新西兰—— 白云的故乡 （八）

八 新西兰的诞生地

——怀唐伊签约广场、怀唐伊楼、毛利会议厅与怀唐伊条约
Waitangi Treaty Ground，Waitangi House, the Mauri Meeting House and Waitangi Treaty

怀唐伊签约广场 摄影： 一尘

怀唐伊镇坐落在岛屿湾的高处，湾水格外静谧，风景如画般清新美丽。她的重要性在于它是新西兰的诞生地，在这里毛利人和英国人达成协议，签署了怀唐伊条约 【注解 2 】，最终成为一个国家。

从十六世纪起，大不列颠帝国以强大的航海优势、领先的工业优势和先进的武器优势开始航海远征，入侵占领了世界上很多个国家。今天，世界每个大洲都有英联邦 国家，成员国达54个之多。这些国家最早都是从殖民地开始的。人类的历史是一部战争的历史，是一部征服与被征服的血泪历史。直到此时此刻，这一幕悲壮的历 史剧依然在惊心动魄地上映着。。。。。。

写得这里，我感到无比骄傲：中国虽然曾经被入侵，被掠夺，被践踏，可是她没有沦为殖民地。今天，她可以骄傲地站在新世纪的地平线上，保持自己的语言和文化传统，放射自己灿烂的光辉。

“英联邦” 一词引用维基百科中的文章，这一次我不做翻译，留待读者自己去解读。【注释 1】

新西兰就是这样的殖民地国家之一。殖民的历史，就是从被征服到妥协，最后达成一致的过程。从这里可以寻找到很多历史的印记。

怀唐伊镇坐落在岛屿湾的高处。从卫星地图上可以看到这里有三个最重要的地方：怀唐伊签约广场，怀唐伊楼，毛利会议厅。它们都与怀唐伊条约有直接关系。

历史追溯到1840年。

1840年1月，威廉 * 霍普森船长到达岛屿湾。他来这里是为了代表大英帝国政府和毛利首领制定建国条约的。

1840年2月5日，几百个毛利人和几十个欧洲人聚集在怀唐依广场，条约是用英语毛利语双语书写的。毛利各部落首领们对条约讨论了一整天直至深夜。

1840年2月 6 日， 43 位毛利部落首领在条约上签字。

新西兰诞生了。这一天被定为新西兰的诞生日。后来，先后有500 个部落首领在条约上签字。

这个签字地点用白色的旗杆标记，这就是怀唐伊广场中心。一个非常平坦宽阔的广场，俯瞰碧绿的海湾。

怀唐伊楼 摄影： 一尘
 

怀唐伊楼是当时英国人居住的地方。现在里边保存着签约时大量的原始资料和图片。

怀唐伊条约原文 摄影： 一尘

毛利会议厅就在怀唐依楼30米远处，毛利语是Te Whare Runnanga，意思是聚会协商地。这是一个非常宽阔的毛利风格建筑，里面是一个大厅，空阔无物，只有两个毛利图腾园柱矗立在正中。以此表明毛利人参与签约与国家的建立。

怀唐伊签约广场就在怀唐伊楼和毛利会议厅前面，坐落在岛屿湾的水滨高处。高大的旗杆矗立在广场中央，标记着当时签约的地点，各位醒目。

附录：

（1）Commonwealth of Nations

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth of Nations

The Commonwealth of Nations, normally referred to as the Commonwealth and formerly known as the British Commonwealth, is an intergovernmental organisation of fifty-four independent member states. All but two (Mozambique and Rwanda) of these countries were formerly part of the British Empire, out of which it developed.

The member states co-operate within a framework of common values and goals as outlined in the Singapore Declaration.[1] These include the promotion of democracy, human rights, good governance, the rule of law, individual liberty, egalitarianism, free trade, multilateralism and world peace.[2] The Commonwealth is not a political union, but an intergovernmental organisation through which countries with diverse social, political and economic backgrounds are regarded as equal in status.

Its activities are carried out through the permanent Commonwealth Secretariat, headed by the Secretary-General, and biennial meetings between Commonwealth Heads of Government. The symbol of their free association is the Head of the Commonwealth, which is a ceremonial position currently held by Queen Elizabeth II. Elizabeth II is also monarch, separately and independently, of sixteen Commonwealth members, which are known as the "Commonwealth realms".

The Commonwealth is a forum for a number of non-governmental organisations, collectively known as the Commonwealth Family, which are fostered through the intergovernmental Commonwealth Foundation. The Commonwealth Games, the Commonwealth's most visible activity,[3] are a product of one of these organisations. These organisations strengthen the shared culture of the Commonwealth, which extends through common sports,[4] literary heritage, and political and legal practices. Due to this, Commonwealth countries are not considered to be "foreign" to one another.[5] Reflecting this, diplomatic missions between Commonwealth countries are designated as High Commissions rather than embassies.


（2） “怀唐伊条约条约的内容
前言

• 大英帝国的维多利亚女王担心和情愿保护纽西兰本地的各位毛利族与首领者的掌权，财产，而且必需让他们能够享受安全，和平及稳定的生活因为许多人已经不断的从英国，澳洲，欧洲等地方移民来这里住了。

所以我觉得必须要任命一位授权的职员者来对待纽西拉兰的原住民，叫他们承认陛下（英国女王）在全部或部分的统治权。

• 所以陛下渴望的想建立一个固定形状的平民政府，可以防止避免缺乏必须需的律法制度与邪恶的后果。王后的臣们很满意地授权派我，威廉·霍布森队长去邀请各位联邦独立的纽西兰毛利首领们来同意这个文件和条件：

第一篇文章

• 纽西兰联合部落的长官和其他还未参加联合部落独立领袖，必须要完完全全与毫无保留地让给英国王后他们所有的统治权，民权及权力，就是这所谓“联邦的独立领袖长官”据认为拥有的统治主权。

第二篇文章

• 英国女王陛下证实与保证各位纽西兰德首领与部落和他们个别家庭及各人，专有的和无打扰的继续拥有他们的土地，渔场与森林地产及别的愿望保留的具有财产。但是这联合部落长官和独立的领袖必须让步给她陛下，他们全部土地专有的先占掌权，所以业主能够使疏远的处理，可以用同意的价钱卖给移居者等人。

第三篇文章

• 关于报酬与考虑，英国女王给予所有纽西兰居民所有英国臣民的民权跟特权——签名者：威廉·霍布森，省长陆军中尉。

所以我们，纽西兰联合部落长官的联邦们，聚集在怀唐伊的代表大会，和我们独立部落的首领在纽西兰各个领土地区，完全懂得清楚这必然结果的条约条款，接受与进入这条约的精神和意义，当着目击者，在这纸上规定的地方签上各位的名字。”

选自维基百科。

The actual draft for translation into Maori and dated 4th February 1840 was as follows:

Her Majesty Victoria, Queen of England in Her gracious consideration of the chiefs and the people of New Zealand, and Her desire to preserve to them their lands and to maintain peace and order amongst them, has been pleased to appoint an officer to treat with them for the cession of the Sovereignty of their country and of the islands adjacent, to the Queen. Seeing that many of Her Majesty's subjects have already settled in the country and are constantly arriving, and it is desirable for their protection as well as the protection of the natives, to establish a government amongst them. Her Majesty has accordingly been pleased to appoint Mr. William Hobson, a captain in the Royal Navy to be Governor of such parts of New Zealand as may now or hereafter be ceded to Her Majesty and proposes to the chiefs of the Confederation of United Tribes of New Zealand and the other chiefs to agree to the following articles.

Article first The chiefs of the Confederation of the United Tribes and the other chiefs who have not joined the confederation, cede to the Queen of England for ever the entire Sovereignty of their country.

Article second The Queen of England confirms and guarantees to the chiefs and the tribes and to all the people of New Zealand, the possession of their lands, dwellings and all their property. But the chiefs of the Confederation of United Tribes and the other chiefs grant to the Queen, the exclusive rights of purchasing such lands as the proprietors thereof may be disposed to sell at such prices as may be agreed upon between them and the person appointed by the Queen to purchase from them.

Article third In return for the cession of their Sovereignty to the Queen, the people of New Zealand shall be protected by the Queen of England and the rights and privileges of British subjects will be granted to them. Signed, William Hobson Consul and Lieut. Governor. Now we the chiefs of the Confederation of United Tribes of New Zealand assembled at Waitangi, and we the other tribes of New Zealand, having understood the meaning of these articles, accept them and agree to them all. In witness whereof, our names or marks are affixed. Done at Waitangi on the 6th of February, 1840.

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