The patients filing into Dr. Ronesh Sinha's clinic in Redwood City, Calif., were like nothing he had ever seen.
As a doctor in training, Sinha studied which patients were usually diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes: they were at least middle-aged, ate too much fast food, drank soda and didn't exercise.
The Silicon Valley techies visiting his office were typically slender Asian Americans in their 30s who worked out regularly and ate healthy meals. But, as Sinha repeatedly found, they either already had or were about to get diabetes.
"It was such a discordance from what I'd learned about in medical school," Sinha said. "Maybe, I thought, this is just an anomaly."
It wasn't. What Sinha noticed a decade ago is now supported by a growing body of scientific research: Asians, in part for genetic reasons, are disproportionately likely to develop diabetes. They get the disease at younger ages and lower weights than others, experts say.
Diabetes, a condition in which blood sugar levels are higher than normal, often remains undiagnosed until it's too late, especially in Asians who haven't historically been considered high-risk. It's the seventh most common cause of death nationwide and can lead to blindness, amputations and strokes.
To prevent the insidious disease from gaining ground among the country's fastest-growing minority group, doctors and health advocates are trying to increase diabetes testing and treatment for Asian Americans, including Chinese, Indians and Filipinos. Diabetes is largely preventable, experts say — but only if people know they are at risk.
"We began with diabetes is not a big problem in the Asian community" to now thinking "simply being Asian is a risk factor," said Dr. Edward Chow, an internist who has worked in San Francisco's Chinatown since the 1970s.
As Americans put on weight over the last two decades, diabetes rates more than doubled. Scientists have long known that obesity is closely linked to diabetes, but newer research shows the picture is more complicated.
In Los Angeles County, Asian American adults have the lowest obesity rate of any ethnic group, at 9%, compared with 18% of whites and 29% of Latinos and blacks.
"You would think … Asians would have the lowest diabetes rate," said Dr. Paul Simon, chief science officer with the L.A. County Department of Public Health.
But 10% of Asian Americans in L.A. County are diabetic, compared with 7% of whites, despite Asian Americans' drastically lower obesity levels.
Scientists think the mismatch is because obesity is a measure of weight, not necessarily fat — the real culprit in diabetes.
Asians tend to have less muscle and more fat than Europeans of the same weight and height, studies show. So an Asian who isn't obese or even overweight could have enough fat to be in danger of getting diabetes, a phenomenon sometimes referred to as "skinny-fat."
"We've got to be suspicious even if somebody looks normal," Chow said.
Asians also tend to accumulate more fat around their waists than people of other ethnicities, and abdominal fat is a bigger risk factor for diabetes than fat stored in other places, such as hips or arms.
Alan Owyang, 58, found out he was diabetic 15 years ago, when he was barely overweight.
"I had a little, a very slight gut, but I just thought it was OK," said Owyang, an actor in San Francisco. He's shed some pounds and changed his diet, but still has to take medications to keep the disease under control.
In October, San Francisco, which is 35% Asian, passed a resolution expanding diabetes testing to Asian Americans who aren't considered overweight.
It was a victory for "Screen at 23," a national campaign that aims to lower the diabetes screening guidelines from the current standard of a body-mass index of 25 — the traditional cutoff for being overweight — to 23 for Asian Americans. The effort was launched last year by the National Council of Asian Pacific Islander Physicians and a coalition of diabetes advocates.
Simon in L.A. County — which, like California, is approximately 15% Asian — said he was looking into a similar change, and the American Diabetes Assn. and the World Health Organization have also endorsed lower screening thresholds.
But identifying those at risk is just the beginning of the battle against diabetes, said Scott Chan, program director of the L.A.-based Asian and Pacific Islander Obesity Prevention Alliance. He said that many Asian Americans are reluctant to believe that they could get diabetes, in part because of what he called a long-standing "model minority" myth when it comes to health.
"You're skinny, you're healthy, there's nothing wrong," he said.
When physicians tell patients to eat less rice to prevent developing diabetes, many of them say "they would rather die," Chan said.
