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Hypertensive States of Pregnan
(2005-06-03 05:41:29)

HypertensiveStatesofPregnancy:IntroductionHypertensivestatesinpregnancyincludepreeclampsia-eclampsia,chronichypertension(eitheressentialorsecondarytorenaldisease,endocrinedisease,orothercauses),chronichypertensionwithsuperimposedpreeclampsia,andgestationalhypertension(Table19–1).Preeclampsiaishypertensionassociatedwithproteinuriaandedema,occurringprimarilyinnulliparasafterthe20thgestationalweekan...[阅读全文]
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism
(2005-06-03 05:36:32)

EssentialsofDiagnosisCliniciansshouldbeawareofindividualriskfactorsfordevelopmentofpulmonaryembolism.Pulmonaryembolismshouldbeconsideredincasesofunexplainedhypoxemia.Limitationsexistforallcurrentdiagnosticstudies.Allcliniciansshouldhaveadiagnosticalgorithmincasesofsuspectedpulmonaryembolism.GeneralConsiderationsVenousthromboembolism(VTE),acommonmedicalproblem,isthethirdmostcommonvasculardiseaseand...[阅读全文]
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism
(2005-06-03 05:31:25)

ClinicalFindingsSymptomsandSignsPresentingsignsandsymptomsforpulmonaryembolismarenonspecific,whichmakesclinicaldiagnosisdifficult.ThemostcommonpresentingsymptomsnotedinthepatientsfromtheProspectiveInvestigationofPulmonaryEmbolismDiagnosis(PIOPED)studywhohadangiographicallyconfirmedPEweredyspnea,pleuriticchestpain,andtachypnea.Thefindingsonphysicalexaminationincludedincreasedrespiratoryrate,rales,t...[阅读全文]
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10
(2005-06-03 05:29:12)
Renal&UrinaryTractDisordersForadiscussionofrenalandurinarytractfunctioninnormalpregnancy,seeChapter7:MaternalPhysiologyduringPregnancy.UrinaryTractInfectionAsymptomaticbacteriuria,acutecystitis,andacutepyelonephritisarecommonrenaldisordersinpregnancy.AsymptomaticBacteriuriaAsymptomaticbacteriuriaisdefinedasthepresenceofactivelymultiplyingbacteriaintheurinarytractexcludingthedistalurethrainapat...[阅读全文]
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9
(2005-06-03 05:27:21)
CardiovascularDisorders**SeealsoChapter19:HypertensiveStatesofPregnancy.CardiovascularChangesinNormalPregnancyThemajorcardiocirculatorychangesthatoccurduringnormalpregnancyincludeanincreaseincardiacoutputandbloodvolumeandadecreaseinperipheralresistance(Table22–1).Duringnormalpregnancy,6–8.5Loffluidand500–900mmolofsodiumareretainedbecauseoftheactionofprogesterone,renin,aldosterone,andprolactin.A...[阅读全文]
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8
(2005-06-03 05:25:32)

HematologicDisordersAnemiaAnemiaisasignificantmaternalproblemduringpregnancy.Ahemoglobinoflessthan11g/dLorahematocritoflessthan33%shouldbeinvestigatedandtreatedtoavoidbloodtransfusionanditsrelatedcomplications.Apregnantwomanwilllosebloodduringdeliveryandthepuerperium,andananemicwomanisthereforeatincreasedjeopardy.Duringpregnancy,thebloodvolumeincreasesbyabout50%andtheredbloodcellmassbyabout25%.Thi...[阅读全文]
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1
(2005-06-02 19:30:33)
1.Sonography
TanaghoSmith'sUrology>Chapter6.RadiologyoftheUrinaryTract2.Ultrasound
Harrison'sOnline>Chapter235.DiagnosticProceduresinRespiratoryDisease>ImagingStudies3.Ultrasound
WayCurrentSurgery>Chapter38.Neurosurgery&SurgeryofthePituitary>NeurodiagnosticProcedures...[阅读全文]
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b1
(2005-06-02 19:29:00)
TheEchocardiogram:IntroductionThetermechocardiographyreferstotheevaluationofcardiacstructureandfunctionwithimagesandrecordingsproducedbyultrasound.Inthepastthreedecadesithasrapidlybecomeafundamentalcomponentofthecardiacevaluation.Currently,echocardiography("echo")providesessential(andsometimesunexpected)clinicalinformationandhasbecomethesecondmostfrequentlyperformeddiagnosticprocedureafterelectroc...[阅读全文]
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bbbbbbbb
(2005-06-02 19:28:08)

ImagingoftheCoronaryArteriesTheabilitytovisualizetheproximalsegmentsoftheleftandrightcoronaryarterieswasinitiallydemonstratedbyWeymanetal.SubsequentstudiesestablishedtheabilityofcolorandspectralDopplerexaminationtoimageandrecordthevelocityofflowfromTTEandTEEapproaches,particularlywithregardtotheleftanteriordescendingcoronaryartery.210However,visualizationofthecoronaryarteriesbyechocardiographyhasn...[阅读全文]
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bbbbbbb
(2005-06-02 19:27:21)

PericardialDiseaseInnormalsubjects,thepericardiumisdifficulttovisualizesincethepericardialcavityisonlyapotentialspaceandvisceralandparietalpericardiallayersappearasasingleecho.Inthesettingofpericardialeffusion,thefluidappearsasasonolucentarea(orclearspace)separatingepicardiumfrompericardium.324Pericarditismaybeunaccompaniedbypericardialeffusionandinsuchcasesmaybeundetectablebyechocardiography.Inad...[阅读全文]
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