卫灵公篇第十五
【原文】
15·1 卫灵公问陈(1)于孔子。孔子对曰:“俎豆(2)之事,则尝闻之矣;军旅之事,未之学也。”明日遂行。
【注释】
(1)陈:音义皆同“阵”,军队作战布列的阵势。
(2)俎豆:俎,读“举”,古代盛食物的器皿,也被用作祭祀礼器。
【白话】
卫灵公向孔子问军队列阵法。孔子回答说:“祭祀礼仪方面的事情,我还听说过;用兵打仗的事,从来没有学过。”第二天,孔子便离开了卫国。
【英译】
Ling Gong, the lord of the country Wei, asked Confucius about battle array. Confucius replied: “As for sacrificial rites, I’ve heard something but I’ve never learned anything about troops commanding and battle fighting.” Confucius left the country Wei the next day.
【原文】
15·2 在陈绝粮,从者病,莫能兴。子路愠(1)见曰:“君子亦有穷乎?”子曰:“君子固穷(2),小人穷斯滥矣。”
【注释】
(1)愠:读“运”,怒,怨恨。
(2)固穷:固守穷困,安贫守困。
【白话】
孔子在陈国断粮时,跟随的学生都饿得走不动路。子路埋怨地说:“难道君子也有穷困潦倒的时候吗?”孔子说:“君子虽穷,但人穷志不穷;小人一旦穷了,就自暴自弃。”
【英译】
When Confucius and his students had run out of food in the country Chen, his students were too hungry to walk. Ztu Lu complained: “Could it be said that gentlemen also have days when they are poverty-stricken and frustrated?” Confucius said: “Sometimes gentlemen may be very poor but they can hold to their high aspirations in spite of poverty. Yet once vulgarians become poor, they will abandon themselves to despair.”
【原文】
15·3 子曰:“赐也!女以予为多学而识之者与?”对曰:“然,非与?”曰:“非也。予一以贯之。”
【注释】
(1) 赐:即子贡。
(2) 女:音义皆同“汝”,你。
【白话】
孔子说:“子贡啊,你以为我是学得多才记得住的吗?” 子贡答道:“对,难道不是吗?”孔子说:“不对。那是因为我把学到的东西贯彻始终。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Ztu Gong, do you think that I can remember what I’ve learnt just because I’ve studied more?” Ztu Gong replied: “Yes I do. But could it be said that it isn’t like this?” Confucius said: “No. It is because that so long as I’ve learnt something I would put it into practice from beginning to end.”
【原文】
15·4 子曰:“由!知德者鲜矣。”
【白话】
孔子说:“由啊!懂得德的人太少了。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “You, there are too little people who can well comprehend virtue.”
【原文】
15·5 子曰:“无为而治(1)者,其舜也与?夫(2)何为哉?恭己正南面而已矣。”
【注释】
(1)无为而治:国家的统治者不必有所作为便可以治理国家了。
(2)夫:代词,他。
【白话】
孔子说:“能够无所作为而治理天下的人,大概只有舜吧?他做了些什么呢?只是庄严端正地坐在朝廷的王位上罢了。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Probably it’s only the lord Shun who can well govern his country by doing nothing, isn’t it? What did he do? The only thing he did was to sit solemnly and uprightly in his throne.”
【原文】
15·6 子张问行(1)。子曰“言忠信,行笃敬,虽蛮貊(2)之邦,行矣。言不忠信,行不笃敬,虽州里(3),行乎哉?立则见其参(4)于前也,在舆则见其倚于衡(5)也,夫然后行。”子张书诸绅(6)。
【注释】
(1)行:通达。
(2)蛮貊:古人对少数民族的贬称,南为蛮,北为貊。“貊”读“墨”。 这里可以理解为偏远地区。
(3)州里:五家为邻,五邻为里。五党为州,二千五百家。州里指近处。此处可理解为家乡。
(4)参:列,显现。
(5)衡:车辕前面的横木。
(6)绅:贵族系在腰间的大带。
【白话】
子张就正确的行为问题求教于孔子。孔子说:“说话要忠信,行为要诚实,即使到了偏远地区,也能万事亨通;否则,即使在家乡,能顺利吗?站立的时候,忠信诚实这几个字好象就显现在眼前;坐车的时候,这几个字好象就刻在车辕上。这样你到哪都会畅通无阻。”子张于是就将这些话写在腰带上。
【英译】
Ztu Zhang asked Confucius about proper behavior. Confucius said: “What is said must be done and what is done must be honest. So long as you follow this principle, all business of yours will be fine even if you go to remote areas. Or nothing of yours will be going smoothly even in your hometown, won’t it? When you stand, the word ‘honesty’ seems to clearly appear in front of you; while you sit in a cart, this word seems to be carved on the shaft. If so, all your business will be doing well.” Hearing this, Ztu Zhang put these words on his waist belt.
【原文】
15·7 子曰:“直哉史鱼(1)!邦有道,如矢(2);邦无道,如矢。君子哉蘧伯玉!邦有道,则仕;邦无道,则可卷(3)而怀之。”
【注释】
(1)史鱼:卫国大夫,名?,字子鱼,他多次向卫灵公推荐蘧伯玉。
(2)如矢:矢,箭,形容其直。
(3)卷:同“捲”。
【白话】
孔子说:“史鱼真是正直啊!国家政治清明时,他象箭一样直,国家政治黑暗时,也象箭一样直。蘧伯玉真是个君子!国家政治清明时,他就出来做官,国家政治黑暗时,他就藏而不露地隐居起来。
【英译】
Confucius said: “How honesty Shi Yu was! When a healthy political atmosphere prevailed in his country, he was upright as an arrow and when an unhealthy political atmosphere prevailed in his country, he was also upright as an arrow. What a gentleman Ju Boyubo was! When a healthy political trend prevailed in his country he came out to be an official but when an unhealthy political trend prevailed in his country he secluded him from society.”
【原文】
15·8 子曰:“可与言而不与之言,失人;不可与言而与言,失言。知者不失人,亦不失言。”
【白话】
孔子说:“可以同他谈的话,却不同他谈,这就是失掉了朋友;不可以同他谈的话,却同他谈,这就是说错了话。有智慧的人既不失去朋友,又不说错话。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “If you can speak to a person but you don’t do it then you will lose a friend; yet if you cannot speak to a person but you do it, then you will make a mistake. As for a man of wisdom, he neither loses friends nor makes mistakes.”
【原文】
15·9 子曰:“志士仁人,无求生以害仁,有杀身以成仁。”
【白话】
孔子说:“志士仁人,没有贪生怕死而损害仁的,只有牺牲自己的性命来追求仁的。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “There is no person of integrity who clings to life and fears death so that to harm humanity. There are only persons of integrity who are willing to die for a just cause.”
【原文】
15·10 子贡问为仁。子曰:“工欲善其事,必先利其器。居是邦也,事其大夫之贤者,友其士之仁者。”
【白话】
子贡问怎样实行仁德。孔子说:“工人想把活儿做好,必须先把工具磨快。住在这个国家,就要追随大夫中的贤者,结交士人中的仁者。”
【英译】
Ztu Gong asked about humanity. Confucius said: “If a worker wants to do a good job, he must sharpen his tools first. Living in this country, you must follow the persons of integrity among scholar-bureaucrats and associate with the persons of humanity among intellectuals.”
【原文】
15·11 颜渊问为邦。子曰:“行夏之时(1),乘殷之辂(2),服周之冕(3),乐则韶舞(4)。放(5)郑声(6),远(7)侫人。郑声淫,侫人殆(8)。”
【注释】
(1)夏之时:夏代的历法,便于农业生产。
(2)殷之辂:辂,读“路”,天子所乘的车。殷代的车是木制成,比较朴实。
(3)周之冕:周代的帽子。
(4)韶舞:是舜时的舞乐,孔子认为是尽善尽美的。
(5)放:禁绝、排斥、抛弃。
(6)郑声:郑国的乐曲,孔子认为是淫声。
(7)远:远离。
(8)殆:危险。
【白话】
颜渊问怎样治理国家。孔子说:“用夏代的历法,乘殷代的车子,戴周代的礼帽,奏《韶》乐,禁绝郑国的乐曲,疏远能言善辩的人,郑国乐曲是靡靡之音,侫人太危险。”
【英译】
Yan Yuan asked how to govern a country. Confucius said: “Use Xia Dynasty’s calendar, take Yin Dynasty’s carts, wear Zhou Dynasty’ hats, play Shao music, forbid music of the country Zhen, to be estranged from persons with glib tongues. The music of the country Zhen is decadent and vulgarians are too dangerous.”
【原文】
15·12 子曰:“人无远虑,必有近忧。”
【白话】
孔子说:“人没有长远的考虑,一定会有眼前的忧患。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “One has no foresight will have to face imminent dangers.”
【原文】
15·13 子曰:“已矣乎!吾未见好德如好色者也。”
【白话】
孔子说:“这个社会完了! 我没见过喜欢美德如同喜欢美色的人。
【英译】
Confucius said: “This society is finished! I’ve never seen a man who loves morality as much as he loves sex.”
【原文】
15·14 子曰:“臧文仲其窃位(1)者与!知柳下惠(2)之贤而不与立也。”
【注释】
(1)窃位:身居官位而不称职。
(2)柳下惠:春秋中期鲁国大夫,姓展名获,又名禽,他受封的地名是柳下,惠是他的私谥,所以,人称其为柳下惠。
【白话】
孔子说:“臧文仲是一个窃居官位的人吧!他明知道柳下惠是个贤人,却不举荐他一起做官。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Zang Wenzhong was a person who unjustly occupied a high position, isn’t he? He knew well that Liu Xiahui was a person of integrity but he refused to recommend him as a higher official.”
【原文】
15·15 子曰:“躬自厚而薄责于人,则远怨矣。”
【白话】
孔子说:“责己从严,责人从宽,就可避免别人的怨恨了。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “So long as you are strict with yourself and lenient to others you can stay far away from resentment.”
【原文】
15·16 子曰:“不曰‘如之何(1),如之何’者,吾末(2)如之何也已矣。”
【注释】
(1)如之何:怎么办。
(2)末:没有办法。
【白话】
孔子说:“有事从来不说‘怎么办,怎么办’的人,我对他也不知怎么办。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Some people always say ‘What can I do? What can I do?’ when they have something to do. To these people, I also don’t know ‘What can I do’.”
【原文】
15·17 子曰:“群居终日,言不及义,好行小慧,难矣哉!”
【白话】
孔子说:“整天聚在一块,张开嘴也不知在说什么,专好卖弄小聪明,调教这种人可真难啊。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Some people like to gather, but their words fail to convey their idea and worse of all, they like to show off their cleverness. It’s rather difficult to discipline them.”
【原文】
15·18 子曰:“君子义以为质,礼以行之,孙以出之,信以成之。君子哉!”
【白话】
孔子说:“崇尚道义、遵纪守法、说话谦逊、做事守信。达到这样的标准就是君子了!”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Uphold justice, observe discipline and abide by the law, speak modestly, be trustworthy in word and resolute in deed. Anyone up to this standard is a gentleman!”
【原文】
15·19 子曰:“君子病无能焉,不病人之不己知也。”
【注释】
(1) 病:,担心,怕。
【白话】
孔子说:“君子只怕自己没有才能,不怕别人不知道自己。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “A gentleman is only afraid he isn’t capable but don’t be afraid no one well knows him.”
【原文】
15·20 子曰:“君子疾没世(1)而名不称焉。”
【注释】
(1)没世:死亡之后。
【白话】
孔子说:“君子担心死亡以后他的名字不为人们所称赞。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen are afraid that their names will not be praised after their death.”
【原文】
15·21 子曰:“君子求诸己,小人求诸人。”
【白话】
孔子说:“君子求之于自己,小人求之于别人。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen ask for help from their own, while vulgarians from others.”
【原文】
15·22 子曰:“君子矜(1)而不争,群而不党。”
【注释】
(1)矜:读“进”,庄重的意思。
【白话】
孔子说:“君子举止庄重,与世无争;团结他人,却不结党营私。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen bear themselves dignifiedly and get into no dispute with others; they unite with others but don’t form cliques to pursue selfish interests.”
【原文】
15·23 子曰:“君子不以言举人,不以人废言。”
【白话】
孔子说:“君子不会因为某人的花言巧语而举荐他,也不会因为某人品德不好而不采纳他的正确意见。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen neither recommend anyone because of his sweet words nor refuse anyone’s reasonable suggestions because of his bad character.”
【原文】
15·24 子贡问曰:“有一言而可以终身行之者乎?”子曰:“其恕乎!己所不欲,勿施于人。”
【白话】
子贡问:“有没有一个字可以终身奉行的呢?”孔子回答说:“那就是恕吧!自己不想要的,不要强加给别人。”
【英译】
Ztu Gong asked: “Is there any one single word which we can follow the whole life?” Confucius said: “That’s the word ‘forgive’! Do not do to others what you would not have them do to you.”
【原文】
15·25 子曰:“吾之于人也,谁毁谁誉?如有所誉者,其有所试矣。斯民也,三代之所以直道而行也。”
【白话】
孔子说:“我对于别人,诋毁过谁?赞誉过谁?如有赞誉过的,必然经过我的考验。夏商周三代人都这样做,所以办事光明正大。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “As for others, is there anyone I once defamed? Is there anyone I once praised? If there is anyone I once praised, he must be the one I once put to my test. All people in the three dynasties of Xia, Shang and Zhou behaved like this so they could be fair and square in handling affairs.”
【原文】
15·26 子曰:“吾犹及史之阙文(1)也,有马者借人乘之,今亡矣夫。”
【注释】
(1)阙文:阙,读“缺”,基本的意思是“缺少”。史官记史遇到疑难不决的问题便缺而不记,叫阙文。
【白话】
孔子说:“我还能够看到史书里有存疑不记的地方,有马的人借给别人用,这种情况,现如今早已不存在啦。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “I can still find historic books lack something because of outstanding questions. Some people have horses but they’re willing to lend them to others. This sort of case doesn’t exist any longer.”
【原文】
15·27 子曰:“巧言乱德。小不忍则乱大谋。”
【白话】
孔子说:“花言巧语能败坏道德,小事不忍,就会耽误大事。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Honeyed words can make people demoralized. If a person cannot restrain himself when handling small things, he will spoil great things.”
【原文】
15·28 子曰:“众恶之,必察焉;众好之,必察焉。”
【白话】
孔子说:“众人都厌恶的,我必须考察一下;众人都喜欢的,我也必须考察一下。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “I must investigate whatever people like and I must investigate whatever people dislike too.”
【原文】
15·29 子曰:“人能弘道,非道弘人。”
【白话】
孔子说:“是人能使道发扬光大,不是道使人增加才干。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “It is human that carry forward and further develop Dao but it is not Dao that enhances people’s ability.”
【原文】
15·30 子曰:“过而不改,是谓过矣。”
【白话】
孔子说:“有错不改,这才真叫错呢。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “If a person has made mistakes but he refuses to correct them, this is really a mistake.”
【原文】
15·31 子曰:“吾尝终日不食,终夜不寝,以思,无益,不如学也。”
【白话】
孔子说:“我曾经整天不吃饭,整夜不睡觉,思来想去,也没有用,还不如加紧学习呢。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “I once ate nothing all day long and didn’t sleep through the night constantly thinking over and over again. Since it was useless I’d better make the best use of my time to study.”
【原文】
15·32 子曰:“君子谋道不谋食。耕也,馁(1)在其中矣;学也,禄(2)在其中矣。君子忧道不忧贫。”
【注释】
(1)馁:读“内”的第三声,饥饿。
(2)禄:做官的俸禄。
【白话】
孔子说:“君子只谋求治国之道,不谋求糊口之法。耕田,有时也难免要饿肚子;而学习,则可以使一个人得到高官厚禄。君子只担心学不好道,不担心贫穷。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen seek only strategy to govern a country but not way to eke out a living. Sometimes even farming cannot avoid hunger. But study can help a person win exalted position and handsome pay. Therefore gentlemen worry only about being unable to well master strategy of country-governing but not poverty.”
【原文】
15·33 子曰:“知及之(1),仁不能守之;虽得之,必失之;知及之,仁能守之,不庄以涖(2)之,则民不敬。知及之,仁能守之,庄以涖之,动之不以礼,未善也。”
【注释】
(1)知及之:知,同“智”。之,指下文的“民”,即百姓。
(2)涖:读“力”,临,到的意思。
【白话】
孔子说:“凭借聪明才智足以赢得百姓,但仅凭仁德却不能留住百姓,即使得到,也一定会丧失。但即便凭借聪明才智足以赢得百姓,凭借仁德可以留住他们,如不用严肃态度来治理他们,也还是不会得到百姓的敬重;聪明才智足以赢得百姓,仁德可以留住百姓,能用严肃态度来治理百姓,但动员百姓时不照礼的要求,那也是依然是美中不足。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “You can win people by wisdom, but you cannot keep them only by humanity. Or else you will lose them though you have won them. Yet, if you cannot administer them seriously you still cannot win people’s respect even you can win people by wisdom and keep them by humanity. If you cannot mobilize them according to proprieties it cannot be thought perfect even you can win people by wisdom, keep them by humanity and administer them seriously.”
【原文】
15·34 子曰:“君子不可小知(1)而可大受(2)也,小人不可大受而可小知也。”
【注释】
(1)小知:知,不是“知道”,是“做事”,“小知”就是做小事。
(2)大受:受,承受,受命,指责任,使命。“大受”就是承担大任,肩负重责。
【白话】
孔子说:“君子不能让他们做小事,但可让他们承担重大使命。小人不可让他们承担重大使命,但可以让他们做小事。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen cannot be appointed to minor assignments but can be commissioned major tasks; and vulgarians cannot be designated to major tasks but can be appointed to trifles.
【原文】
15·35 子曰:“民之于仁也,甚于水火。水火,吾见蹈而死者矣,未见蹈仁而死者也。”
【白话】
孔子说:“百姓需要仁,比需要水火更迫切。我见过人跳进水火中死的,却没有见过有谁因为表现出仁而死的。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “People need humanity more eagerly than need water and fire. I’ve seen people died after falling into water or fire but haven’t seen anybody who died because of showing humanity.”
【原文】
15·36 子曰:“当仁,不让于师。”
【白话】
孔子说:“在仁德的问题上,就是老师,也不同他谦让。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “As for the problem of humanity, we shouldn’t modestly yield precedence even to a teacher.”
【原文】
15·37 子曰:“君子贞(1)而不谅(2)。”
【注释】
(1)贞:大信。
(2)谅:小信。
【白话】
孔子说:“君子在大事上要讲信用,但小事上则可不必如此。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Gentlemen must keep their promises about big things but unnecessary about trifles.”
【原文】
15·38 子曰:“事君,敬其事而后其食(1)。”
【注释】
(1)食:食禄,俸禄。
【白话】
孔子说:“事奉君主,要先把事情做好,然后再考虑报酬。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “When serving the lord, you must do a good job first and then consider reward.”
【原文】
15·39 子曰:“有教无类。”
【白话】
孔子说:“教育面前人人平等。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Everyone is equal in education.”
【原文】
15·40 子曰:“道不同,不相为谋。”
【白话】
孔子说:“主张不同,无话可说。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “Have nothing to say to anyone who doesn’t share your opinions.”
【原文】
15·41 子曰:“辞达而已矣。”
【译文】
孔子说:“只要能把话说明白就行了。”
【英译】
Confucius said: “So long as you can make yourself clear, that’s O.K.”
【原文】
15·42 师冕(1)见,及阶,子曰:“阶也。”及席,子曰:“席也。”皆坐,子告之曰:“某在斯,某在斯。”师冕出,子张问曰:“与师言之道与?”子曰:“然,固相(2)师之道也。”
【注释】
(1)师冕:师,乐师。冕,乐师名叫冕。
(2)相:帮助。
【白话】
乐师冕来见孔子,走到台阶前,孔子说:“这儿是台阶。”走到坐席前,孔子说:“这是坐席。”等大家都坐下来,孔子告诉他:“某某在这里,某某在这里。”师冕走了以后,子张就问孔子:“这就是与乐师谈话的道吗?”孔子说:“这就是帮助乐师的道。”
【英译】
Musician Mian came to see Confucius. Stepping up to front of steps, Confucius said: “This is a step.” Coming to front of a mat seat, Confucius said: “This is a mat” After sitting down, Confucius said: “Mr. so and so sits here. Mr. so and so sits there.” After the musician left, Ztu Zhang asked Confucius: “This is the way you speak to musicians?” Confucius said: “This is the way to help musicians.”