可以确信中国官方对2007年7月的报告完全没有察觉,否则事情绝不会沦为现在的局面。
“我们已经明确的标示出了这些活跃断层的潜力,”Ellis说到。“但这个信息事实上被锁进了一份学术期刊。”Ellis希望能用防震建筑替换如今已经塌陷的建筑,这样起码可以避免未来的悲剧。
“(地震前)我曾经去过这些小型村镇”,Ellis说,“大多数房屋都没有使用加固材料,而且那些地区几乎没有制砖厂。”
他补充说,“制造防震建筑成本相对较高,但四川省的绝大多数人民却十分贫困。”
地震背后的科学
北川的地震活动并不罕见。
“我们的证据显示从12000至13000年前开始,北川就始终伴随着使地表断裂的地震。”Ellis和同事在去年夏天的报告中写到。
在接受国家地理新闻的采访时,Ellis说到,“根本上说,(2008年)地震的原因是印度和亚洲地壳板块持续且不可阻挡的碰撞,其速率约为一年20-22毫米。”
此次碰撞起始于5千万年前,当时印度下方板块撞向了欧洲板块。
Ellis补充说“喜马拉雅和青藏高原便是从这个碰撞中产生的。”
随着印度板块持续缓慢的撞向亚洲,猛烈的时候就产生了地震,整个青藏高原都被向北推动。
“这次地震是西藏的山区向东边成都平原移动”,一位没有参与2007年7月报告的地质学家,科罗拉多大学的Roger Bilham说到。
问题不局限于四川
报告的联合作者Ellis说,随着西藏高原北移,“西藏的中部地区正在塌陷,就像奶酪刚从烤箱中拿出来放到冷空气中一样。”
Ellis指出,西藏的南部边缘在断层一侧,其面对的地震威胁和四川一样大。
Ellis补充说:“喜马拉雅地区相关的财产和生命损失的风险非常之大,因为有大量的人口居住在哪里或者马上迁移过去。”
“这风险几乎和四川一样高,因为人口和,类似于印度尼泊尔的,相对劣质的建筑标准。”
而且,随着印度板块持续撞向西藏,“它正在制造新的断层”,同时也意味着新的危险。
原文: Study Warned of China Quake Risk Nearly a Year Ago
VIDEO: Asian Plate Caused Quake
VIDEO: Pandas Sensed Quake Coming?
The Next Big One—Earthquake Technology
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
地震真的可以预报吗?小地震也许比较容易预报,而预报大地震却不是这么简单的事情。目前而言,地震预报仍然是项极不完美的科学,就象天气预报一样。唐山的地震在几年前虽然也有预报,但因为时间跨度很大,所以预报的价值非常有限。地震不可避免也难以预测,人们依然还会在地震频发的地区生活。在重建家园的时候,人们应该注意些什么呢?
In February 1975, scientists predicted an earthquake five hours in advance. The earthquake occurred in Haicheng in northeast China and it was the first time an earthquake prediction bore true. Millions of people had time to evacuate their homes and factories before the earthquake hit, saving tens of thousands of lives. Although many towns were totally destroyed, only a few hundred people died.
Another Chinese earthquake took place near T'ang-shan in August 1976. Although the earthquake was predicted a few years in advance, around 700,000 people still died from the quake. Long-term predictions seem to have limited value.
Earthquakes can be scientifically predicted by observing tiny cracks in rocks and how they widen when the rock is under stress. Other changes are also observable when a rock starts to compress, including changes in electrical resistance and the speed at which sound waves propagate through the rock. The swelling of cracks in a rock before it breaks is called dilantancy. It begins when the force on the rock is about half the force required for it to break.
In Russia and The United States, small earthquakes have been predicted up to five years in advance, but predicting large earthquakes or earthquakes around certain faults can be difficult. The rate of certainty has to be high for a warning to be issued. Earthquake prediction is still very much an imperfect science, like predicting the weather.