桃花源记 - 陶渊明

 

桃花源记  - 陶渊明

 

    晋太元中，武陵人捕鱼为业，缘溪行，忘路之远近。忽逢桃花林，夹岸数百步，中无杂树，芳草鲜美，落英缤纷，渔人甚异之。复前行，欲穷其林。

      林尽水源，便得一山，山有小口，仿佛若有光，便舍船从口入。初极狭，才通人，复行数十步，豁然开朗。土地平旷，屋舍俨然，有良田美池桑竹之属。阡陌交通，鸡犬相闻。其中往来种作，男女衣著，悉如外人。黄发垂髫，并怡然自乐。

      见渔人，乃大惊，问所从来。具答之。便要还家，设酒杀鸡作食。村中闻有此人，咸来问讯。自云先世避秦时乱，率妻子邑人来此绝境，不复出焉，遂与外人间隔。问今是何世，乃不知有汉，无论魏晋。此人一一为具言所闻，皆叹惋。余人各复延至其家，皆出酒食。停数日，辞去。此中人语云: “不足为外人道也。”

      既出，得其船，便扶向路，处处志之。及郡下，诣太守,说如此。太守即遣人随其往，寻向所志，遂迷,不复得路。

      南阳刘子骥，高尚士也，闻之，欣然规往，未果。寻病终。后遂无问津者。

 

 

白话：

 

      东晋太元年间，有个武陵人以捕鱼为生。一天他沿着小溪划船而行，忘了路程的远近。忽然来到一片鲜花盛开的桃林前面，桃林夹着小溪在两岸伸展开来，长达几百步，里面没有别的树，地上的香草鲜嫩美丽，树上坠落的花瓣纷纷扬扬。渔人对眼前的美景感到十分惊异。再往前走，想穿过这片桃林。

      桃林在溪水的发源地到了头，紧接着就出现一座山，山上有个小小的洞口，那儿似乎有光亮。渔人丢下船，从洞口进去。起初洞口很窄，只容得下一人通过。他又走了几十步，眼前突然开阔起来。这里土地平坦开阔，房屋整齐有序，田地肥沃，池塘漂亮、桑竹之类杂以其间。田间小路纵横交错，四通八达，小村之间互相能听到鸡鸣狗叫。那儿的人你来我往，种田劳作，男男女女，穿装打扮，完全和桃花源之外的人一样。老老少少，一个个都悠闲愉快，自得其乐。

      一个桃花源中的人见到渔人，感到十分惊奇，问他从哪里来。渔人对他的问题都做了回答。他就邀请渔人到他家去，置酒杀鸡，准备饭菜。村里人听说有这么一个人，就都来问这问那。他们自称先辈为躲避秦朝的祸乱，就带着妻子儿女和同乡一起来到这个与世隔绝的地方，从那时起，他们就再也没有没有出去过，于是就和桃花源之外的人隔绝了。他们问现在是什么朝代，居然不知道曾经有过汉朝，更不必说魏晋了。渔人把自己知道的事情一件一件详详细细地说出来，那些人听后都感叹惋惜。随后其他人也都分别邀请渔人到各自的家中，拿出酒和饭菜来招待他。渔人住几天，就告辞离开。这里的人对他说："这儿的事不值得对桃花源外面的人说啊。"

       渔人走出来，找到自己的船，就沿着旧路回去，一路上到处做标记作。回到郡上，拜见太守，把这些情况都做了汇报。太守立即派人跟他一起去寻找先前做过标记的地方，居然迷失了方向，再也没有找到原来的路。

       南阳刘子骥，是一位清高的隐士，听到这件事，就高高兴兴地计划去一趟。不过他的计划并没有实现，不久他就病死了。后来就再也没有打探此事的人了。

 

 

英译：

 

During the middle period of Taiyuan years (AD 376 – 396) in Tang Dynasty there was a person in Wuling County who made a living by fishing. One day, he went boating along a stream, forgetting how far the way was. Suddenly he spotted a peach grove, several hundred square yards, sprawling along both banks and therefore making the stream sandwiched. Mixed no other trees, fragrant herbs are fresh and beautiful; f; in riotous profusion, falling petals embroider the grove with color. Rather astonished, the fisherman continuously rushed headlong attempting to reach the bottom.

 

Finally the grove ending at the source of the stream,, there appeared a hill with a cave which had a tiny mouth, seemingly a wisp of light flickering there. Leaving his boat outside, the fisherman got into the cave. Extremely narrow at the beginning, the cave allowed just one person to pass through. Yet, several decades of steps further, a vast panorama suddenly stretched before him. The lands were even and open. The houses were tidy and clear. The glory spot was pockmarked with plenty of fertile farmlands, nice ponds, mulberries, bamboos and the like. Crisscrossing, paths in the fields were accessible from all directions. Cocks and dogs could be heard. Coming and going, men and women were busily cultivating the soil. They were all dressed just in the same fashion as outsiders. Both yellow-haired old ones and hanging-haired little ones were happy and contented.

 

Astonishing when seeing the fisherman, a native asked where he came from. He readily answered all his questions. The native invited him to his homes, then busily preparing wines, killing hens and cooking dishes. Heard of such a person and other villagers immediately came and asked questions enthusiastically. They said that their ancestors came to this secluded spot together with their families and fellow villagers to escape the great disorder in Qin Dynasty. From then on, they had never been out again and therefore secluded themselves from the world. Asking what dynasty it was, they should know nothing about Han Dynasty, let alone Wei Dynasty and Jin Dynasty. The fisherman told what he knew to them who could not help having all sorts of feelings welling up in their minds. They also invited him to their home and served him with wines and foods. Staying here several days, he left. Someone said: “Here is not worthy mentioning to outsiders.”

 

Going out of the cave, he found his boat and made signs marks along the way back. Arriving in the county, he went to the magistrate and told him the whole story. The county magistrate dispatched some people to follow him and look for the place where he made signs. look for his marks. Yet, getting lost, they could not find the way again.

 

Learning this, Liu Ziji, a hermit of Nanyang, gladly planned to go. But he failed to realize his plan and soon died of an illness. From then on, there had been no one else to search for this mysterious spot.

 

 

分段译解

 

 

原文：

 

晋太元中，武陵人捕鱼为业，缘溪行，忘路之远近。忽逢桃花林，夹岸数百步，中无杂树，芳草鲜美，落英缤纷，渔人甚异之。复前行，欲穷其林。

 

注释：

 

1．晋太元中：太元，晋孝武帝司马曜的年号，在公元376- 396年间。中，中叶。

2．武陵：晋朝时的郡名，在今湖南省常德县境内。

3．缘：沿着。

 

 

白话：

 

      东晋太元年间，有个武陵人以打渔为生。一天他沿着小溪划船而行，忘了路程的远近。忽然来到一片鲜花盛开的桃林前面，桃林夹着小溪在两岸伸展开来，长达几百步，里面没有别的树，地上的香草鲜嫩美丽，树上坠落的花瓣纷纷扬扬。渔人对眼前的美景感到十分惊异。再往前走，想穿过这片桃林。

 

英译：

 

During the middle period of Taiyuan years (AD 376 – 396) in Tang Dynasty there was a person in Wuling County who made a living by fishing. One day, he went boating along a stream, forgetting how far the way was. Suddenly he spotted a peach grove, several hundred square yards, sprawling along both banks and therefore making the stream sandwiched. Mixed no other trees, fragrant herbs are fresh and beautiful; in riotous profusion, falling petals embroider the grove with color. Rather astonished, the fisherman continuously rushed headlong attempting to reach the bottom.

 

原文：

 

林尽水源，便得一山，山有小口，仿佛若有光，便舍船从口入。初极狭，才通人，复行数十步，豁然开朗。土地平旷，屋舍俨然，有良田美池桑竹之属。阡陌交通，鸡犬相闻。其中往来种作，男女衣著，悉如外人。黄发垂髫，并怡然自乐。

 

注释：

 

1．俨然：整齐的样子。

2．阡陌：田间小道。南北走向的叫阡，东西走向的叫陌。

3．黄发：指老人，因老人头发从黑转白之间要有一段时间是草黄色。

4．垂髫：髫，古代儿童下垂的头发。读“条”。代指儿童。

 

白话：

 

桃林在溪水的发源地到了头，紧接着就出现一座山，山上有个小小的洞口，那儿似乎有光亮。渔人丢下船，从洞口进去。起初洞口很窄，只容得下一人通过。他又走了几十步，眼前突然开阔起来。这里土地平坦开阔，房屋整齐有序，田地肥沃，池塘漂亮、桑竹之类杂以其间。田间小路纵横交错，四通八达，小村之间互相能听到鸡鸣狗叫。那儿的人你来我往，种田劳作，男男女女，穿装打扮，完全和桃花源之外的人一样。老老少少，一个个都悠闲愉快，自得其乐。

 

英译：

 

Finally the grove ending at the source of the stream, there appeared a hill with a cave which had a tiny mouth, seemingly a wisp of light flickering there. Leaving his boat outside, the fisherman got into the cave. Extremely narrow at the beginning, the cave allowed just one person to pass through. Yet, several decades of steps further, a vast panorama suddenly stretched before him. The lands were even and open. The houses were tidy and clear. The glory spot was pockmarked with plenty of fertile farmlands, nice ponds, mulberries, bamboos and the like. Crisscrossing, paths in the fields were accessible from all directions. Cocks and dogs could be heard. Coming and going, men and women were busily cultivating the soil. They were all dressed just in the same fashion as outsiders. Both yellow-haired old ones and hanging-haired little ones were all happy and contented.

 

原文：

 

见渔人，乃大惊，问所从来。具答之。便要还家，设酒杀鸡作食。村中闻有此人，咸来问讯。自云先世避秦时乱，率妻子邑人来此绝境，不复出焉，遂与外人间隔。问今是何世，乃不知有汉，无论魏晋。此人一一为具言所闻，皆叹惋。余人各复延至其家，皆出酒食。停数日，辞去。此中人语云: “不足为外人道也。”

 

注释：

1．要：音义皆同“邀”。

2．咸：全部。

3．邑人：同一个县里的人。

4．延：请。

 

 

白话：

     

      一个桃花源中的人见到渔人，感到十分惊奇，问他从哪里来。渔人对他的问题都做了回答。他就邀请渔人到他家去，置酒杀鸡，准备饭菜。村里人听说有这么一个人，就都来问这问那。他们自称先辈为躲避秦朝的祸乱，就带着妻子儿女和同乡一起来到这个与世隔绝的地方，从那时起，他们就再也没有没有出去过，于是就和桃花源之外的人隔绝了。他们问现在是什么朝代，居然不知道曾经有过汉朝，更不必说魏晋了。渔人把自己知道的事情一件一件详详细细地说出来，那些人听后都感叹惋惜。随后其他人也都分别邀请渔人到各自的家中，拿出酒和饭菜来招待他。渔人住几天，就告辞离开。这里的人对他说："这儿的事不值得对桃花源外面的人说啊。"

 

英译：

 

Astonishing when seeing the fisherman, a native asked where he came from. He readily answered all his questions. The native invited him to his homes, then busily preparing wines, killing hens and cooking dishes. Heard of such a person and other villagers immediately came and asked questions enthusiastically. They said that their ancestors came to this secluded spot together with their families and fellow villagers to escape the great disorder in Qin Dynasty. From then on, they had never been out again and therefore secluded themselves from the world. Asking what dynasty it was, they should know nothing about Han Dynasty, let alone Wei Dynasty and Jin Dynasty. The fisherman told what he knew to them who could not help having all sorts of feelings welling up in their minds. They also invited him to their home and served him with wines and foods. Staying here several days, he left. Someone said: “Here is not worthy mentioning to outsiders.”

 

 

原文：

 

既出，得其船，便扶向路，处处志之。及郡下，诣太守,说如此。太守即遣人随其往，寻向所志，遂迷,不复得路。

 

注释：

 

1．附：沿着，顺着。

2．向路：旧路，指来时的路。

3．志：动词，做标记。

4．郡，古代行政区划，起初比县小，但到秦汉之后却比县大。

5．诣：读“义”，到某人所在的地方。

6．太守：县令。

 

白话：

 

 渔人走出来，找到自己的船，就沿着旧路回去，一路上到处做标记作。回到郡上，拜见太守，把这些情况都做了汇报。太守立即派人跟他一起去寻找先前做过标记的地方，居然迷失了方向，再也没有找到原来的路。

 

英译：

 

Going out of the cave, he found his boat and made signs along the way back. Arriving in the county, he went to the magistrate and told him the whole story. The county magistrate dispatched some people to follow him and look for the place where he made signs. Yet, getting lost, they could not find the way again.

                                                               

原文：

 

 南阳刘子骥，高尚士也，闻之，欣然规往，未果。寻病终。后遂无问津者。

 

注释：

 

1．南阳：今河南省南阳市。

2．刘子骥：隐士。好游山玩水。

3．高尚士：清高的书生。此处高尚并非局限于今天品德高尚，有清高自赏之义。

4．规：计划。

5．问津：津，路。问津即问路。此处指探访。

 

 

白话：

      

       南阳刘子骥，是一位清高的隐士，听到这件事，就高高兴兴地计划去一趟。不过他的计划并没有实现，不久他就病死了。后来就再也没有打探此事的人了。

 

 

英译：

 

Learning this, Liu Ziji, a hermit of Nanyang, gladly planned to go. But he failed to realize his plan and soon died of an illness.  From then on, there had been no one else to ask about this matter.

 

 

 

附录：桃花源诗（陶渊明）

 

　　　　嬴氏乱天纪，贤者避其世。黄绮之商山，伊人亦云逝。

　　　　往迹浸复湮，来径遂芜废。相命肆农耕，日入从所憩。

　　　　桑竹垂余荫，菽稷随时艺。春蚕收长丝，秋熟靡王税。

　　　　荒路暧交通，鸡犬互鸣吠。俎豆犹古法，衣裳无新制。

　　　　童孺纵行歌，斑白欢游诣。草荣识节和，木衰知风厉。

　　　　虽无纪历志，四时自成岁。怡然有余乐，于何劳智慧！

　　　　奇踪隐五百，一朝敞神界。谆薄既异源，旋复还幽蔽。

　　　　借问游方士，焉测尘嚣外？愿言蹑轻风，高举寻吾契。

 

赏析：

陶渊明（365—427），东晋浔阳柴桑人，字元亮，名潜，世称靖节先生，自称五柳先生，著名诗人。我国第一位田园诗人。《桃花源记》是陶渊明的代表作之一，约作于永初二年（421），即南朝刘裕弑君篡位的第二年。这时作者归隐田园已经16年了。他虽“心远地自偏”，但“猛志固常在”，仍旧关心国家政事。身处当时污浊黑暗的社会，他塑造了一个与之相对立的美好境界，以寄托自己的政治理想与美好情趣。《桃花源记》就是在这样的背景下产生的。

文章以“芳草鲜美，落英缤纷”的桃花林作为铺垫，引出一个质朴自然的化外世界。造成这一切的原因，作者没有明说，但从“乃不知有汉，无论魏晋”一句中已隐约透露了消息：根本的原因就是那里没有一个高踞人民头上为私利互相攻伐的统治集团。这个幻想中的桃源世界，对生活在虚伪黑暗、战乱频繁、流血不断的现实世界中的人们来说，无疑是令人神往的。作者的简净笔触，恰如其分地表现出桃花源的气氛，使文章更富有感染力。当然，这种理想的境界在当时现实中是不存在的，只是作者通过大同社会的构想,艺术地展现了大同社会的风貌，是不满黑暗现实的一种精神寄托。

文章的结构也颇有巧妙之处。作者借用小说笔法，以一个捕鱼人的经历为线索展开故事。开头的交代，时代、渔人的籍贯，都写得十分肯定，似乎真有其事。这就缩短了读者与作品的心理距离，把读者从现实世界引入到迷离惝恍的桃花源。相反，如果一开头就是“山在虚无缥缈间”，读者就会感到隔远，作品的感染力也就会大打折扣。“不足为外人道也”及渔人返寻所志，迷不得路，使读者从这朦胧飘忽的化外世界退回到现实世界，心中依旧充满了对它的依恋。文末南阳刘子骥规往不果一笔，又使全文有余意不穷之趣。           

【出自本文成语】

怡然自乐、豁然开朗、无人问津、世外桃源、落英缤纷、不足为外人道、与世隔绝、别有洞天、鸡犬相闻、黄发垂髫、曲径通幽、不论魏晋。