的一部分，表明特别易于恐惧

B. Some states’ laws

一些州的法律：

Prohibit firing abuse victim for taking time to go to court (protective order, trial)

       禁止因为受虐者花时间去法庭（获取保护性命令，初审）而将其开除

Permit employers to get protective order preventing abuser from coming to victim’s job

       允许雇员获取保护性命令以防止施虐者来单位

Provide worker’s comp for victim forced to leave job due to batterer

       当受虐者因为施虐者被迫离开职位时，提供工作补贴

THEORY IN THE CONTEXT OF PRACTICE    

在实践框架下的理论

The Gap Between Theory and Practice

       理论和实践的距离

1.  Battered defendants charged with

         non-domestic violence crimes =

          majority female offenders

       被指控非家庭暴力犯罪的受虐者被告＝大多数的女性罪犯

2. Safety Planning for Clients

为委托人作安全计划

Out on bail: batterer &/or his family may retaliate & harass her

       保释：施虐者和/或他的家人也许会报复和骚扰她

In custody: high rates of abuse by guards & fellow inmates

       拘留：被守卫和同室者虐待的可能性高

Investigating & Documenting

     the Abuse

对虐待的调查及记录

Exculpatory evidence from prosecutor

       公诉人的证明无罪的证据

Using investigator & family to get full history of abuse, life story

       运用调查员和家人，以获得完整的虐待史，及生活经历

Ensure court knows full range of crimes committed against your client – (see p. 43 of article for incomplete list)

       保证法庭知晓对你的委托人所犯的所有罪行－（请看文章第43页）

4. Educate court re: significance of abuse in THIS case

将“本案件”中虐待的重要性让法院知道

*not just physical abuse, but coping mechanisms of victim

不仅仅是身体虐待，还有受虐者的处理方式

*how class, race, etc. impacted her

阶层，种族等是如何影响她的

Adequate  Jury Selection

陪审团的选择

Attitudes about battered women who don’t leave immediately after abuse

       对被虐之后没有马上离开的妇女的态度

Ignorance about the obstacles to leaving

       忽视离开的障碍

Bias about women who drink, do drugs

       对喝酒或吸毒的妇女的偏见

Stereotypes about race, class

       对于种族，阶层的陈见

6. Presenting relevant evidence

出示相关证据

Expert testimony专家证言

Medical records医疗记录

Defendant’s own testimony: history abuse被告自己的证词：虐待史

Witnesses 证人

Showing bias of state’s witnesses显示证人的偏见

7. Expert Witnesses专家证人

Predicate Issues

EXPERIENTIAL vs. SCIENTIFIC EXPERT

经验专家vs.科学专家

Kumho Tire v. Carmichael(Supreme Court, 1999): clarifying that experiential witnesses should held to same standards & respect for their expertise.

Kumho Tire v. Carmichael案件（最高法院，1999）澄清：有经验的证人的意见应被给予同等的尊重

b. Issues for Expert给专家的问题

Why victim stayed with abuser

       为何受虐者留在施虐者身边

General Battered Woman Syndrome

       一般的受虐妇女综合症

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

       创伤后应激障碍

Help-seeking behavior based on THIS victim’s skills, knowledge, etc.

       在这个特定的受虐者的技能、知识基础上寻求帮助的行为

c. Choosing an Expert选择专家

Shelter advocate 庇护所倡导人

Cop 巡警

Nurse 护士

Social worker 社会工作者

Ph.D. 博士

Legal Advice Reflecting Ethical Standard of Competent Representation    

法律意见反应了称职代理的道德标准

Sometimes difficult with private lawyers taking pro bono cases.

有时对于做公益案件的私营律师是很难的

C. Failure to Protect Cases

未能保护案件

Target women who are poor, of color, or both

       把贫困妇女或有色妇女（或两者兼之）当目标

NYC In Re Nicholson case: battered women charged with “engaging in domestic violence”

       纽约大学关于尼克生案件：被控涉嫌家庭暴力的受虐妇女

Judge Jack Weinstein said:

法官杰克· 温斯坦说：

system of court-appointed counsel was a “sham”

       法庭指派律师的体制是“伪劣品”

Many years of “pitiless double abuse of these mothers” violated their rights under the 4th, 9th, 13th and 14th Amendments

       多年来“无情的对这些母亲的加倍虐待”侵犯了他们在第4，9，13和14号修正案下的权利

Awarded Ms. Nicholson $150,000 + similar for other plaintiffs

       判给了尼克生太太15万美元＋与其他原告相似

谢谢！

Prof. Sarah Bue

[e-mail]