奥地利作曲家 : 安东 .韦伯恩（ Anton von Webern 1883 -1945 )

A. WEBERN - PASSACAGLIA Op. 1

简介

　　安东 · 冯 · 韦伯恩（ Anton von Webern,1883 年 12 月 3 日 -1945 年 9 月 15 日）：奥地利作曲家，新维也纳乐派代表人物之一。 1883 年 12 月 3 日出生于维也纳， 1902 年入维也纳大学学习音乐学， 1904 年起师从于勋伯格，与勋伯格、贝尔格组成新维也纳乐派（或称第二维也纳乐派）。

韦伯恩创作上分三个阶段

　　第一阶段，晚期浪漫主义音乐：创作风格受古斯塔夫 ? 马勒等晚期浪漫主义作曲家的影响，主要作品 Op.1 帕萨卡里亚舞曲。

　　第二阶段，自由无调式音乐：在其老师勋伯格的影响下创作了大量无调式音乐，作品的规模越来越小，在配器上简洁的不能再简洁，同时韦伯恩的创作开始使用音色序列法，即音色组合在不停地变换中，一个音色组合一般只持续 1 、 2 秒。主要作品 Op.21 交响曲。

　　第三阶段，十二音音乐 : 这一时期韦伯恩除使用十二音作曲技法创作外，还进行了点描主义音乐的尝试， Op.27 钢琴变奏曲就是这一时期的代表作。

人物生平

　　由于韦伯恩被纳粹分子看成是 “ 一个无法容忍的人 ” ，他的音乐也被看成是 “ 堕落的艺术 ” ，所以在纳粹占领奥地利期间，不得不过隐居生活。可笑的是，这位纳粹深恶痛绝的作曲家却死在盟军的枪口下。 1945 年，他前往萨尔茨堡看望女儿、女婿，在户外吸烟时，莫名其妙的被一美国士兵枪杀 , 走完了他伟大而荒诞的一生。

　　更可悲可笑的是，生前受尽贫寒和冷嘲的他，死后却成为了 20 世纪音乐革命的丰碑 .......

　　韦伯恩的影响越来越大。他的许多尝试被后来的作曲家进一步发展，音色序列法被法国作曲家兼指挥家皮埃尔 · 布莱兹发展为总体序列主义音乐；点描主义音乐首次将无声视为一种音响与有声取得相同的地位，极大的启发了约翰 · 凯奇、卡尔海因茨 · 施托克豪森等作曲家 ....... 最后，被人世间养得白白胖胖的后现代音乐大师们冠以后现代音乐 “ 启示录 ” 的桂冠，风头一度超过在美国领养老金的勋伯格 ......

　　就个人而言，韦伯恩的音乐是一种呐喊，是对这个荒诞世界的控诉与嘲讽 ......

　　加谬说 “ 西西弗斯告诉我们，最高的虔诚是否认诸神并且搬掉石头。他也认为自己是幸福的。这个从此没有主宰的世界对他来讲既不是荒漠，也不是沃土。这块巨石上的每一颗粒，这黑黝黝的高山上的每一颗矿砂唯有对西西弗斯才形成一个世界。他爬上山顶所要进行的斗争本身就足以使一个人心里感到充实。应该认为，西西弗斯是幸福的。 ” 安东 · 冯 · 韦伯恩就是那个西西弗斯。

Works with opus numbers

The works with opus numbers are the ones that Webern saw fit to have published in his own lifetime, plus a few late works published after his death. They constitute the main body of his work, although several pieces of juvenilia and a few mature pieces that do not have opus numbers are occasionally performed today.

• Op. 1, Passacaglia for orchestra (1908)
• Op. 2, Entflieht auf leichten Kähnen for a-cappella choir, on a poem by Stefan George (1908)
• Op. 3, Fünf Lieder (Five Songs) for voice and piano, on Der Siebente Ring by Stefan George (1907–08)
• Op. 4, Fünf Lieder for voice and piano, poems by Stefan George (1908–09)
• Op. 5, Five Movements for string quartet (1909); version for string orchestra (1929)
• Op. 6, Six Pieces for large orchestra (1909–10, revised 1928)
• Op. 7, Four Pieces for violin and piano (1910)
• Op. 8, Zwei Lieder (Two Songs) for voice and 8 instruments, on poems by Rainer Maria Rilke (1910)
• Op. 9, Six Bagatelles for string quartet (1913)
• Op. 10, Five Pieces for orchestra (1911–13)
• Op. 11, Three Little Pieces for cello and piano (1914)
• Op. 12, Vier Lieder (Four Songs) for voice and piano (1915–17)
• Op. 13, Vier Lieder for voice and orchestra (1914–18)
• Op. 14, Sechs Lieder (Six Songs) for voice, clarinet, bass clarinet, violin and cello on poems by Georg Trakl (1917–21)
• Op. 15, Five Sacred Songs for voice and small ensemble (1917–22)
• Op. 16, Five Canons for high soprano, clarinet and bass clarinet (1923–24)
• Op. 17, Three Traditional Rhymes for voice, violin (doubling viola), clarinet and bass clarinet(1924)
• Op. 18, Drei Lieder (Three Songs) for voice, E-flat clarinet and guitar (1925)
• Op. 19, Zwei Lieder, for mixed choir, celesta, guitar, violin, clarinet and bass clarinet, on poems by Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1926)
• Op. 20, String Trio (1927)
• Op. 21, Symphony (1928)
• Op. 22, Quartet for violin, clarinet, tenor saxophone and piano (1930)
• Op. 23, Drei Lieder for voice and piano, on Hildegard Jone's Viae inviae (1934)
• Op. 24, Concerto for 9 instruments (1934)
• Op. 25, Drei Lieder for voice and piano, on poems by Hildegard Jone (1934–35)
• Op. 26, Das Augenlicht for mixed choir and orchestra, on a poem by Hildegard Jone (1935)
• Op. 27, Variations for piano (1936)
• Op. 28, String Quartet (1937–38)
• Op. 29, Cantata No. 1 for soprano, mixed choir and orchestra, on a poem by Hildegard Jone (1938–39)
• Op. 30, Variations for orchestra (1940)
• Op. 31, Cantata No. 2 for soprano, bass, choir and orchestra, on a poem by Hildegard Jone (1941–43)

Works without opus numbers

• Two Pieces for cello and piano (1899)
• Three Poems for voice and piano (1899–1902)
• Eight Early Songs for voice and piano (1901–03)
• Three Songs after Ferdinand Avenarius (1903–04)
• Im Sommerwind, idyl for large orchestra after a poem by Bruno Wille (1904)
• Langsamer Satz (Slow Movement) for string quartet (1905)
• String Quartet (1905)
• Piece for piano (1906)
• Rondo for piano (1906)
• Rondo for string quartet (1906)
• Five Songs after Richar Dehmel (1906–08)
• Piano Quintet (1907)
• Four Songs after Stefan George (1908–09)
• Five Pieces for orchestra (1913) - related to op. 10, first pub. 1971, edited by Friedrich Cerha
• Three Songs for voice and orchestra (1913–14)
• Cello Sonata (1914)
• Piece for children for piano (1924)
• Piece for piano, in the tempo of a minuet (1925)
• Piece for string trio (1925)

Arrangements

• "Thränenregen", "Ihr Bild", Romance [from Rosamunde], "Der Wegweiser", and "Du bist die Ruh’", by Franz Schubert, arranged for voice and orchestra (1903)
• Schatzwalzer by Johann Strauss II for string quartet, harmonium, and piano (1921)
• Chamber Symphony No. 1, op. 9, by Arnold Schoenberg, arranged for flute (or violin), clarinet (or viola), piano, violin, and cello (1922–23)
• Arbeiterchor by Franz Liszt, arranged for bass solo, chorus, and orchestra (1924)
• Deutsche Tänze (German Dances) by Schubert (1824), orchestrated by Webern (1931)
• Fuga (Ricercata) a 6 voci [Fugue No. 2] from Johann Sebastian Bach's "Musical Offering", orchestrated (1934–35)
  
  （from baidu and wiki)