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贫困的终结：我们这个时代的经济可能性
https://www.amazon.ca/End-Poverty-Economic-Possibilities-Time/dp/0143036580/ref=sr_1_1
作者：杰弗里·萨克斯 2006 年 2 月 28 日
世界上最著名的经济学家之一对经济繁荣以及世界如何让世界上最贫穷的公民摆脱极端贫困进行了具有里程碑意义的探索
杰弗里·D·萨克斯 (Jeffrey D. Sachs) 被《时代》杂志誉为世界百位最具影响力人物之一，因其在全球范围内为危机中的经济体提供建议而闻名。 《贫困的终结》现已成为该类型的经典之作，它浓缩了三十多年的经验，为将贫困国家转变为繁荣国家的步骤提供了独特的视角。 萨克斯将生动的故事讲述与严谨的分析相结合，描绘出一幅清晰的世界经济概念图。 他解释了自己在玻利维亚、俄罗斯、印度、中国和非洲的工作，为世界上最贫穷国家面临的相互交织的经济、政治、环境和社会问题提供了一套综合的解决方案。
自首次出版十年后，《贫困的终结》仍然是一部不可或缺且具有影响力的作品。 在这本十周年纪念版中，萨克斯发表了一篇内容广泛的新前言，评估了过去十年的进展、仍有待完成的工作以及我们每个人可以如何提供帮助。 他还展望了未来十五年到 2030 年（联合国消除极端贫困的目标日期）的前景，并提出了新的见解和建议。
贫困的终结：我们这个时代的经济可能性
维基百科，自由的百科全书
《贫困的终结：我们时代的经济可能性》（ISBN 1-59420-045-9）是美国经济学家杰弗里·萨克斯 2005 年出版的一本书。 这是《纽约时报》的畅销书。
萨克斯在书中认为，通过精心规划的发展援助，到 2025 年，极端贫困（世界银行将其定义为每天收入低于一美元）可以在全球范围内消除。 他提出的问题是非常贫穷的国家无法达到经济发展阶梯的“底层”； 一旦达到最低水平，一个国家就可以将自己拉入全球市场经济，对外部援助的需求将大大减少或消除。
临床经济学
为了解决和补救各国特定的经济障碍，萨克斯主张使用他所说的“临床经济学”，类比医学。 萨克斯解释说，国家就像患者一样，是复杂的系统，需要鉴别诊断、了解背景、监测和评估以及专业道德标准。 [1] 临床经济学需要对一个国家的经济问题进行系统分析和“鉴别诊断”，然后开出专门的处方。 许多因素会影响一个国家进入世界市场的能力，包括政府腐败； 基于性别、种族或种姓的法律和社会差异； 艾滋病和疟疾等疾病； 缺乏基础设施（包括交通、通讯、卫生和贸易）； 政治格局不稳定； 保护主义; 和地理障碍。 萨克斯依次讨论了每个因素及其潜在的补救措施。
为了说明临床经济学的用途，萨克斯介绍了玻利维亚、波兰和俄罗斯的案例研究，并讨论了他向这些国家提出的解决方案及其效果。 本书还讨论了代表不同经济发展阶段的马拉维、印度、中国和孟加拉国的经济。
千年发展目标
萨克斯高度重视联合国千年发展目标 (MDG)，将其作为消除极端贫困的第一步，截至发布时，极端贫困已影响到全球约 11 亿人。 萨克斯领导了联合国千年项目，该项目从 2002 年到 2005 年致力于建立实现千年发展目标的组织手段。
他还提出了一些具体的、立即的解决方案，例如增加撒哈拉以南非洲地区抗疟疾蚊帐的供应，并鼓励取消世界上最贫穷国家的债务。 萨克斯指出，为了实现消除全球贫困的目标，临床经济学必须得到更多资金的支持； 他认为，到 2015 年，全球发展援助必须从 2002 年的 650 亿美元增加到每年 135 至 1,950 亿美元。 [2]
萨克斯认为，发达国家有能力帮助最贫穷的国家摆脱极端贫困。 他同意千年发展目标的计算，即第一世界国家国民生产总值的 0.7% 就足以实现这一目标。 [3]
贫困的终结：我们这个时代的经济可能性
作者：杰弗里·D·萨克斯
在人类历史上，从贫困到发展的速度令人难以置信。 两百年前，我们有可能实现消除贫困的想法是不可想象的。 除了极少数皇室成员和地主贵族之外，几乎每个人都很穷。 欧洲大部分地区的生活与印度或中国一样困难。 除了极少数例外，你的曾曾祖父母很穷，很可能住在农场。 一位著名的经济历史学家安格斯·麦迪逊 (Angus Maddison) 认为，1820 年西欧的人均收入约为当今撒哈拉以南非洲地区人均收入的 90%。 截至 1800 年，西欧和日本的预期寿命可能约为四十岁。
几个世纪前，人们还没有意识到世界各地贫富差距巨大。 当欧洲发现通往亚洲、非洲和美洲的海路时，中国、印度、欧洲和日本的收入水平都相似。 当然，马可·波罗惊叹于中国的华丽奇迹，而不是它的贫穷。 科尔特斯和他的征服者对阿兹特克首都特诺奇蒂特兰的财富表示惊讶。 早期在非洲的葡萄牙探险家对西非秩序井然的城镇印象深刻。
直到 1700 年代中期，按照今天的标准来看，世界都非常贫穷。 预期寿命极低； 现在的富裕国家和贫穷国家都有大量儿童死亡。 疾病和流行病，不仅仅是欧洲的黑死病，还有从天花、麻疹到其他流行病的许多疾病浪潮，经常席卷社会并造成大量人员死亡。 饥饿、极端天气和气候波动的爆发导致社会崩溃。 对于阿诺德·汤因比来说，罗马帝国的兴衰很像之前和之后所有其他文明的兴衰。 长期以来，经济史一直是一段起起落落、先增长后衰退的历史，而不是持续的经济进步。
现代经济增长的新颖性
如果我们要理解为什么今天存在巨大的贫富差距，我们就需要了解人类历史上这些巨大差距出现的最近一段时期。 1800年左右以来的过去两个世纪，构成了经济史上一个独特的时代，伟大的经济史学家西蒙·库兹涅茨将这个时代称为“现代经济增长时期”，简称MEG。 在MEG时代之前，实际上几千年来，世界上几乎没有持续的经济增长，
只有人口的逐渐增加……；
The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time
https://www.amazon.ca/End-Poverty-Economic-Possibilities-Time/dp/0143036580/ref=sr_1_1
by Jeffrey Sachs Feb. 28 2006
The landmark exploration of economic prosperity and how the world can escape from extreme poverty for the world's poorest citizens, from one of the world's most renowned economists
Hailed by Timeas one of the world's hundred most influential people, Jeffrey D. Sachs is renowned for his work around the globe advising economies in crisis. Now a classic of its genre, The End of Poverty distills more than thirty years of experience to offer a uniquely informed vision of the steps that can transform impoverished countries into prosperous ones. Marrying vivid storytelling with rigorous analysis, Sachs lays out a clear conceptual map of the world economy. Explaining his own work in Bolivia, Russia, India, China, and Africa, he offers an integrated set of solutions to the interwoven economic, political, environmental, and social problems that challenge the world's poorest countries.
Ten years after its initial publication, The End of Poverty remains an indispensible and influential work. In this 10th anniversary edition, Sachs presents an extensive new foreword assessing the progress of the past decade, the work that remains to be done, and how each of us can help. He also looks ahead across the next fifteen years to 2030, the United Nations' target date for ending extreme poverty, offering new insights and recommendations.
The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time (ISBN 1-59420-045-9) is a 2005 book by American economist Jeffrey Sachs. It was a New York Times bestseller.
In the book, Sachs argues that extreme poverty—defined by the World Bank as incomes of less than one dollar per day—can be eliminated globally by the year 2025, through carefully planned development aid. He presents the problem as an inability of very poor countries to reach the "bottom rung" of the ladder of economic development; once the bottom rung is reached, a country can pull itself up into the global market economy, and the need for outside aid will be greatly diminished or eliminated.
Clinical economics
In order to address and remedy the specific economic stumbling blocks of various countries, Sachs espouses the use of what he terms "clinical economics", by analogy to medicine. Sachs explains that countries, like patients, are complex systems, requiring differential diagnosis, an understanding of context, monitoring and evaluation, and professional standards of ethics.[1] Clinical economics requires a methodic analysis and "differential diagnosis" of a country's economic problems, followed by a specifically tailored prescription. Many factors can affect a country's ability to enter the world market, including government corruption; legal and social disparities based on gender, ethnicity, or caste; diseases such as AIDS and malaria; lack of infrastructure (including transportation, communications, health, and trade); unstable political landscapes; protectionism; and geographic barriers. Sachs discusses each factor, and its potential remedies, in turn.
In order to illustrate the use of clinical economics, Sachs presents case studies on Bolivia, Poland, and Russia, and discusses the solutions he presented to those countries, and their effects. The book also discusses the economies of Malawi, India, China, and Bangladesh as representative of various stages of economic development.
The Millennium Development Goals
Sachs places a great deal of emphasis on the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as a first step towards eliminating extreme poverty, which affected approximately 1.1 billion people worldwide at the time of publication. Sachs headed the United Nations Millennium Project, which worked from 2002 to 2005 to establish the organizational means to achieve the MDGs.
He also offers some specific, immediate solutions, such as increasing the availability of anti-malarial bed nets in sub-Saharan Africa, and encourages debt cancellation for the world's poorest countries. Sachs states that in order to achieve the goal of eliminating global poverty, clinical economics must be backed by greater funding; he argues that development aid must be raised from $65 billion globally as of 2002 to between $135 and $195 billion a year by 2015.[2]
Sachs argues that the developed world can afford to raise the poorest countries out of extreme poverty; he agrees with the MDG's calculation that 0.7 percent of the combined gross national product of first-world countries would be sufficient to achieve that goal.[3]
The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time
by Jeffrey D. Sachs
The path from poverty to development has come incredibly fast in the span of human history. Two hundred years ago, the idea that we could potentially achieve the end of poverty would have been unimaginable. Just about everybody was poor with the exception of a very small minority of royals and landed gentry. Life was as difficult in much of Europe as it was in India or China. With very few exceptions, your great-great-grandparents were poor and most likely living on the farm. One leading economic historian, Angus Maddison, puts the average income per person in Western Europe in 1820 at around 90 percent of the average income of sub-Saharan Africa today. Life expectancy in Western Europe and Japan as of 1800 was probably about forty years.
There was little sense a few centuries ago of vast divides in wealth and poverty around the world. China, India, Europe, and Japan all had similar income levels at the time of European discoveries of the sea routes to Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Marco Polo, of course, marveled at the sumptuous wonders of China, not at its poverty. Cortés and his conquistadores expressed astonishment at the riches of Tenochtitlán, the capital of the Aztecs. The early Portuguese explorers in Africa were impressed with the well-ordered towns in West Africa.
Until the mid-1700s, the world was remarkably poor by any of today’s standards. Life expectancy was extremely low; children died in vast numbers in the now rich countries as well as the poor countries. Disease and epidemics, not just the black death of Europe, but many waves of disease, from smallpox and measles to other epidemics, regularly washed through society and killed mass numbers of people. Episodes of hunger and extreme weather and climate fluctuations sent societies crashing. The rise and fall of the Roman Empire, for Arnold Toynbee, was much like the rise and decline of all other civilizations before and since. Economic history had long been one of ups and downs, growth followed by decline, rather than sustained economic progress.
The Novelty of Modern Economic Growth
If we are to understand why vast gaps between rich and poor exist today, we need therefore to understand a very recent period of human history during which these vast gaps opened. The past two centuries, since around 1800, constitute a unique era in economic history, a period that the great economic historian Simon Kuznets famously termed the period of Modern Economic Growth, or MEG for short. Before the era of MEG, indeed for thousands of years, there had been virtually no sustained economic growth in the world and only gradual increases in the human population…;
