教皇訪問美國: 資本主義 = 自由 vs. 社會主義 = 平等/GDP vs. SPI/(四美具，二難並)

教皇來美國訪問，“資本主義給你自由，但沒有社會平等。 社會主義給你社會平等，但沒有給你自由。”

資本主義 = 自由   vs.  社會主義 = 平等

《 滕王閣序》是初唐詩人王勃的佳作，它裡面有“四美具，二難並”的句子。四美是指良辰、美景、賞心、樂事；二難是指賢主、嘉賓。

The Pope came to visit the USA, “Capitalism gives you freedom but without social equality. Socialism gives you social equality without freedom.”

capitalism = freedom vs. Socialism = equality

當前的政客試圖模糊這些定義的界限，以促進“社會進步指數*”取代“GDP**”驅動的衡量標準。The current politicians have attempted to blur the boundary of these definitions to promote the “Social Progress Index (SPI)*” to replace the “GDP**” driven measurement.

“如果你不能衡量它，你就無法改進它。” （彼得·德魯克（Peter Drucker）——出版了超過 39 部商業書籍——被認為是現代商業管理的發明者。）“If you can’t measure it, you can’t improve it.” (by Peter Drucker—author of over 39 books on business—has been credited with inventing modern business management.)

• The Social Progress Index (SPI) measures the extent to which countries provide for the social and environmental needs of their citizens. Fifty-four indicators in the areas of basic human needs, foundations of well-being, and opportunity to progress show the relative performance of nations. The index is published by the nonprofit Social Progress Imperative, and is based on the writings of Amartya Sen, Douglass North, and Joseph Stiglitz.[1] The SPI measures the well-being of a society by observing social and environmental outcomes directly rather than the economic factors. The social and environmental factors include wellness (including health, shelter and sanitation), equality, inclusion, sustainability and personal freedom and safety.[2][full citation needed] 社會進步指數 (SPI) 衡量各國滿足其公民社會和環境需求的程度。 人類基本需求、福祉基礎和進步機會等領域的 54 項指標顯示了國家的相對錶現。 該指數由非營利組織社會進步勢在必行發布，基於 Amartya Sen、Douglass North 和 Joseph Stiglitz 的著作。 [1] SPI 通過直接觀察社會和環境結果而不是經濟因素來衡量社會的福祉。 社會和環境因素包括健康（包括健康、住所和衛生）、平等、包容、可持續性以及個人自由和安全。[2][需要完整引用]
• Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced and sold (not resold) in a specific time period by countries.[2][3] Due to its complex and subjective nature this measure is often revised before being considered a reliable indicator. GDP (nominal) per capita does not, however, reflect differences in the cost of living and the inflation rates of the countries; therefore, using a basis of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) may be more useful when comparing living standards between nations, while nominal GDP is more useful comparing national economies on the international market.[4] Total GDP can also be broken down into the contribution of each industry or sector of the economy.[5] The ratio of GDP to the total population of the region is the per capita GDP (also called the Mean Standard of Living).

 

GDP definitions are maintained by a number of national and international economic organizations. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) defines GDP as "an aggregate measure of production equal to the sum of the gross values added of all resident and institutional units engaged in production and services (plus any taxes, and minus any subsidies, on products not included in the value of their outputs)".[6] An IMF publication states that, "GDP measures the monetary value of final goods and services—that are bought by the final user—produced in a country in a given period of time (say a quarter or a year)."[7]

 

GDP is often used as a metric for international comparisons as well as a broad measure of economic progress. It is often considered to be the "world's most powerful statistical indicator of national development and progress".[8] However, critics of the growth imperative often argue that GDP measures were never intended to measure progress, and leave out key other externalities, such as resource extraction, environmental impact and unpaid domestic work.[9] Critics frequently propose alternative economic models such as doughnut economics which use other measures of success or alternative indicators such as the OECD's Better Life Index as better approaches to measuring the effect of the economy on human development and well being.

資本主義定義

資本主義是一種經濟體系，在這種經濟體系中，私人擁有和控制企業、財產和資本——“生產資料”。生產的商品和服務的數量基於“供需”系統，該系統鼓勵企業盡可能高效、廉價地製造優質產品。

在最純粹的資本主義形式——自由市場或自由放任資本主義——中，個人可以不受限制地參與經濟活動。他們決定把錢投資在哪裡，以及以什麼價格生產和銷售什麼。真正的自由放任資本主義在沒有政府控制的情況下運作。然而，實際上，大多數資本主義國家對商業和私人投資採取了一定程度的政府監管。

資本主義制度很少或根本沒有努力防止收入不平等。從理論上講，金融不平等會鼓勵競爭和創新，從而推動經濟增長。在資本主義下，政府不僱用一般勞動力。因此，在經濟衰退期間失業率可能會增加。在資本主義制度下，個人根據市場需求為經濟做出貢獻，並根據個人財富獲得經濟回報。

 

社會主義定義

社會主義描述了各種經濟制度，在這些制度下，社會中的每個人都平等地擁有生產資料。在一些社會主義經濟體中，民選政府擁有和控制主要企業和行業。在其他社會主義經濟體中，生產由工人合作社控制。在其他一些國家，企業和財產的個人所有權是允許的，但需要高稅收和政府控制。

社會主義的口號是“各盡所能，各盡所能”。這意味著社會中的每個人都可以根據他們對創造經濟的貢獻而獲得經濟集體生產——商品和財富——的份額。在扣除一定百分比以幫助支付服務於“公共利益”的社會項目後，工人將獲得他們的生產份額。

與資本主義相比，社會主義的主要關注點是通過確保人民之間財富的平等分配來消除“富”和“窮”的社會經濟階層。為此，社會主義政府控制勞動力市場，有時甚至成為主要雇主。這使政府即使在經濟低迷時期也能確保充分就業。

 

Ref #1: Capitalism means freedom by Bob Weeks

Ref #2: 

Longley, Robert. "Socialism vs. Capitalism: What Is the Difference?" ThoughtCo, Apr. 11, 2022, thoughtco.com/socialism-vs-capitalism-4768969.

(URL: Socialism vs. Capitalism: Differences, Similarities, Pros, Cons (thoughtco.com)) 

Ref #3: 

1. Business Growth
2. Mike Brooks
3. “If You Can’t Measure It, You Can’t Improve It.”
4. Sep 03, 2020

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