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私人银行业的蓬勃发展的根源

(2012-07-24 01:26:30) 下一个
中国9.2万亿财富外流避税 占全球“隐形财富”5%

(香港)   (2012-07-24)

香港明报报道,英国国会成立的独立机构“税制公正网络”发表报告,估计截至2010年底,全球富豪藏于各个“避税天堂”的资产,保守估计达到21万亿美元(163万亿港元,相当于美国和日本GDP总和),当中四成半来自发展国和非西方富国,并以中国情况最严重,估计有1.189万亿美元(约9.2万亿港元)被转移海外,相当于全球“隐形财富”5%。报告指大量隐形财富透过全球50大私营银行,流入香港、瑞士和开曼群岛等“避税天堂”,呼吁各国堵塞税制漏洞,维护税制公平。

  报告指香港瑞士避税天堂

  今次报告由“税制公正网络”(Tax Justice Network)委托麦肯锡顾问公司前首席经济学家亨利(James Henry),参照世银、国际货币基金组织(IMF)、多国央行及联合国等数据分析撰写。他表示,“税制公正网络”2005年公布的全球避税金额为11.5万亿美元,但到现在已增长1至2倍,保守估计至少21万亿美元(163万亿港元),而且仅针对存入银行与投资帐户的金融资产,还未包括房产及游艇等,全球富豪藏在海外的财富,就像“世界经济的巨大黑洞”,是“经济全球化的黑暗面”。

  “世界经济黑洞” 未计房产游艇

  报告重点针对139个发展中国家及非西方富国的情况,作出分析,指出很多产油国的富豪,都将财富暗中转移到海外银行帐户。以沙特为例,自1970年代中以来已有2.39万亿港元资金转移海外,尼日利亚亦有2.37万亿被撤走,没应用于本国投资。至于中国,截至2010年,转移到外国避税的财富,估计多达9.2万亿港元,在139个发展国及非西方富国中居首。排第二的是俄罗斯。自1990年代初苏联瓦解推行私有化以来,大量昔日国企落在少数寡头财阀及利益集团手上,估计有6万亿港元秘密资产被他们移离俄罗斯。

  报告指出,这139个国家的不少富豪,把大量财富藏到政府管不到的境外避税天堂,对这些国家的财政造成重大影响。估计由1970年代到2010年间,这些富豪累计将9.4万亿美元(73万亿港元)的财富,秘密转移到海外避税,假如一众发展中国家能从他们手中,收回相关欠税,它们根本就毋须欠下总额高达4.1万亿美元(32万亿港元)外债。

  报告指出,若全球21万亿至32万亿美元隐形财富,每年投资回报有3%,而各国政府能从中收取三成税,税收可达1900亿至2800亿美元(1.4万亿至2.2万亿港元),远超富裕国家每年资助穷国的金额。

  私营银行助转移 包括汇丰

  报告又指,这些隐形资产主要透过全球50大主要私营银行处理,估计截至2010年底,它们为客户处理的跨国投资资产总额超过12.1万亿美元(94万亿港元),其中瑞银、瑞信及高盛这3间大行约9.2万客户(相当于全球人口0.0015%),便拥有约9.8万亿美元(76万亿港元)的海外财富,反映税制不公、贫富悬殊问题严峻。“税制公正网络”负责人克里斯坦森(John Christensen)说:“我知道群众感到愤怒。我会说这是民主的关键时刻,若人民认为政府对纳税人不公,就会对民主失去信心。”

  (华尔街日报/卫报/税制公正网络)

Wealthy hiding $21 trillion in tax havens, report says

 

The "super-rich elite" are hiding more than $21 trillion US in tax havens around the world, an amount roughly equal to the combined GDP of the United States and Japan, according to a new report.

Commissioned by the Tax Justice Network, an independent British organization, the report is said to be the most comprehensive ever done concerning what it calls the “offshore economy.”

Researched and written by James Henry, an expert on tax havens, the report states the hidden money could be as large as $32 trillion, and represents a massive black hole in the world's economy.

The amount of tax income lost "is large enough to make a significant difference to the finances of many countries,” Henry noted.

Hidden money from elites living in developing countries is "enough to make a significant difference to the finances of many countries... that are now struggling to replace lost aid dollars and pay for climate change. Indeed, once we take these hidden offshore assets and the earnings they produce, 'debtor countries' are in fact revealed to be wealthy," he said.

The report says:

UBS, Credit Suisse and Goldman Sachs are the three private banks handling the most assets offshore

92,000 people, or 0.001 per cent of the world’s population, hold $21 trillion in hidden assets

Henry, who collected data from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and the Bank of International Settlements, said the figure he came up with is conservative because it doesn’t take into account property like yachts or other physical assets.

"These estimates reveal a staggering failure: inequality is much, much worse than official statistics show, but politicians are still relying on trickle-down to transfer wealth to poorer people," said John Christensen of the Tax Justice Network.

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