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aaa
(2005-06-02 19:12:06)

TransesophagealEchocardiographyTransthoracicechocardiography(TTE)usuallydefinescardiacanatomyandfunctionsatisfactorily,oftenobviatingtheneedforfurthercardiacimaging.Occasionally,however,TTEdoesnotprovidecompleteoradequatelydetailedinformation.Thisisespeciallytrueintheevaluationofposteriorcardiacstructures(e.g.,theLA,theleftatrialappendage,theinteratrialseptum,theaortadistaltotheroot),intheassessme...[阅读全文]
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aa
(2005-06-02 19:11:18)

DopplerEchocardiography:PrinciplesandApplicationsTheDopplerPrincipleUsingtheprinciplefirstdelineatedbythephysicistJohannChristianDoppler,53onecanuseultrasoundtodeterminethevelocityanddirectionofbloodflowbymeasuringthechangeinfrequencyproducedwhensoundwavesarereflectedfromredbloodcells.54,55Inthisway,informationregardingthepresence,direction,velocity,andturbulenceofbloodflowcanbeacquiredbycardiacul...[阅读全文]
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7
(2005-06-02 19:09:40)
UseofLiverTestsAspreviouslynoted,thebestwaytoincreasethesensitivityandspecificityoflaboratorytestsinthedetectionofliverdiseaseistoemployabatteryofteststhatincludetheaminotransferases,alkalinephosphatase,bilirubin,albumin,andprothrombintimealongwiththejudicioususeoftheothertestsdescribedinthischapter.Table283-1showshowpatternsoflivertestscanleadthecliniciantoacategoryofdiseasethatwilldirectfurthere...[阅读全文]
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6
(2005-06-02 19:08:17)
TestsThatMeasureBiosyntheticFunctionoftheLiverSerumAlbuminSerumalbuminissynthesizedexclusivelybyhepatocytes.Serumalbuminhasalonghalf-life:15to20days,withapproximately4%degradedperday.Becauseofthisslowturnover,theserumalbuminisnotagoodindicatorofacuteormildhepaticdysfunction;onlyminimalchangesintheserumalbuminareseeninacuteliverconditionssuchasviralhepatitis,drug-relatedhepatoxicity,andobstructivej...[阅读全文]
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a
(2005-06-02 19:06:29)

PrinciplesofEchocardiographyPhysicsandInstrumentationSoundisanenergyformthattravelsthroughamediumasaseriesofalternatingcompressionsandrarefactionsofthemolecules(Fig.15–1).Soundistypicallycharacterizedbyitswavelength,whichisthedistancebetweenanytwoconsecutivephasesofthecycle(e.g.,peakcompressiontopeakcompression),andbyitsfrequency,whichisthenumberofwavelengthsperunittime[customarilyexpressedascycl...[阅读全文]
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5
(2005-06-02 19:05:36)

EvaluationofLiverFunction:IntroductionSeveralbiochemicaltestsareusefulintheevaluationandmanagementofpatientswithhepaticdysfunction.Thesetestscanbeusedto(1)detectthepresenceofliverdisease,(2)distinguishamongdifferenttypesofliverdisorders,(3)gaugetheextentofknownliverdamage,and(4)followtheresponsetotreatment.Livertestshaveshortcomings.Theycanbenormalinpatientswithseriousliverdiseaseandabnormalinpati...[阅读全文]
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4
(2005-06-02 19:02:40)

DiagnosisTheclinicalsetting,includingriskfactorssuchasfamilyhistoryorpersonalpriorhistoryofvenousthromboembolism,canhelpsuggestthediagnosisofPE.Semi-quantitativeclinicalscoringsystemssuchastheWellsDiagnosticScoringSystemarebeginningtoreplace"gestalt"estimatesofclinicallikelihood(Table244-1).ClinicalSyndromesPatientswithmassivePEpresentwithsystemicarterialhypotensionandusuallyhaveanatomicallywidesp...[阅读全文]
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ultrasound
(2005-06-02 19:00:15)
SearchTerm:ultrasoundYoursearchtermmatchedthefollowingindexentries:
ultrasonography
bmodeultrasound
dopplerultrasound
echocardiography
echocardiography,three-dimensional
high-intensityfocusedultrasound
intravascularultrasonography
intravascularultrasoundofcoronaryartery
m-modeultrasound
microwavehyperthermia...[阅读全文]
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3
(2005-06-02 18:58:24)

CarcinomaoftheMaleBreastEssentialsofDiagnosisApainlesslumpbeneaththeareolainamanusuallyover50yearsofage.Nippledischarge,retraction,orulcerationmaybepresent.GeneralConsiderationsBreastcancerinmenisararedisease;theincidenceisonlyabout1%ofthatinwomen.Theaverageageatoccurrenceisabout60—somewhatolderthanthecommonestpresentingageinwomen.Theprognosis,eveninstageIcases,isworseinmenthaninwomen.Blood-borne...[阅读全文]
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2
(2005-06-02 18:57:33)

Ultrasonographyisperformedchieflytodifferentiatecysticfromsolidlesionsandisnotdiagnosticofmalignancy.Ultrasonographymayshowanirregularmasswithinacystintherarecaseofintracysticcarcinoma.Ifatumorispalpableandclinicallyfeelslikeacyst,an18-gaugeneedlecanbeusedtoaspiratethefluidandmakethediagnosisofcyst.Ifacystisaspiratedandthefluidisnonbloody,itdoesnothavetobeexaminedcytologically.Ifthemassdoesnotrecu...[阅读全文]
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