只是因为在人群中多看了你一眼...

April 5, 2008 

美国有一伙愤青--更确切地说，是愤老-有很多是些70岁以上的精英专家们，几十年前由于意识到美国帝国主义的在国际上的侵略扩张行为，自发组织建立了一个美国批判系列，叫做American Empire Project (美利坚帝国计划，请看网站http://www.americanempireproject.com）。 这个非赢利组织专门揭露批判美国在全世界的霸权主义和帝国主义的流氓行径。 

这个愤老集团的著名代表是Noam Chomasky (诺姆。乔姆斯基，MIT 语言学教授）-他被认为是二十世纪美国最深刻的，影响力最大的思想家—一个人对世界的影响力可以用多少文章引用他的理论和精神，比如说毛泽东的红宝书当年在中国的影响-当然那时全体民众被强制灌输进去的。在一个相对自由的社会，被引用的次数应该可以代表他对社会的影响。据【艺术和人文引文索引】记载，在1980年到1992年，是被文献引用数最多的健在学者，并是在同一时段，是有史以来被引用数第8多的作者，其他被引用的历史人物的排名是：马克思，列宁，莎士比亚，亚里士多德，圣经，柏拉图，佛洛伊德，诺姆。乔姆斯基，黑格尔，西塞罗。这其他九个可不是一般的人马啊！ 当时甚至有专家说，当时好像全世界都在引用他，好像不引用他的话就写不了任何文章似的。 

在美国帝国计划 （American Empire Project） 这个他起头的文汇编集里， 他写了很多书，最近写的有如下几本。值得一提的是，他坚决反对Globalization，认为是美国和少数富国瓜分剥削世界的最新手段。

·         Hegemony or Survival: America's Quest for Global Dominance：征服或者挣扎-美国征服全球的战役

·         Failed States: The Abuse of Power and the Assault on Democracy 失败的国家-滥用权力和对民主的侵袭

·         Profit Over People: Neoliberalism & Global Order 剥削全球-新自由主义和全球秩序

其他专家的影响力也不容忽视，这里仅举几个我读过他们著作的作者-- 

 Chalmers Johnson—

参加过韩战，曾经在CIA做过多年，一直是美国东亚问题专家，特别是日本和南韩问题，目前是加州大学圣地亚哥分校杰出教授。他的两部著作，《The Sorrows of Empire-帝国的悲哀》和 《Blowback 自食其果》，从历史和现实的角度，把美国上百年直到目前的经济，外交，军事的所有行为从帝国发展的角度来分析，包括CIA如何颠覆数十个国家合法政府，美国政府如何用经济手段（如世界银行等组织）强迫被援助国接受美国的意识形态，政治体制，用以来侵噬接受国以及世界经济；如何用军事打压，政治封锁，经济诱惑，结合非法手段，如鼓励毒品输出，军阀混战，忽视种族灭绝，挑起宗教战争，鼓励独裁，引发他国内战等等手段来达到其战略目的。这两本书引用事实和理论，揭露了很多不为人知的秘密，有相当大的可读性。

James Carroll—

前海军情报军官，目前是Boston Globe著名专栏专家，是反伊拉克战争的理论家，出了几本揭露美国布什政府用欺骗手段蒙蔽全世界而启动的对伊拉克的不正义的战争，如《House of War 战争之家》 ，和《Crusade: Chronicles of an Unjust War 圣战，非正义战争的纪实录》等等。

Howard Zinn—

二战退伍军人，波士顿大学历史教授，写过二十本专著，一本《大众美国历史-A People’s American History》令他奠定了自己在美国历史学的地位，是著名的反战和民权人士。他一针见血地指出，美国帝国计划一直都是共，和两党的项目。无论白宫由谁统领，美利坚帝国的发展都是领导层的主要目标。他认为美国应该扩展的是我们的人文精神而不是军事力量 （We should expand not our military power but our humanity）。他认为政客们推销战争的基本依据是： 战争是和平与安全的必要手段，扩张是文明存在的基础。政客们通过媒体的宣传把这些主张深入人心地输入每一个美国人的心中，其结果是绝大多数人相信他们的战争宣传而选择支持战争。

批判归批判，这些专家学者的本质是热爱美国的，他们认为美利坚帝国的所作所为是从根本上动摇美国作为一个人类社会重要积极的影响力量，认为这样的国家行为违背美国最初的建国根本。他们希望作为负责的知识分子，能够用自己的批判和知识来影响美国社会认知进而影响国家进程，使这个世界更加平等和人性化。

这些精英们对美国的百般批评并不妨碍他们继续生活在美国。这个行为也产生了对他们所谓言行不一致的批判，甚至遭到极右派的打击甚至成为人身攻击的对象。十年前美国邮报杀手其中一个目标就是乔姆斯基。对于美国，他们的祖国，乔姆斯基说，美国仍然是世界上最伟大的国家。后来他又将其阐述为：「国与国之间的综合比较没有什么意义，我也不会这么比较。不过美国有些成就，特别是在言论自由方面几个世纪来争得的领先地位，是值得敬仰的。」

是啊，我想他对此应该是有切身体会的—这帮愤老们的任何一个人，任何一本书如果放在任何其他一个国家，民主或者不民主，他们可能都会被打成民族罪人，叛国分裂分子，吃里扒外的小丑，起码给他安个男女关系不检点，把他送进公安局几次而搞臭他们。在这一点上，对他们这些世界知名的作者来说，发表了那么多可以认为是“反美”的言论而可以“马照跑，舞照跳”地继续过安静的日子，继续赚大笔由于国家帝国主义而带来的臭钱—美国的言论自由确实是领先世界的，让人值得骄傲的。

这里是他们最近的书目

A People's History of American Empire

by Howard Zinn, Paul Buhle, Mike Konopacki

Adapted from the bestselling grassroots history of the United States, the story of America in the world, told in comics form.

 A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, from the Cold War to the War on Terror

by Alfred McCoy

In this revelatory account of the CIA's fifty-year effort to develop new forms of torture, historian Alfred W. McCoy locates the deep roots of recent scandals at Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo in a long-standing, covert program of interrogation.

 Blood and Oil: The Dangers and Consequences of America's Growing Petroleum Dependency

by Michael T. Klare

Since the tragic events of September 11 and the commencement of the "war on terror," the relationship between U.S. policy in the Middle East and the oceans of crude oil that lie beneath the region's soil has come under close scrutiny.

 Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire, Revised edition

by Chalmers Johnson

Now with a new and up-to-date Introduction by the author, the bestselling account of the effect of American global policies, hailed as "brilliant and iconoclastic" (Los Angeles Times)

Crusade: Chronicles of an Unjust War

by James Carroll

A devastating indictment of the Bush administration's war policies from the bestselling columnist and respected moral authority.

 Devil's Game: How the United States Helped Unleash Fundamentalist Islam

by Robert Dreyfuss

Despite the surge in books about the Middle East, one fundamental question has remained largely unexplored: How and why did the United States encourage and finance the spread of radical political Islam? Gripping, wide-ranging, and deeply informed, Devil's Game is the first comprehensive account of America's misguided efforts, stretching across decades, to dominate the strategically vital Middle East by courting and cultivating Islamic fundamentalism.

 Dilemmas of Domination: The Unmaking of the American Empire

by Walden Bello

The empire seems unassailable, but the empire is weak -- and precisely because of its imperial ambitions. So argues Walden Bello in his provocative new book, which systematically dissects the strategic, economic, and political dilemmas confronting America as a consequence of its quest for global domination.

 Empire's Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism

by Greg Grandin

In recent years, one book after another has sought to take the measure of the Bush administration's aggressive foreign policy. In their search for precedents, they invoke the Roman and British empires as well as postwar reconstructions of Germany and Japan. Yet they consistently ignore the one place where the United States had its most formative imperial experience: Latin America.

 Failed States: The Abuse of Power and the Assault on Democracy

by Noam Chomsky

The United States has repeatedly asserted its right to intervene militarily against “failed states” around the globe. In this much-anticipated follow-up to his international bestseller Hegemony or Survival, Noam Chomsky turns the tables, showing how the United States itself shares features with other failed states -- suffering from a severe “democratic deficit,” eschewing domestic and international law, and adopting policies that increasingly endanger its own citizens and the world.

Hegemony or Survival

America's Quest for Global Dominance

by Noam Chomsky

From the world's foremost intellectual activist, an irrefutable analysis of America's pursuit of total domination and the catastrophic consequences that are sure to follow.

 How to Succeed at Globalization

A Primer for Roadside Vendors

by El Fisgón

A biting comic-book history of capitalism and globalization from the "dean of Mexico’s vigorous corps of political cartoonists" (The New York Times).

Imperial Ambitions: Conversations on the Post 9/11 World

by Noam Chomsky

Timely, urgent, and powerfully elucidating, this important volume of previously unpublished interviews conducted by award-winning radio journalist David Barsamian features Noam Chomsky discussing America’s policies in an increasingly unstable world.

 In the Name of Democracy: American War Crimes in Iraq and Beyond

by Jeremy Brecher, Jill Cutler, and Brendan Smith

Drawing on a wide range of documents - from the protocols of the Geneva Convention, to FBI e-mails about Guantanamo, to executive branch papers justifying the circumvention of international law -- In the Name of Democracy examines the legality of the Iraq war and the occupation that followed.

 Iraq: The Logic of Withdrawal

by Anthony Arnove

Almost four years after the start of the war in Iraq, violence and isery continue to plague the country, and conservatives and liberals alike are struggling with the question of when -- and under what circumstances -- U.S. and coalition forces should leave.

 Nemesis: The Last Days of the American Republic

by Chalmers Johnson

A New York Times bestseller, Nemesis is Chalmers Johnson’s “fiercest book—and his best” (Andrew J. Bacevich)

In his prophetic book Blowback, Chalmers Johnson linked the CIA’s clandestine activities abroad to disaster at home. In The Sorrows of Empire, he explored the ways in which the growth of American militarism and the garrisoning of the planet have jeopardized our stability. In Nemesis, the bestselling and final volume in what has become known as the Blowback Trilogy, he shows how imperial overstretch is undermining the republic itself, both economically and politically.

The Seventh Decade: The New Shape of Nuclear Danger

by Jonathan Schell

From the bestselling author of The Fate of the Earth, a provocative look at the urgent threat posed by America’s new nuclear policies.

The Sorrows of Empire

Militarism, Secrecy, and the End of the Republic

by Chalmers Johnson

From the author of the prophetic national bestseller Blowback, a startling look at militarism, American style, and its consequences abroad and at home.

The Complex: How the Military Invades Our Everyday Lives

by Nick Turse

A mind-boggling investigation of the allpervasive, constantly morphing presence of the Pentagon in daily life—a real-world Matrix come alive.

War Powers: How the Imperial Presidency Hijacked the Constitution

by Peter Irons

A striking assessment of how the Constitution has been stretched, distorted, and violated to accommodate the drive to empire from Jefferson's day to our own

What We Say Goes: Conversations on U.S. Power in a Changing World: Interviews with David Barsamian

by Noam Chomsky and David Barsamian

An indispensable set of interviews on foreign and domestic issues with the bestselling author of Hegemony or Survival, "America’s most useful citizen." (The Boston Globe)