花间书斋
成功之门原来虚掩着
颜渊篇第十二
【原文】
12·1 颜渊问仁。子曰：“克己复礼(1)为仁。一日克己复礼，天下归仁焉(2)。为仁由己，而由人乎哉？”颜渊曰：“请问其目(3)。”子曰：“非礼勿视，非礼勿听，非礼勿言，非礼勿动。”颜渊曰：“回虽不敏，请事(4)斯语矣。”
【注释】
(1)克己复礼：克制自己，使言行符合礼的要求。
(2)归仁：归，归顺。仁，即仁道。
(3)目：具体条目。
(4)事：从事。
【白话】
颜渊询问仁的问题。孔子说：“克制自己，行动以礼为准绳就是仁。一旦这样做，社会就能纳入仁的轨道。实行仁完全在于自己，哪里在于别人？”颜渊说：“请问实行仁的具体做法是什么。”孔子说：“不合礼法的事不要看，不要听，不要说，不要做。”颜渊说：“我虽愚笨，也一定要照您的话去做。”
【英译】
Yan Yuan asked Confucius about humanity. Confucius said: “Set strict demands on ourselves so as to make our action conform to standards of proprieties. This is humanity. So long as we do this way, our society will be put on tract of humanity. It completely depends on oneself to make his action conform to standards of humanity. How can it be that it depends on others?” Yan Yuan said: “Would you please tell me the concrete way to do it?” Confucius said: “As to things going against humanity, you just don’t look at, don’t listen to, don’t speak, and don’t do.” Yan Yuan said: “I’m very simple, yet I’m willing to do everything according to your remarks.”
【原文】
12·2 仲弓问仁。子曰：“出门如见大宾，使民如承大祭(1)；己所不欲，勿施于人；在邦无怨，在家无怨(2)。”仲弓曰：“雍虽不敏，请事(3)斯语矣。”
【注释】
(1)出门句：出门办事和役使百姓，都要像迎接贵宾和进行大祭时那样恭敬严肃。
(2)在邦句：邦，诸侯国家。家，卿大夫的封地。
(3)事：从事，照着做。
【白话】
仲弓询问仁的问题。孔子说：“出门办事如同去见贵宾，使唤百姓如同举行盛大祭典。自己不愿意要的，不要强加于别人；同事中不结怨，亲属中和睦相处。”仲弓说：“我虽不才，也要照您的话去做。”
【英译】
Zhong Gong asked what sort of action can be considered humanity. Confucius said: “Go out to manage business respectfully and seriously as meeting with distinguished guests. Order people about as if hold grand sacrificial rites. Do not do to others what you would not have them to do to you. Do not breed enmity with colleagues; live in harmony at home.” Zhong Gong said: “I’m quite simple, but I’m willing to act according to your remarks.”
【原文】
12·3 司马牛(1)问仁。子曰：“仁者，其言也讱(2)。”曰：“其言也讱，斯(3)谓之仁已乎？”子曰：“为之难，言之得无讱乎？”
【注释】
(1)司马牛：姓司马名耕，字子牛，孔子的学生。
(2)讱：读“认”，有口难言。此处指出言谨慎。
(3)斯：就。
【白话】
司马牛询问仁的问题。孔子说：“仁人说话十分谨慎。”司马牛说：“说话谨慎，这就叫做仁了吗？”孔子说：“做起来很难，说的时候能不谨慎吗？”
【英译】
Sima Niu asked questions about humanity. Confucius said: “Noble-minded people speak cautiously.” Sima Niu said: “Speaking cautiously is humanity?” Confucius said: “Doing something is very difficult. In view of this, how can it be advisable for us not to speak cautiously?”
【原文】
12·4 司马牛问君子。子曰：“君子不忧不惧。”曰：“不忧不惧，斯谓之君子已乎？”子曰：“内省不疚，夫何忧何惧？”
【白话】
司马牛询问有关君子的问题。孔子说：“君子不忧愁，不恐惧。”司马牛说：“不忧愁，不恐惧，这样就可以叫做君子了吗？”孔子说：“自己问心无愧，那还有什么可忧可惧的呢？”
【英译】
Sima Niu asked questions about gentlemen. Confucius said: “Gentlemen neither worry about nor fear anything.” Sima Niu said: “Worrying about or fearing nothing can be considered humanity?” Confucius said: “If one has nothing on his conscience, then what in the world can make him worry about and fear anything?”
【原文】
12·5 司马牛忧曰：“人皆有兄弟，我独亡。”子夏曰：“商(1)闻之矣：死生有命，富贵在天。君子敬而无失，与人恭而有礼，四海之内，皆兄弟也。君子何患乎无兄弟也？”
【白话】
司马牛忧伤地说：“别人都有兄弟，唯独我没有。”子夏说：“我听说过：‘死生有命，富贵在天。’君子只要敬业不出差错，对人恭敬合乎于礼，天下人就都是自己的兄弟。君子何愁没有兄弟呢？”
注释：
(1)商：我。
【英译】
Sima Niu said sadly: “All others have brothers. Only I have no.” Zi Xia said: “I heard: ‘Life and death depend on fate; riches and honors depend on Heaven.’ So long as a gentleman works selflessly making no mistakes and treats people according to proprieties, he’ll find that all people in the world are his friends. What’s the need for a gentleman to worry about having no friend?”
【原文】
12·6 子张问明(1)。子曰：“浸润之谮(2)，肤受之愬(3)，不行焉，可谓明也已矣。浸润之谮，肤受之愬，不行焉，可谓远(4)也已矣。”
【注释】
(1)明 ：明智。
(2)谮，谮，读“怎”第四声，谗言。
(3)愬：愬，读“诉”，诬告。
(34远：明之至，明智的最高境界。
【白话】
子张问怎样做才算明智。孔子说：“像水暗中浸润物体那样的诽谤，像刀狠狠切皮肤那样的诬陷，在你那里都行不通，那你就算明智。像水暗中浸润物体那样的诽谤，像刀狠狠割皮肤那样的诬陷，在你那里都行不通，那你就算有远见。”
【英译】
Ztu Zhang asked questions about sensibility. Confucius said: “Some slanders are like water soaking into something secretly. Some frames are like knives cutting skin ruthlessly. If these slanders and frames can do nothing to you, then you can be considered a man of sensibility. And if these slanders and frames can do nothing to you, then you can be considered a man of foresight.”
【原文】
12·7 子贡问政。子曰：“足食，足兵，民信之矣。”子贡曰：“必不得已而去，于斯三者何先？”曰：“去兵。”子贡曰：“必不得已而去，于期二者何先？”曰：“去食。自古皆有死，民无信不立。”
【白话】
子贡询问如何处理政务。孔子说，“要做到粮食充足，军备充足，百姓信任。”子贡说：“如果不得不去掉一项，那么在三项中先去掉哪一项呢？”孔子说：“去掉军备充足。”子贡说：“如果不得不再去掉一项，那么剩下的两项中去掉哪一项呢？”孔子说：“去掉粮食充足。自古以来人总是要死人的，如果百姓不信任，国家就不能存在了。”
【英译】
Ztu Gong asked how to manage government affairs. Confucius said: “You should have abundant grain, sufficient troops and people’s trust.” Ztu Gong said: “If I have to remove one of them, which one should be taken off first?” Confucius said: “Take off sufficient troops.” Ztu Gong said: “If I have to remove another one, which one should be taken off?” Confucius said: “Take off abundant grain. There must have people to die ever since ancient times. If you lose people’s trust, the state will be unable to exist.”
【原文】
12·8 棘子成(1)曰：“君子质而已矣，何以文为？”子贡曰：“惜乎夫子之说君子也！驷不及舌(2)。文犹质也，质犹文也，虎豹之鞟(3)犹犬羊之鞟。”
【注释】
(1)棘子成：卫国大夫。古代大夫都可以被尊称为夫子，所以子贡这样称呼他。
(2)驷不及舌：就是常说的“君子一言，驷马难追”。指话一说出口，就收不回来了。驷，拉一辆车的四匹马。此处旨在奉劝对方说话要谨慎，否则产生负面影响是无法消除的。
(3)鞟：读“阔”，去掉毛的皮，即革。
【白话】
棘子成说：“君子只要重视品质就行了，何必重视文化呢？”子贡说：“真可惜呀，夫子您居然这样谈论君子。一言既出，驷马难追。品质就像文化，文化就像品质，两者同等重要。去毛的虎豹皮，就如同去毛的犬羊皮一样。”
【英译】
Ji Chengztu said: “Gentlemen should lay stress on qualities. What’s the need to attach importance to culture?” Ztu Gong said: “What a pity! As a master, you should talk about gentlemen like this. A word once out of the lips cannot be recovered even by swift horses. Qualities are like culture, and vice versa. Tiger or leopard leather is just like dog or sheep leather.”
【原文】
12·9 哀公问于有若曰：“年饥，用不足，如之何？”有若对曰：“盍彻乎(1)？”曰：“二(2)，吾犹不足，如之何其彻也？”对曰：“百姓足，君孰与不足？百姓不足，君孰与足？”
【注释】
(1)盍彻乎：盍，何不。彻，十一税，即征收十分之一的税。西周奴隶主国家的一种田税制度。旧注曰：“什一而税谓之彻。”
(2)二：抽取十分之二的税。
【白话】
鲁哀公问有若说：“遭饥荒，国家财政困难，怎么办？”有若回答说：“为什么不实行十一税？”哀公说：“现在抽十分之二，我还不够，怎么能实行十一税呢？”有若说：“如果百姓富足，您怎么会不跟着富足呢？如果百姓贫穷，您又怎么能富足呢？”
【英译】
Ai Gong, the lord of the country Lu asked You Ruo: “Our country is suffering from financial difficulties due to the famine. How can we do?” You Ruo replied: “Whe don’t you carry out the One Tenth Tax?” Ai Gong said: “Even Two Tenth is not enough, let alone One Tenth.” You Ruo said: “If the ordinary people are rich, how can it be possible that you’re not rich consequently? And if the ordinary people are poor, how can it be possible that you are rich?”
【原文】
12·10 子张问崇德(1)辨惑(2)。子曰：“主忠信，徙义(3)，崇德也。爱之欲其生，恶之欲其死，既欲其生，又欲其死，是惑也。‘诚不以富，亦祗以异。’(4)”
【注释】
(1)崇德：提高道德修养。
(2)惑：迷惑，不分是非。
(3)徙义：徙，迁移。向义靠扰。
(4)诚不以富，亦祗以异：这是《诗经·小雅·我行其野》篇的最后两句。此诗表现了一个被遗弃的女子对其丈夫喜新厌旧的愤怒情绪。孔子在这里引此句，令人费解。
【白话】
子张问提高道德水平和明辨是非的问题。孔子说：“以忠信为宗旨，弘扬正义，就可以提高品德。对一个人，爱的时候，就希望他长生不老；恨的时候，就希望他马上就死。既盼他长生，又盼他快死，这就是不辨是非。正如《诗经》所说：‘即使不是嫌贫爱富，也是喜新厌旧。’”
【英译】
Ztu Zhang asked how to enhance moral level and distinguish between right and wrong. Confucius said: “Taking honesty as purpose and carrying forward justice can enhance a person’s moral level. When you love a person, you wish he could enjoy longevity. But when you hate him, you wish he could die immediately. Wish a person a long life and meanwhile hope he could die at once. Wish a person a long life and at the same time hope he could die immediately. It is that you can’t distinguish right from wrong. It is just like what《The Book of Songs》said: ‘Even if it is not that you dislike the poor and love the rich, it is at least that you love the new and dislike the old.’”
【原文】
12·11 齐景公(1)问政于孔子。孔子对曰：“君君、臣臣、父父、子子。”公曰：“善哉！信如君不君，臣不臣，父不父，子不子，虽有粟，吾得而食诸？”
【注释】
(1)齐景公：名杵臼，读“楚旧”，齐国国君，公元前547年--公元前490年在位。
【白话】
齐景公向孔子请教如何处理政务。孔子说：““君象君、臣象臣、父象父、子象子。”齐景公说：“说得好！如果君不象君、臣不象臣、父不象父、子不象子，即使粮食再多，我能吃到吗？”
【英译】
Jing Gong, the lord of the country Qi asked Confucius how to manage government affairs. Confucius said：“A lord should be like a lord. A courtier should be like a courtier. A father should be like a father. A son should be like a son.” Jing Gong said: “Quite right! If a lord is not like a lord, a courtier is not like a courtier, a father is not like a father, and a son is not like a son, can I have something to eat even if the grain is sufficient?”
【原文】
12·12 子曰：“片言(1)可以折狱(2)者，其由也与(3)？”子路无宿诺(4)。
【注释】
(1)片言：诉讼双方中一方的言辞，即片面之辞，古时也叫“单辞”。
(2)折狱：狱，案件。即断案。
(3)其由也与：大概只有仲由吧。
(4)宿诺：宿，一夜；也指时间久。宿诺，拖很久而没有兑现的诺言。
【白话】
孔子说：“只凭单方供词就可判案的，大概只有仲由吧。”子路履行诺言从不过夜。
【英译】
Confucius said: “Decide a case only according to one-side story. Maybe only Zhong You can do it.”
【原文】
12·13 子曰：“听讼(1)，吾犹人也。必也使无讼乎！”
【注释】
(1)听讼：讼，读“宋“，诉讼。审理诉讼案件。
【白话】
孔子说：“审理诉讼案，我和别人一样。重要的是杜绝诉讼案件的发生！”
【英译】
Confucius said: “As for trying a case, mine is identical with the way of others. The most important thing is that we should do our best to prevent any lawsuit cases from occurring!”
【原文】
12·14 子张问政。子曰：“居之无倦，行之以忠。”
【白话】
子张问如何理政。孔子说：“勤勉为民，精忠报国。”
【英译】
Ztu Zhang asked how to manage government affairs. Confucius said: “Assiduously serve the people and loyally repay the country.”
【原文】
12·15子曰：“君子博学于文，约(1)之以礼，亦可以弗畔(2)矣夫(3)。”
【注释】
(1)约：一种释为约束；一种释为简要。
(2)畔：同“叛”。
(3)矣夫：语气词，表示较强烈的感叹。
【白话】
孔子说：“君子广泛学习，遵纪守法，也就不会误入歧途！”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Song long as keeping extensive study, observing disciplines and abiding by the law, a gentleman can avoid going astray.”
【原文】
12·16 子曰：“君子成人之美，不成人之恶。小人反是。”
【白话】
孔子说：“君子成全别人的好事，而不助长别人的丑事。小人则与此相反。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen help others achieve a desired end but do not encourage others to do evil. But vulgarians run counter to it.”
【原文】
12·17 季康子问政于孔子。孔子对曰：“政者正也。子帅以正，孰敢不正？”
【白话】
季康子问孔子如何理政。孔子回答说：“政就是正。您带头走正路，谁敢不跟着走？”
【英译】
Ji Kangztu asked how to manage government affairs. Confucius said: “By saying government affairs, it means that everything must be done correctly. Since you take a lead in taking a right way, who dare not to follow you?”
【原文】
12·18 季康子患(1)盗，问于孔子。孔子对曰：“苟子之不欲，虽赏之不窃。”
【译文】
季康子苦于盗窃成灾，问孔子怎么办。孔子回答说：“假如你自己不贪财谋利，即使奖励偷窃，也没有人去干。”
【注释】
(1)患：忧虑。
【英译】
Distressed about being infested with robbers and thieves, Jin Kangztu asked Confucius how to deal with it. Confucius said: “If you yourself seek no personal gain, no one is willing to commit theft even if you give awards to him.”
【原文】
12·19 季康子问政于孔子曰：“如杀无道(1)，以就有道(2)，何如？”孔子对曰：“子为政，焉用杀？子欲善而民善矣。君子之德风，人小之德草，草上之风(3)，必偃(4)。”
【注释】
(1)无道：指无道的人。
(2)有道：指有道的人。
(3)草上之风：指风加之于草，即风吹在草上。
(4)偃：仆，倒。
【白话】
季康子问孔子如何理政，说：“如果杀掉歹徒来成全好人，怎么样？”孔子说：“您治理政事，哪用得着杀戮呢？您想行善，百姓也会跟着行善。地位高的人品德好比风，地位低下的人的品德好比草，风吹到草上，草必然会倒。”
【英译】
Ji Kangztu asked Confucius how to manage government affairs and said: “If I kill evil doers to help good people, how do you think about it?” Confucius said: “How can you manage government affairs by killing? If you want to do good works, people will follow you. A person in high position is just like wind. While a person in low position is just like grass. When wind blows on grass, grass will certainly topple and fall.”
【原文】
12·20 子张问：“士何如斯可谓之达(1)矣？”子曰：“何哉，尔所谓达者？”子张对曰：“在邦必闻(2)，在家必闻。”子曰：“是闻也，非达也。夫达也者，质直而好义，察言而观色，虑以下人(3)。在邦必达，在家必达。夫闻也者，色取仁而行违，居之不疑。在邦必闻，在家必闻。”
【注释】
(1)达：通达，显达。
(2)闻：有名望。
(3)下人：下，动词。对人谦恭有礼。
【白话】
子张问：“怎样才能显达呢？”孔子说：“你所说的显达是什么意思？”子张说：“国外有名，国内有名。”孔子说：“这是名，不是达。所谓显达，就是品质正直，崇尚道义，善于察言观色，甘心处于人下。这样就会国外显达，国内也显达。诚然如此，但表面仁义而内心相反、以仁义自居而不疑的人，也能骗取国内外的名声。”
【英译】
Ztu Zhang asked: “How to become illustrious and influential?” Confucius said: “What do you mean by saying illustrious and influential?” Ztu Zhang said: “Well known both at home and abroad.” Confucius said: “This is only the problem of being well known but not the one of being influential. By saying illustrious and influential, we mean the moralities including being honest, just, good at feeling somebody out by examining his words and observing his countenance, and willing to be in low position. Only by doing so, can a person become illustrious and influential both home and abroad. Indeed so, but some other people can also get good reputations home and abroad by cheating who show only superficial humanity but they are entirely different from reality and who consider themselves to be men of integrity without a shadow of doubt.”
【原文】
12·21 樊迟从游于舞雩(1)之下，曰：“敢问崇德、修慝(2)、辨惑。”子曰：“善哉问！先事后得(3)，非崇德与？攻其恶，无攻人之恶，非修慝与？一朝之忿(4)，忘其身，以及其亲，非惑与？”
【注释】
(1)舞雩：雩，读“于”，古代求雨的祭礼。舞雩，指为举行求雨祭礼搭建的舞台，即祭坛。
(2)修慝：慝，读“特”，邪恶。修，改正。这里是指改正邪恶的念头。
(3)先事后得：先做事，后考虑利禄得失；吃苦在先，享受在后。
(4)忿：气愤。
【白话】
樊迟陪孔子在祭坛下散步时说：“请问怎样才能提高品德、改正错误、明辨是非？”孔子说：“问得好！吃苦在前，享受在后，不就能提高品德吗？进行自我批评，不去批评别人，不就能改正错误吗？忍不住一时之气，忘了自己和亲人的安危，这难道不就是糊涂吗？”
【英译】
Walking under the sacrificial altar in company with Confucius, Fan Chi said: “How to enhance moral level, correct mistakes and distinguish between truth and falsehood?” Confucius said: “An excellent question! Bear hardship first and then enjoy comforts. It helps a person to enhance moral level, doesn’t it? Do self- criticism but don’t criticize others. It helps a person to correct mistakes, doesn’t it? Some people cannot endure uncomplainingly for a while and forget the dangers he himself and his beloved are faced with. Surely it doesn’t mean that they are not bewildered.”
【原文】
12·22 攀迟问仁。子曰：“爱人。”问知。子曰：“知人。”樊迟未达。子曰：“举直错诸枉(1)，能使枉者直。”樊迟退，见子夏曰：“乡(2)也吾见于夫子而问知，子曰‘举直错诸枉，能使枉者直’，何谓也？”子夏曰：“富哉言乎！舜有天下，选于众，举皋陶(3)，不仁者远(4)矣。汤(5)有天下，选于众，举伊尹(6)，不仁者远矣。”
【注释】
(1)举直错诸枉：错，同“措”，放置。诸，这是“之于”二字的合音。枉，不正直，邪恶。
(2)乡：音义皆同“向”，过去，如“向来”中的“向”，就有此意。
(3)皋陶：读“高姚”。舜时地刑法大臣。
(4)远：动词，远离，远去。
(5)汤：商朝的第一个君主，名履。
(6)伊尹：汤的宰相，曾辅助汤灭夏兴商。
【白话】
樊迟问什么是仁。孔子说：“对人慈爱。”问智，孔子说：“对人了解。”樊迟不理解。孔子说：“以正压邪，能使邪者正。”樊迟退出来，见到子夏说：“刚才我见到老师，问什么是智，老师说：‘以正压邪，能使邪者正’，是什么意思？”子夏说：“这话很深刻！舜管理天下，从群众中选拔人才，选了皋陶，邪恶之徒从此销声匿迹。汤管理天下，从群众中选拔人才，选了伊尹，不法之徒从此无影无踪。”
【英译】
Pan Chi asked questions about humanity. Confucius said: “Love people.” Pan Chi asked questions about wisdom. Confucius said: “Understand people.” Pan Chi didn’t understand. Confucius said: “Overwhelm unhealthy trend with healthy trend.” Came out and saw Ztu Xia, Pan Chi said: “I saw our master and asked him something about wisdom. He said: ‘Overwhelm unhealthy trend with healthy trend.’ What does it mean?” Ztu Xia said: “Extremely profound! When administering his state,
【原文】
12·23 子贡问友。子曰：“忠告而善道之，不可则止，毋自辱也。”
【白话】
子贡问怎样对待朋友。孔子说：“诚恳地加以劝告，恰当地加以引导，如果不听也就罢了，不要自取其辱。”
【英译】
Ztu Gong asked the way to treat friends. Confucius said: “Honestly advise and probably guide them. If they don’t listen to you, just leave it at that and don’t get self-insulted.”
【原文】
12·24 曾子曰：“君子以文会友，以友辅仁。”
【白话】
曾子说：“君子以学问交朋友，靠朋友帮助来提高自身素质。”
【英译】
Zeng Ztu said: “Gentlemen make friends with knowledge and better their own qualities with the help of friends.”
