随笔杂谈
儿童用最直接的方式来表达他们的情感。常常让人忍俊不止.
圣村有许多以Lewis 和 Clark 命名的地方，今天把Lewis 和 Clark 远征历史翻译介绍一下。
Captain Meriwether Lewis 是US Army officer。出生于August 18, 1774，卒于 October 11, 1809（死于枪杀，据说是自杀，但家人认为是他杀），享年35岁。Captain William Clark也是US army officer。出生于August 1,1770，卒于 September 1, 1838，享年68岁. 由于Lewis英年早逝，没有孩子。Clark的第一个孩子以Lewis为名以此纪念好友。
1803, President Thomas Jefferson picks Meriwether Lewis to lead an expedition through the Northwest and gives him to following instruction:
1803年，美国第三届总统Jefferson指定Lewis组建远征探险队。给Lewis如下的命令：
The object of your mission is to explore the Missouri river, & such principal stream of it, as, by it’s course and communication with the waters of the Pacific ocean, whether the Columbia, Oregon, Colorado or any other river may offer the most direct & practicable water communication across this continent for the purposes of commerce.
你任务的目的是探索Missouri河和它的主流枝干，通过与之相通的Columbia, Oregon, Colorado河流或者别的河流来找到最直接和实际可行的横跨大陆的水路到达太平洋以供商用。
Meriwether Lewis began preparing for the military expedition in March 1803. He ordered custom-made weapons from the US armory in Harpers Ferry. He also supervised construction of a collapsible iron boat frame, designed to be covered with animal skins，that he thought might prove useful. In Pittsburgh he ordered a keelboat and got a Newfoundland dog he named Seaman. In Philadelphia he took crash courses in medicine, natural history, and the use of scientific instruments, He also bought clothing, trade goods, paper, medicines, and other supplies. In Lancaster he learned to use celestial navigation tools.
1803年三月，Lewis 开始筹备这次军事远征。他从美国Harpers Ferry军工厂订特制的武器。他也亲自监造一艘他认为会有用的，用兽皮覆盖，可折叠的铁架船。在Pittsburgh，他定了一艘适合在河流里航行的keelboat和一条友好的叫Seaman的Newfoundland狗。在Philadelphia，他学了一系列速成班，包括医疗，自然历史，如何用科学器皿。他还购买了衣物，物品，纸张，药品和别的用品。在Lancaster，他学会用天文导航工具。
From Philadelphia Lewis wrote to William Clark, a fellow Virginian under whom he once served, asking him to join as co-commander. Clark, brother of George Rogers Clark of American Revolution fame, accepted and began to recruit “some good hunters, stout. healthy, unmarried men, accustomed to the woods, and capable of bearing bodily fatigue in a pretty considerable degree. “
在Philadelphia，时年29岁的Lewis写信邀请33岁的Clark，一位他曾经服务过的Virginian年轻人，作为共同领导人加入远征队。Clark，美国革命名人George Rogers Clark的弟弟，接受使命后开始招“一些好猎人，侦探，健康，未婚男子，习惯丛林生活，能吃苦耐劳。”
Lewis and Clark establish Camp River Dubois on the Illinois side of the Mississippi river, where they prepare the men for a spring departure.
Lewis和Clark在密西西比河Illinois边建立Dubois营地，训练队员准备春季出发。
May 14, 1804
Expedition begins and “proceeded on under a gentle breeze up the Missouri.”
1804年五月14日，考察远征队启程在Missouri河的微风中逆流而上。
July 4, 1804
Expedition marks first 4th of July west of the Mississippi by firing the keelboat's canon, and naming Independence Creek near present-day Atchison, KS.
探险队纪念第一个七月四日。一是在密西西比河的西边由keelboat鸣炮，二是命名如今在Kansas州的Atchison的“独立小溪”。
August 3, 1804
Corps holds first official council between US representatives and Otoe-Missouria Indians near present-day Fort Atkinson State Park, NE.
远征队在今天Nebraska州的Atkinson State Park举行了介于美国代表和Otoe-Missouria印第安人之间的第一次正式会议。
August 20, 1804
Near present-day Sioux City, IA, Sgt. Charles Floyd dies of probable burst appendix. Captains name the hilltop where he is buried “Floyd’s Bluff” and nearby stream “Floyd’s River.”
在今天Iowa州Sioux城附近，中士Charles Floyd不幸病死，估计是急性阑尾炎。上尉们把埋葬他的山头命名为“Floyd’s Bluff”和附近小溪命名为“Floyd’s River”.
August 30, 1804
Friendly council held with Yankton Sioux.
和Yankton Sioux友好的会议.
September 7, 1804
The men successfully flush a prairies dog out of its hole for shipment back to Jefferson.
人们成功地用水把土拔鼠从它的洞里冲出来，装上送给总统Jefferson的物品。
Lewis called prairies dogs “barking squirrels” because of the sound they made when approached. In all, Lewis and Clark wrote the first reports on 122 animals previously unknown to western science.
Lewis把土拔鼠称为“吠的松鼠”因为它被接近时发出的声音。他们一共报告了122种以前不为西方科学界所知的动物。
September 25, 1804
Misunderstanding with Teton Sioux leads to a confrontation that is resolved peaceably by Chief Black Buffalo, Expeditions stays with tribe for three more days.
和Teton Sioux土著的误会引起了冲突，但最后被首领Black Buffalo和平处理。考察队在土著部落多停留了三天。
October 24, 1804
Expedition encounters earthlodge villages of Mandan and Hidatsa Indians. The captains decide to build Fort Mandan across the river from the main village.
探险队遇到Mandan和Hidatsa印第安土屋村。上尉们决定在主村落的河对岸建一个Mandan堡垒过冬。
November 4, 1804
Toussaint Charbonneau, A French-Canadian fur trapper living with the Hidatsa, is hired as an interpreter. His wife Sacagawea, a Shoshone, is instrumental as a translator and in obtaining horses from the Shoshones.
Toussaint Charbonneau，住在Hidatsa的法国-加拿大皮毛猎人，被雇佣为翻译。他的妻子Sacagawea，是Shoshone土著，也被雇佣为翻译和负责从她所在的部落购买马匹。
December 24, 1804
Fort Mandan is completed and the expedition moves in. Mandans provide food and other sustenance during brutally cold winter.
探险队搬进了新建成的Mandan堡垒。当地人提供食品的别的用品度过严寒的冬天。
February 11, 1805
Sacagawea gives birth to a boy, Jean Baptiste, who travels the entire length of the expedition.
Sacagawea生了一个男孩，Jean Baptiste，他和大家一起走完了全程。
April 7, 1805
Lewis and Clark send the keelboat and 12 men back downriver with maps, reports, Indian artifacts, and scientific specimens for Jefferson. The permanent party of 33 heads west.
Lewis 和Clark派遣12人乘坐keelboat带着他们描绘的地图，写的报告，印第安人的物品，和科学样品顺流而下送给总统Jefferson。剩下的33人继续向西前进。
April 29, 1805
Lewis and another hunter kill a large grizzly bear, a species previously unknow to western science.
Lewis 和另外一个猎人杀了一头以前不为西方科学界所知的大灰熊。
May 29-30, 1805
Clark names the Judith River in honor of Julia (Judy) Hancock, a girl in Virginia whom he hopes to marry. Lewis classifies the White Cliffs area as another of the never-ending “scenes of visionary enchantment“ encountered on the journey.
Clark以他的意中人Julia来命名Judith 河。Lewis把白岩地区称为无尽的“迷幻视觉美景”
June 3, 1805
The expedition reaches a fork in the river. Most of the men believe the north fork, now the Marias River, to be the continuation of the Missouri. The captains choose the south fork. Lewis later writes that, while the men are not convinced that he and Clark had made the right choice. “they were ready to follow us any where we thought proper to direct.”
探险队到了一个河流分叉口，多数人都把北分流，现在的Marias河，当成Missouri河。但上尉们选了南边的分叉。Lewis后来写道，虽然队员们不认为我和Clark做出了正确的决定。但“他们继续跟着我们认为是对的方向走。”
June 13, 1805
Scouting ahead of the rest of the expedition, Lewis reaches the Great Falls of the Missouri. He also discovers four more waterfalls farther upstream. The expedition’s 18-miles portage around the falls takes nearly a month.
Lewis 一人在前探险，他到达了Missouri大瀑布，他还发现更远的上游有四个瀑布。探险队花了将近一个月抬着船只绕过瀑布走了18英里。
July, 1805
Lewis assembles his iron-frame boat above the Great falls, but it sinks and is abandoned. The expedition reaches the three forks of the Missouri River, and names them after Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin, Secretary of State James Madison, and President Thomas Jefferson. The expedition continues to the southwest, up the Jefferson.
Lewis在大瀑布上游组装了铁架船，可惜船沉底就被遗弃了。探险队到了Missouri河的三叉口，就以财政部长Albert Gallatin。国务卿James Madison，和总统Thomas Jefferson命名。探险队继续沿着西南方的Jefferson分叉前进。
August 8, 1805
Sacagawea recognizes Beaverhead Rock and ways there are nearing the homeland of her people. The Shoshones, Lewis and three others scout ahead.
Sacagawea认出鸭嘴兽头石头，她说快到她的部落了。Lewis带三人先去探路。
August 12, 1805
Lewis crosses Lemhi Pass expecting to find the direct water routes to the Pacific that he and Jefferson were seeking but discovers only more and more mountain ahead, creating what he called a “snowey barrier to the Pacific.”
Lewis穿过Lemhi Pass希望找到一条直接水道通向太平洋但发现越来越多的高山。他称为
“雪堵太平洋”。
August 15-17, 1805
Shoshones lead Lewis to their villages, where he negotiates for horses. After Clark and the rest of expedition arrive, Sacagawea meets her brother, Cameahwait, one of the Shoshone leaders, Camp Fortunate is established. On August 20, an elderly Shoshone agrees to lead the expedition across the Bitterroots to the headwaters of the Columbia.
土著Shoshones领Lewis到他们的村里去买马匹。Clark和队员们都到后，Sacagawea见了她兄弟，Cameahwait，是土著Shoshones的首领之一。八月20日，一位年长的Shoshones土著人同意做向导带他们穿过Bitterroots山到达Columbia河的源头。
September 11, 1805
After breaking camp south of present-day Missoula, MT, the expedition ascends into the Bitterroot Mountain which Sergeant Patrick Gass calls “the most terrible mountains I ever beheld“. A week later with food running out, the men are forced to eat three colts and a stray horse. Clark names a near stream “Hungry Creek” to describe their condition.
离开今天Montana州Missoula之南的营地后，探险队爬上Bitterroot山，中士Patrick Gass称之为“最可怕的山“。一周后食品吃尽了，他们不得不吃了三只小马驹和一匹流浪马。Clark给附近一个小溪命名为”饥饿小溪“
September 22, 1805
Nearing starvation, the expedition emerges from the Bitterroots near today’s Weippe ID, where their lives are spared by a Nez Perce woman, Watkuweis, they are fed and cared for by the Nez Perce.
差点饿死，探险队从今天的Idaho州的Weippe穿出Bitterroots山，Nez Perce妇女，Watkuweis，救了他们。给他们吃的和照料他们。
October 16, 1805
The expedition reaches the confluence of the Columbia and Snake rivers, and Clark notes a dense population of tribes.
探险队到了Columbia and Snake河的交会口，这里，Clark写下土著人口稠密。
October 31, 1805
Clark sees Beacon Rock and first sign of tidal water, indicating they are near the ocean.
Clark看到Beacon石头和首次潮水，表示他们靠近大海了。
November 7, 1805
Clark, who believes he can see the ocean, pens his most famous journal entry: “Ocian in view! O! the joy.” The expedition is still a considerable distance from the sea, which Lewis finally reaches on the 15th. Terrible storms halt the expedition for nearly three weeks.
Clark，自信看到了大海，写下了他最著名的日记： “大海在前！啊！快乐。” 探险队离大海还有一段距离，Lewis在15号到达。可怕的风暴延误探险队接近三周。
November 24, 1805
Members of the expedition, including York and Sacagawea, vote to set up winter quarters on the south side of the Columbia River where Clatsop Indians told them they would find plenty of elk for food and clothing.
探险队的成员，包括Clark的奴隶York和Sacagawea，投票在Columbia河南岸建立过冬的住处，Clatsop印第安土著告诉他们那里有许多驼鹿可做为食品和衣服。
December 8, 1805
Construction of Fort Clatsop as winder quarters begins. The fort, says Clark, is built of the “straightest and most butifullest logs。“ The fort is named after the local Indians.
开始建立Clatsop堡垒作为过冬的住所。Clark说这个堡垒用“最直最美的圆木”建成。Clatsop堡垒以当地印第安人为名。
January 5, 1806
A saltmaking camp is established 15 miles southwest of Fort Clatsop. An essential dietary supplement, salt is also needed to preserve meat on the return trip.
在Clatsop堡垒西南15英里的地方建了一个制盐营地。盐是饮食调料的必需品，也需要用盐来保存回程的肉制食品。
March 23, 1806
With little ceremony, the Corps of Discovery departs Fort Clatsop and begins its long journey home.
没有任何典礼，探险队离开Clatsop堡垒，开始漫长的回程。
May – June 1806
The expedition reaches the Bitterroot Mountains but must wait for the snow to melt before crossing. For the time being, the expedition again stays with Nez Perce, whom Lewis considers “the most hospitable, honest, and sincere people that we have met with in our voyage.”
探险队到达了Bitterroot山，但必须等雪融化。在这之间，他们还住在Nez Perce部落里。Lewis认为他们是“在他们航行中遇到的最好客，诚实，和真诚的人。“
July 3, 1806
Recovering some horses from the Nez Perce and buying more, the expedition successfully crosses the Bitterroots, thanks to Nez Perce guides. Once across the mountains the Corps breaks into smaller groups to explore ore the Louisiana Territory. Clark and his group travel down the Yellowstone River, while Lewis and his group take the shortcut to the Great Falls. And then head north along the Marias River.
Nez Perce给了马，他们买了更多的马匹，感谢Nez Perce的向导，探险队成功穿过Bitterroot山。过山之后，探险队兵分两路，Clark领一队沿Yellowstone河往下走，Lewis带一队从大瀑布超近路沿着Marias河向北走。
July 25, 1806
Near present-day Billings, MT, Clark names a sandstone outcropping “Pompy’s Tower” (now Pompeys Pillar) after Sacagawea’s son, nicknamed Little Pomp. On the rock face Clark inscribes his own name and date.
靠近今天的Montana州的Billings，Clark以Sacagawea’s的儿子，小名Little Pomp，命名一个冒出的沙石“Pompy’s Tower“.
July 26, 1806
On their way back to the Missouri from exploring the Marias, Lewis’ party encounters eight young Piegan Blackfeet. The two groups camp together warily。The following morning the Blackfeet attempt to steal the explorers’ horses and guns. In the resulting fight – the only act of bloodshed during the entire expedition – two Blackfeet are killed.
在从Marias回来的途中，Lewis的队伍(共四人)遇到八个年轻的Piegan Blackfeet土著。两拨人相互警惕地露营。第二天清晨，Blackfeet土著试图偷探险队的马和枪。冲突的结果- 整个远征唯一的流血事件-两名Blackfeet土著被杀。
August 11, 1806
Lewis is accidentally wounded in the buttocks by Pierre Cruzatte while hunting just east of present-day Williston ND. He survives and proceeds on. The next day the entire expedition is reunited farther downstream,
在今天North Dakota州的Williston东边，Pierre Cruzatte打猎时不小心打到了Lewis的臀部。他们继续前进，第二天和Clark分队在下游会合。
August 14, 1806
The expedition reaches the Mandan Villages, where Charbonneau, Sacagawea, and Jean Baptist say goodbye. Shehekeshots, A Mandan Indian, agrees to accompany the expedition to Washington, DC, to meet President Jefferson.
探险队到了Mandan村，和Charbonneau, Sacagawea和他们的儿子Jean Baptist说再见。Shehekeshots，一位Mandan土著，同意一起到华盛顿去见总统Jefferson。
September, 1806
Speeding home with the Missouri’s current, they cover up to 70 miles a day, stopping only to pay their respects at the grave of Charles Floyd, their only casualty.
他们以一天70英里的速度顺流而下，只在他们唯一逝去的队员Charles Floyd的墓地稍着停留祭奠。
September 23, 1806
After twos years and four months, Lewis and Clark reach St. Louis where, according to Lewis, they “received the heartiest and most hospitable welcome from the whole village.”
经过两年和四个月，Lewis 和Clark到达了St. Louis。据Lewis说，他们”受到了全村人的发自内心的友好欢迎。“
Fall 1806
Upon their return to Washington, Lewis and Clark are treated as heroes. The men receive double pay and 320 acres of land as a reward; the captains get 1600 acres. Lewis is named governor of the new Louisiana Territory. Clark is made Indian agent for the West and brigadier general of the territory’s militia.
他们回到华盛顿后，Lewis 和Clark受到英雄般的对待。队员们收到双倍工资和320英亩土地的奖励。上尉们奖励1600英亩的地。Lewis被命名为新Louisiana地区州长。Clark被任命为西部印第安代理和区域国民兵准将。
比如Lewis的月工资$40, Clark的是$30,中士的是$20, 普通士兵是$10. 我小孩说:现在哪里有老板只比员工多一倍的地方？