关于一点感想的再说明 - 毫无科学理性精神的人免看
(2010-03-23 12:04:14)
下一个
我将Wim F.Werthheim的原文附在最后面,懂英文的网友可以自己去
看看,这段英文我以前在读书论坛贴过,李正之和他的"网友"也
都"检视"过。Werthheim不过是回忆了他在1957年访问中国时,获悉清华
大学人口学家陈达因为批评1953年的人口普查结果浮夸而遭到批判,同时引
用芝加哥大学何炳棣教授在1959年的研究指出1953年的人口普查结果是被
大大夸大了的。
关于一点感想的再说明:
一,"那些非正常死亡几千万人的数据来源于专业刊物"。人文学、
社会学的研究,与自然科学不同,受意识形态的影响很大,难以保持客观
的态度,所以不要迷信专业刊物。举一个类似的例子:前几年轰动一时的
"《圣经》中暗藏着预言密码"的文章,就是刊登在权威的统计学杂志上
的。其支持者也是一再以"经过了同行鉴定,登在权威的专业刊物上"为
由吓唬人。对其反驳最力的是一位业余人士:他用同一方法,从《大白鲨》
一书中同样找出了一大堆类似的预言。
二,"农民并没有逃荒的自由。制度和政策姑且不谈,单是粮票这一
条,就把农民拴死在了家乡。"户口制度、粮票制度,都无法完全制止人
们在大饥荒时流亡。丁抒《人祸》第十章就提到了当时农民大批流亡,摘
录几段:
"自这时起,中国的词典里多了一个新词:「盲流」。作为动词,它
指农民未经政府许可进入城市、矿区的行为;作为名词,它是所有未经
许可即离开乡土的农民的统称。"
"中央文件写得十分周到,对于流入东北、西北、内蒙古的农民,规
定可不予遣返,算是对那些地广人稀的地区的支援。"
"毕竟在一九六○年初,中国还没有什么「自然灾害」,象前文说
安徽三兄弟中的一个逃到江西生存下来那样,很多人是会找到活路、免于
一死的。"(后来他又自打嘴巴,说"实际上全国各处都在挨饿,外流者
很难讨到吃食活下去"。)
"在千万人饿死时,边疆部份人民逃离中国,寻到了活路。从一九五
八年到六○年,云南不少边境居民逃到了国外。跑的人数不详,但六○年
之后的云南省委第一书记阎红彦的说法是「边疆跑人多,震动很大」,
「跑人问题,跑了那么多人,当然不对」,可见问题相当严重。广东毗邻
香港,起先人民逃往香港,途中被堵截抓住后均绑起往回押,有的人还未
到收容站就倒下不起了。后来省委第一书记陶铸决定放百姓一条生路,指
示「不要武装堵塞,不要捆绑」,结果至少有十万广东人逃离。"
东夫《麦苗儿青菜花黄》中也有农民从1959年起大批流亡的记载:
"一九五九年春天开始,富甲天下的川西坝子的农民开始大批流亡。
流亡的目的是为了找一碗饭吃,最好的选择是当工人。整个大跃进期间,
既使在农村大批饿死人的情况下,工厂和基本建设单位的人粮食都有最底
限度的保障,而且吃的是"最高标准"。仅仅这一点,就让农民垂涎三尺。
......千百年来对土地、家乡眷念的遗传基因似乎发生突变,他们纷纷出走,
大办工业和规模巨大的基本建设给了他们改变处境的机会。即使找不到这
样的机会,为了活命也迫使许多人东奔西跑,浪迹天涯。女人愿意嫁到任
何一个穷乡僻壤--只要有吃的。"
温江地委和成都市委还成立了"动员农民回乡联合办公室",可见其
严重。
流亡有可能导致多报了死亡人口("死亡人口"是根据注销户口统计
的)。注意,我指的只是一种可能性,在承认可能少报的条件下,指出也
应该考虑到多报的可能性,而未提是否真的被多报,多报程度多高。我在
《感想》中明明说的是:
"另一组数据是当时公安局上报的死亡数字。有人根据这组数字,做了一
番简单的加减后认为三年期间比正常年份多死亡了一千四百万人。这个数
字被当成了下限,据说存在着严重的遗漏和瞒报,如何估算这些遗漏和瞒
报,就完全是靠主观认定了。我认为也可能存在着多报。那些逃荒的人,
做为失踪人口也可能被当成死亡而上报注销户口。而在饥荒期间,逃荒的
无疑是非常多的。"
如此保守、谨慎的措辞,却使李正之版主暴跳如雷,歪曲成:
"我们的先生却独持异议,断定这里面是多报死亡!可惜他除了编
造出逃荒的人被大量统计为死亡的神话以外,却举不出半点事实根据。根
据一惯无知无畏的的作为,在他能够举出证据,并证明户籍死亡统
计数以多报为主之前,他的说法,只能看成是又一次无知而无畏的表演。"
我何时"断定这里面有多报死亡"?又何时"编造出逃荒的人被大量
统计为死亡的神话"?又何时说过"户籍死亡统计数以多报为主"?有
"这种瞎猜、捏造与歪曲的本领",真不愧是汉奸论坛的版主。
2000.6.4.
附:Wim F. Werthheim原文
Often it is argued that at the censuses of the 1960s "between
17 and 29 millions of Chinese" appeared to be missing, in
comparison with the official census figures from the 1950s.
But these calculations are lacking any semblance of
reliability.
At my first visit to China, in August 1957, I had asked to get
the opportunity to meet two outstanding Chinese social
scientists: Fei Xiao-tung, the sociologist, and Chen Ta, the
demographer. I could not meet
either of them, because they were both seriously criticized at
that time as rightists'; but I was allowed a visit by Pang
Zenian, a Marxist philosopher who knew about the problems of
both scholars. Chen Ta was criticised because he had attacked
the pretended 1953 census. In the past he had organised
censuses, and he could not believe that suddenly, within a
rather short period, the total population of China had risen
from 450 to 600 million (by the way: with inclusion of 17
million from Taiwan), as had been officially
claimed by the Chinese authorities after the 1953 'census'. He
would have like to organise a scientifically well-founded
census himself, instead of an assessment largely based on
regional random samples as had happened in 1953. According to
him, the method followed in that year was unscientific. For
that matter, a Chinese expert of demography, Dr. Ping-ti Ho,
Professor of History at the University of Chicago, in a book
titled Studies on the Population of China, 1368-1953, Harvard
East Asian Studies No.4, 1959, also
mentioned numerous 'flaws' in the 1953 census: "All in all,
therefore, the
nationwide enumeration of 1953 was not a census in the
technical definition of the term"; the separate provincial
figures show indeed an unbelievable increase of some 30% in
the period 1947-1953, a period of heavy revolutionary struggle
(PP.93/94)!
My conclusion is that the claim that in the 1960s a number
between 17 and 29 million people was 'missing' is worthless if
there was never any certainty about the 600 millions of
Chinese. Most probably these 'mission people' did not starve
in the calamity years 1960-61, but in fact have never
existed.
Wild Swans and Mao's Agrarian Strategy, Australia-China Review,
by Wim F. Werthheim, Emeritus Professor, the Univ. of Amsterdam