ColorFlowImagingBasics:Laminarvs.TurbulentBloodFlow
Colorflowimagingalsoindicateswhetherthebloodflowislaminarorturbulent.Innormal,laminarbloodflow,alltheredbloodcellsmoveataboutthesamevelocityandinthesamedirection.
Thediagramdemonstratesthelaminarorparabolicflowseenwithnormalheartflow.Thediastolicmitralinflowinthisexampleislaminar,indicatedbyasmooth,homogenouspatternofred...[阅读全文]
ColorFlowImagingBasics:FrequencyAliasing
ColorFlowImagingisaformofpulsedwave(PW)Dopplerandfollowsthesameprinciples.InPWDoppler,whenthefrequencyshiftofthebloodflowexceedstheNyquistlimit,thedisplayshowsanaliasedsignal.Thesamethinghappensincolorflowimaging,wherealiasingappearsascolorreversal.Asillustratedonthecolorbarbelow,whenthevelocityofbloodflowmovingtowardthetransducercausesaliasingthecolorc...[
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BloodFlowVelocity:MeanVelocity
PWandCWDopplerprovidepeakvelocityestimates,whileCFIproducesrelativemeanvelocityestimates.ThenumbersyouseeneartheendsofacolorbarrepresentthemeanNyquistlimit(themaximummeasurablemeanvelocity)colorflowimagingcanmeasure,notpeakvelocityestimates.
Toobtainpeakbloodflowvelocityestimates,youmustusePWorCWDoppler.However,sincecolorflowimagingveryquicklyidentifiesjetloc...[
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ColorFlowImagingBasics:BloodFlowVelocity
Thevelocity(thecombinationofdistance,timeanddirection)ofbloodflowdeterminesthepresenceorabsenceofheartdisease.ThespectralDopplerwaveformhelpsdiagnosediseasebutthecolordisplayaidsthesonographerinlocatingtheexactsiteofabnormalflow.Thefirststepinobtainingacolorimageistheunderstandingofthecolorbardisplayedoneachimage.BloodFlowVelocity:ColorBar
Todetermi...[
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HenryGrayTheBartleby.comeditionofGray’sAnatomyoftheHumanBodyfeatures1,247vibrantengravings—manyincolor—fromtheclassic1918publication,aswellasasubjectindexwith13,000entriesrangingfromtheAntrumofHighmoretotheZonuleofZinn.Search:CONTENTSBibliographicRecordPrefaceIllustrationsSubjectIndexTWENTIETHEDITION
THOROUGHLYREVISEDANDRE-EDITEDBYWARRENH.LEWIS
ILLUSTRATEDWITH1247ENGRAVINGS
PHILADEL...[
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ColorFlowImagingBasics:BloodFlowDirectionApplied
Mostimagingdepartmentssetthedisplaysothatbloodflowmovingtowardthetransducerisinred,orange,andyellow.Theflowmovingawayfromthetransducerhasthecolorassignmentofdark,medium,andlightblue.
Thisapicalfour-chamberimage,frozenindiastole,showsmitralinflowasredsandorangesbecausebloodflowismovingtowardthetransducer.
Th...[阅读全文]
ColorFlowImagingBasics:BloodFlowDirectionDisplay
Inatypicalcolorflowimagetheanatomyisinblackandwhitewhilethebloodflowisacoloroverlay.Thecolorbar,shownonthescreenwhenevercolorflowimagingisactive,helpsyouinterpretthecolorflowimage.
Thecolorbar,shownhereintheupperrightcorner,aidsindeterminationoftheflowdirection.InDoppler,bloodflowmovingtowardsthetransducerisabovethespectral...[阅读全文]
Colorflowimaging(CFI)isavariationofpulsed-wave(PW)Doppler,inwhichcolorsrepresentthevelocityanddirectionofbloodflow.Thecolorssuperimposedonthe2-Dechocardiographicanatomy,produceareal-timerepresentationofthespatialextentofbloodflow.ImagingwithCFIallowsyoutofindbloodflowquickerandeasierthanwithconventionalpulsed-wave(PW)orcontinuous-wave(CW)Doppler.ColorFlowImaginghelps:PositionPWandCWDopplerbeamsDet...[
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卫生部昨天上午发布公告，建议国人尽可能避免连续长时间或高温烹饪淀粉类食品；建议改变以油炸和高脂肪食品为主的饮食习惯，减少因摄入致癌物丙烯酰胺可能导致的健康危害。
卫生部食品污染物监测网监测结果显示，高温加工的淀粉类食品（如油炸薯片和油炸薯条等）中丙烯酰胺含量较高，其中薯类油炸食品中丙烯酰胺平均含量高出谷类油炸食品4倍。我国居民[
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Laboratory
ChemistryTestValueSodium139Potassium4.8ChlorideH108Bicarbonate27AnionGap4.0UreaH16.0CreatinineH127Albumin35Calcium2.37Glucose,Random5.8HematologyTestValueLKC7.0ERCL3.49HemoglobinL105HCTL0.32MCV91.7RDW12.5EnzymesandCardiacMarkersTestValueALTH128CK64UrineTestValueAppearanceCloudyColorYellowLeukocytes,U0cells/uLSpGravity,U1.020pH,U5.5Protein,U>+3.0g/LGlucose,U0.0mmol/LKetones,U0.0mm...[
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