文献索引： 第十章 零和博弈

·    在东湾佛利蒙有两家华裔的公司在2015年三月曾被窃 – 参见旧金山湾区华语电视KTSF新闻《Fremont市華裔經營電腦公司遭爆竊 損失數十萬元》(http://www.ktsf.com/a-commercial-burglary-in-fremont-over-the-weekend-resulted-in-the/)。
·    罪犯轮廓 (Offender Profiling or Criminal Profiling) – 参见美国心理学协会 (APA, American Psychological Association) 文章 Lea Winerman, “Criminal profiling: the reality behind the myth” July/August 2004, Vol 35, No. 7, p. 66  (http://www.apa.org/monitor/julaug04/criminal.aspx)。
·    种族轮廓 (Racial Profiling) – 参见Wiki 词条 “Racial profiling”( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_profiling) 以及Wiki – Conservapedia 词条 “Racial profiling controversy”( http://www.conservapedia.com/Racial_profiling_controversy)。Conservapedia 是 Wikipedia 分项目之一，试图犯映美国保守派的观点。
·    世事如棋 – 浙江衢州城东南有烂柯山又名石室山。南北朝时梁朝任昉《述异记》载“信安郡石室山，晋时王质伐木，至见童子数人，棋而歌，质因听之。童子以一物与质，如枣核，质含之不觉饥。俄顷，童子谓曰：‘何不去？’，质起，视斧柯烂尽，既归，无复时人。”《烂柯经》又名《棋经十三篇》，北宋皇仁宗时皇祐中翰林学士张拟所作 (http://club.ntu.edu.tw/~davidhsu/New-Davidhome/05-david-book/DAVIDBOOK/CHINESE/001david-new-book/CHESS.pdf)。
·    经济学家保罗• 萨默尔森关于博弈论 -- Nobel Laureate Paul Samuelson’s quote: “To be literate in the modern age, you need to have a general understanding of game theory.”
·    约翰·冯· 诺依曼 (John von Neumann) -- 计算机之父，博弈论的创始人。参见《大英百科全书》(Encyclopedia Britanica) “John von Neumann”(http://www.britannica.com/biography/John-von-Neumann)。关于诺依曼极大极小定理 (Maxmin Theorem)，参见 John  von Neumann, J: Zur Theorie der Gesellschaftsspiele Math. Annalen. 100, pp. 295-320, 1928。
·    美国数学家约翰·纳什 – 参见纽约时报2015年5月24日文章 “John F. Nash Jr., Math Genius Defined by a ‘Beautiful Mind,’ Dies at 86”(http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/25/science/john-nash-a-beautiful-mind-subject-and-nobel-winner-dies-at-86.html?_r=0)。关于他的博士论文《非合作博弈》参见 John Nash “Non-cooperative games” Annals Math 54(2), pp. 286–295, 1951 (http://www.cs.upc.edu/~ia/nash51.pdf) 。
·    电影《美丽的心灵》及其主题曲 “All Love Can Be”—参见Wiki 词条 “A beautiful mind (film)”(https://www.google.com/search?num=100&lr=&as_qdr=all&q=all+love+can+be+lyrics&oq=All+Love+Can+Be&gs_l=serp.1.3.35i39j0j0i7i30j0i20j0i7i30l3j0l3.52513.52513.0.55764.1.1.0.0.0.0.251.251.2-1.1.0.crnk_zc%2Cezcr%3D1.1..0...1.1.64.serp..0.1.251.xGh3zoLBKaI)。主题曲歌词：
All Love Can Be
Song by Charlotte Church
I will watch you in the darkness
Show your love, will see you through
When the bad dreams wake you crying
I'll show you all love can do
All love can do
I will watch through the night
Hold you in my arms
Give you dreams where no one will be
I will watch through the dark
Till the morning comes
For the light will take you
Through the night to see our light
Showing us all love can be
I will guard you with my bright wings
Stay till your heart learns to see
All love can be
·    阿兰·图灵 (Alan Turing) -- 英国数学家和逻辑学家，计算机逻辑的奠基者，和冯• 诺依曼一样被称为计算机科学之父，并被称为人工智能之父。参见《大英百科全书》(Encyclopedia Britanica) “Alan Turing”(http://www.britannica.com/biography/Alan-Turing)。
·    图灵和苹果公司的商标 – 参见英国广播公司 (BBC) (http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20120620-the-turing-test-of-time):  ……That apple by his deathbed has become the most famous in science since Isaac Newton’s windfall, with claims that Turing poisoned it so he could mimic the one in his favourite fairy-tale, Disney’s Snow White, and – repeatedly – that it inspired Apple’s famous once-bitten logo. Although writer/actor/presenter/technophile Stephen Fry says that when he asked Apple founder Steve Jobs if the story is true, Jobs replied: "God we wish it were. It's just a coincidence." 
·    想起苏格拉底名言：“人啊，认识你自己吧“ – 参见Wiki 词条 “Know thyself”(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know_thyself)。
·    亚当·斯密的“人人为自己”— 那是18世纪英国经济学家，古典经济学理论体系的创立者亚当·斯密1776年在《国富论》中提出的命题。亚当·斯密在他的经典著作《国富论》(Adam Smith “The Wealth of Nations”) 第四部第二章第七段至九段 (Book IV, Chapter II, paragraphs 7 - 9)中提出了“看不见的手”的概念:  

第二，每个个人把资本用以支持国内产业，必然会努力指导那种产业，使其生产物尽可能有最大的价值。

劳动的结果是劳动对其对象或对施以劳动的原材料所增加的东西。劳动者利润的大小，同这生产物价值的大小成比例。但是，把资本用来支持产业的人，既以牟取利润为唯一目的，他自然总会努力使他用其资本所支持的产业的生产物能具有最大价值，换言之，能交换最大数量的货币或其他货物。

但每个社会的年收入，总是与其产业的全部年产物的交换价值恰好相等，或者无宁说，和那种交换价值恰好是同一样东西。所以，由于每个个人都努力把他的资本尽可能用来支持国内产业，都努力管理国内产业，使其生产物的价值能达到最高程度，他就必然竭力使社会的年收入尽量增大起来。确实，他通常既不打算促进公共的利益，也不知道他自己是在什么程度上促进那种利益。由于宁愿投资支持国内产业而不支持国外产业，他只是盘算他自己的安全；由于他管理产业的方式目的在于使其生产物的价值能达到最大程度，他所盘算的也只是他自己的利益。在这场合，象在其他许多场合一样，他受着一只看不见的手的指导，去尽力达到一个并非他本意想要达到的目的。也并不因为事非出于本意，就对社会有害。他追求自己的利益，往往使他能比在真正出于本意的情况下更有效地促进社会的利益。我从来没有听说过，那些假装为公众幸福而经营贸易的人做了多少好事。事实上，这种装模作样的神态在商人中间并不普遍，用不着多费唇舌去劝阻他们。

(Secondly, every individual who employs his capital in the support of domestic industry, necessarily endeavours so to direct that industry, that its produce may be of the greatest possible value.

The produce of industry is what it adds to the subject or materials upon which it is employed. In proportion as the value of this produce is great or small, so will likewise be the profits of the employer. But it is only for the sake of profit that any man employs a capital in the support of industry; and he will always, therefore, endeavour to employ it in the support of that industry of which the produce is likely to be of the greatest value, or to exchange for the greatest quantity either of money or of other goods.

But the annual revenue of every society is always precisely equal to the exchangeable value of the whole annual produce of its industry, or rather is precisely the same thing with that exchangeable value. As every individual, therefore, endeavours as much as he can, both to employ his capital in the support of domestic industry, and so to direct that industry that its produce maybe of the greatest value; every individual necessarily labours to render the annual revenue of the society as great as he can. He generally, indeed, neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it. By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry, he intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain; and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention. Nor is it always the worse for the society that it was no part of it. By pursuing his own interest, he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it. I have never known much good done by those who affected to trade for the public good. It is an affectation, indeed, not very common among merchants, and very few words need be employed in dissuading them from it.)

对 “看不见的手”概念的阐述可参见维基MBA智库词条《看不见的手》(http://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/%E7%9C%8B%E4%B8%8D%E8%A7%81%E7%9A%84%E6%89%8B): 亚当·斯密达观点是个人在经济生活中只考虑自己利益，受“看不见的手”驱使，通过分工和市场的作用，可以达到国家富裕的目的。“看不见的手”以后成了资本主义完全竞争模式的形象用语。这种模式的主要特征是私有制，人人为自己，都有获得市场信息的自由，自由竞争，无需政府干预经济活动。亚当·斯密的后继者们以均衡理论的形式完成了对于完全竞争市场机制的精确分析。在完全竞争条件下，生产是小规模的，一切企业由企业主经营，单独的生产者对产品的市场价格不发生影响，消费者用货币作为“选票”，决定着产量和质量。生产者追求利润最大化，消费者追求效用最大化。价格自由地反映供求的变化，其功能一是配置稀缺资源，二是分配商品和劳务。通过看不见的手，企业家获得利润，工人获得由竞争的劳动力供给决定的工资，土地所有者获得地租。供给自动地创造需求，储蓄与投资保持平衡。通过自由竞争，整个经济体系达到一般均衡，在处理国际经济关系时，遵循自由放任原则。政府不对外贸进行管制。“看不见的手”反映了早期资本主义自由竞争时代的经济现实。