彼得·伊里奇·柴可夫斯基(俄文:Пётр Ильич Чайковский,1840年5月7日-1893年11月6日)是俄罗斯浪漫乐派作曲家。其风格直接和间接地影响了很多后来者。
柴可夫斯基出生于沃特金斯克一个贵族家庭,从小在母亲的教导下学习钢琴,由于父亲的反对,进入法学院学习,毕业以后在法院工作。22岁时柴科夫斯基辞职,进入圣彼得堡音乐学院,跟随安东·鲁宾斯坦学习音乐创作,成绩优异。毕业后,在尼可莱·鲁宾斯坦(安东·鲁宾斯坦的弟弟)的邀请下,担任莫斯科音乐学院教授。
柴可夫斯基性格内向而且脆弱,感情丰富,与崇拜自己的女学生的婚姻破裂后,企图自杀,他的朋友把他送到外国疗养。他被认为有同性恋倾向,并且在当时的社会环境中一直试图压制,因此有意见认为这是婚姻破裂的原因。这期间开始和一个热爱音乐的梅克夫人通信。后来梅克夫人成为他的资助人,他后阶段的许多作品都是献给这位夫人的。但奇妙的是两个人从来没有见过面。当他们十四年的书信往来因为这位夫人宣布公司破产而终止时,柴科夫斯基受到了很大的打击,在独自度过忧郁的三年后于莫斯科去世。他的死疑点重重,官方说法是他喝了带有霍乱病毒的水而染病身亡。但是据后来学者的考证,很有可能是自己服用砒霜而自杀。但是,这都只限于猜测,真的原因直到现在还是一个謎。
在音乐创作上,柴可夫斯基很崇拜莫扎特,甚至模仿他的风格创作了一部管弦乐组曲(Suite No. 4 in G major, "Mozartiana", Op. 61)。 对于瓦格纳音乐中的一些特性他却很反感,认为瓦格纳过于重视管弦乐队而忽略了声乐,柴科夫斯基主张用现实主义手法来表现歌剧,主导动机只用以描写心理感情等内在方面。
早年生活
柴可夫斯基出生于儒略历的1840年4月25日或者格里历的5月7日,在沃特金斯克,一个现在乌德穆尔特共和国的小镇子。他的父亲是Ilya Petrovich Tchaikovsky,一位官办矿厂的采矿工程师,母亲是父亲的3任妻子的第二任,叫Alexandra Andreyevna Assier,一位法裔俄罗斯人。他是歌剧作家,舞剧作家,翻译家Modest Ilyich Tchaikovsky的兄长(大了几十年)。
柴可夫斯基从5岁开始学钢琴,几个月以后,就能熟练演奏Friedrich Kalkbrenner的作品Le Fou。在1850年,他的父亲被任命为圣彼德堡国立大学校长。于是,年轻的柴可夫斯基接受了非常好的基础教育,并且在音乐系主任的指导下,继续钢琴的学习。
与此同时,柴可夫斯基和意大利大师Luigi Piccioli相识,后者使他的兴趣从德国音乐,转向了吉奥阿基诺·罗西尼,文琴佐·贝利尼,葛塔诺·多尼采蒂。柴可夫斯基的父亲放纵了儿子对音乐的喜爱,他资助了儿子师从一位从纽伦堡来的知名钢琴老师Rudolph Kündinger。在这位老师的指导下,柴可夫斯基恢复了对德国音乐的兴趣,并且持续一生的对莫扎特音乐的喜爱也在开始在心中萌芽。当柴可夫斯基的母亲于1854年死于霍乱后,14岁的他作了一首圆舞曲来纪念母亲。
柴可夫斯基于1858年离开学校然后进入司法部做部长秘书,不久他就加入了司法部的合唱团。
Tchaikovsky left school in 1858 and received employment as an under-secretary in the Ministry of Justice, where he soon joined the Ministry's choral group. In 1861, he befriended a fellow civil servant who had studied with Nikolai Zaremba, who urged him to resign his position and pursue his studies further. Not ready to give up employment, Tchaikovsky agreed to begin lessons in musical theory with Zaremba.
The following year, when Zaremba joined the faculty of the new St Petersburg Conservatory, Tchaikovsky followed his teacher and enrolled, but still did not give up his post at the ministry, until his father consented to support him. From 1862 to 1865, Tchaikovsky studied harmony, counterpoint and the fugue with Zaremba, and instrumentation and composition under the director and founder of the Conservatory, Anton Rubinstein, who was both impressed by and envious of Tchaikovsky's talent.
柴可夫斯基自學校畢業之後,安東·魯賓斯坦的弟弟,莫斯科音樂學院的和聲學教授尼古萊·魯賓斯坦聘請他做音樂史的教師。當時的柴可夫斯基父親已經退休,經濟上頗為拮据,因此欣然接受教職,接下來的十年都全心投入教學和創作。教書的待遇不特別好,僅能餬口而已,但柴可夫斯基從事這份工作能夠有很充裕的時間創作,所以在從事教職的第一年就完成了第一號交響曲「冬之夢」,但聽眾反應不佳。沒多久,他就因為壓力太大又過度工作,在1877年時精神崩潰離開學校。休了一年假後,他嘗試回到學校繼續教書,但是沒多久就放棄,決定退休。在瑞士休養一陣子之後,便搬到基輔與妹妹同住。
1868年開始,柴可夫斯基與俄國國民樂派的成員逐漸走得很近。1869年在巴拉基列夫建議之後,便寫了有名的管弦樂序曲《羅蜜歐與茱麗葉幻想序曲》。但於此後,柴可夫斯基的作曲風格越來越偏向西歐風,而逐漸與強調民族素材及風格的國民樂派漸行漸遠。
有一次,柴可夫斯基在莫斯科臨陣上場替代指揮他自己的歌劇「女妖」(Enchantress,俄文原文Чародейка,1885年7月),之後便開始常態性的從事指揮工作。克服與生俱來的舞台恐懼症之後,他逐漸開始習慣在舞台上指揮自己的創作,並常在歐洲各地巡迴演出,結識不少當時的音樂家。
1891年,柴可夫斯基受邀至美國指揮自己的作品,當年的五月五日,他在卡内基大厅的開幕儀式中指揮紐約音樂協會交響樂團演出。美國一行中,他也演出著名的第一號鋼琴協奏曲以及弦樂小樂曲。這首堪稱柴可夫斯基最有名的降b小調鋼琴協奏曲,1874年完成之初受到前同事尼可萊的惡評,也因此一直束之高閣遲遲未演,未料在美國首演卻一炮而紅,從此成為柴可夫斯基的招牌。
1893年,在首演第六號交響曲「悲愴」九天後,柴可夫斯機死於聖彼得堡街上的家中。有些音樂學家(如Milton Cross及David Ewen)認為,柴可夫斯基對於死亡早有覺悟,而第六號交響曲正是他寫給自己的安魂曲。第一主題之後緊接著快速的弦樂變化旋律以及強而有力的和聲,隨後出現的常號旋律和前後的旋律都沒有關連,此種突兀插入的樂段(non sequitur),一般認為是俄羅斯天主教死者彌撒典型的曲式。
柴可夫斯基同性戀的傾向很早就為人所知。儘管證據都在蘇俄時期被消滅殆盡,但他的性向對於自身的生活以及作品影響甚鉅是無庸置疑的。有些歷史學家仍認為他是異性戀,但是大部分學者根據他的僕人蘇佛努夫(Aleksei Sofronov)以及外甥大衛朵夫(Vladimir "Bob" Davydov)的證詞,相信他最親密的伴侶都是同性。其他的證據大多可見於書信、日記及其弟馬戴斯特(Modest,亦是同性戀)的信件中。
在法學院的學生時期,柴可夫斯基曾經暗戀過法國女歌手狄希耶·雅朵(Désirée Artôt)但在女方結婚之後,這段感情無疾而終。在他於莫斯科音樂院教書時,一名偏執的女學生安東妮雅·米露可娃(Antonina Miliukova)以大量情書攻勢瘋狂倒追他,揚言非他不嫁,甚至以死要脅。其實柴可夫斯基根本不記得自己班上有這個學生,但是女學生相當堅持,不斷持續寫信。當時柴可夫斯基迷上普希金(Pushkin)的詩作「尤金·奧尼金」(Eugene Onegin),正打算改編成歌劇。由於詩作中的主角尤金年輕時拒絕了塔琪安娜以致後來終生活在悔恨當中,入戲太深的柴可夫斯基將自己想成尤金,認為自己不應回絕這段感情。兩人於1877年7月18日結婚。
蜜月還沒結束,柴可夫斯基就後悔了,在兩人於7月26日回到莫斯科時,他已經瀕臨崩潰。周遭的朋友們都看得出來他的狀況很不好,但是沒有人知道嚴重性。婚後兩週,他企圖在冰冷的莫斯科河中自殺,但是隨後卻因為受不住寒冷而放棄,也因此染上嚴重的肺炎。精神上完全崩潰的柴可夫斯基逃到聖彼得堡。
他的哥哥安納托利(Anatoly)到聖彼得堡火車站接他時,幾乎認不出面前那個一臉憔悴、瀕臨崩潰的病弱男子就是自己的弟弟。安納托利火速將他送到鄰近的旅館,發作了一陣之後,柴可夫斯基昏迷了整整兩天。這期間他到底做了什麼、說了什麼,除了安納托利之外大概就只有精神醫師知道。醫師建議柴可夫斯基徹底改變生活形態,要他不要想要嘗試改善自己的婚姻,也不要再見新婚妻子。自此之後,柴可夫斯基再也沒有見過安東妮雅,但會定期寄生活費給她,到死為止兩人的婚姻關係都還保持著。
此後的幾年,柴可夫斯基很害怕安東妮雅會將他們兩人分開的內幕公諸於世。安納托利試著說服她去辦理離婚,安東妮雅卻不肯離婚,也不願配合對外宣稱兩人婚姻破裂的理由是因為柴可夫斯基有外遇。出版商尤爾金森(Pyotr I. Jürgenson)費盡唇舌為柴可夫斯基爭取離婚機會卻始終未果,卻在1880年的夏天發現安東妮雅另結新歡已有半年,還生了孩子,都被丟到孤兒院。安東妮雅在1896年被診斷出有精神病,並於1917年病逝。
至於柴可夫斯基,他並不將自己的精神崩潰歸咎於安東妮雅,而相信那是命定的悲劇,是對於他為了結婚而結婚的懲罰。儘管結婚的經驗像是一場夢魘,身為同性戀的柴可夫斯基對於婚姻的憧憬卻從未消減。當安納托利訂婚時,柴可夫斯基寫了一封感人的信給他,信中提到「有時候我真的很希望能夠被一個女人溫柔的觸摸與疼愛。我常幻想被一個慈愛的女人所擁抱,我能夠躺在他的腿上親吻著她...」後世的學者認為柴可夫斯基對於妻子的觀念其實是錯誤的,只是想藉由婚姻來取回早逝的母親罷了。
一個對老柴更有影響的是一位有錢的寡婦,名叫Nadezhda von Meck。她和柴科夫斯基於1877至1890年間互通的信件達1,200封。在她的堅持下兩人從未見面。但在機緣巧合下他們在兩個不同場合下偶然地碰上,不過他們沒有交談。她不但提供了一年6000盧布的贊助,亦表達了對柴的音樂事業的關注及其音樂的讚賞。可惜的是這段關係於13年後結束了,原因是她自稱破了產。
有人認為她停止資助的原因是因為她發現了柴的同性戀身分,而不是因為破產。不過,她的二女Alexandra(她意外地以文字把她的父親嚇死—她寫了一封信告訴父親說姊妹Milochka並不是他的親生女兒)在母親開始資助柴的時候,已經告訴了她柴是同性戀,所以Von Meck應不會因此而停止資助。Von Meck聰明地及極度勤奮地發掘有關柴的一切。有說她對柴一生的感情生活中並不會有女性的存在感到滿意。
據說柴被她的突然終止贊助大受打擊,更一路消沉。終其一生他亦未能了解Von Mech終止贊助的原因。他所不知的內情,只在Von Meck家族內流傳。他們同時也是受害者,因為他們在死前未能解開所有誤會。Von Meck的財政狀況比她向外發表的還要差:她的女婿Shirinsky勒索她,威脅要公開他妻子Milochka父親另有其人的秘密;兒子Vladimir過度揮霍,要求母親更多的資助。Von Meck的病情益發嚴重,她她染上了結核病,而病毒已經感染到了她的喉頭。在柴過身三個月內,她亦因窒息而去世。
另外一個使誤會不能解開的原因是Von Meck的手臂萎縮,使她不能寫信。
Continuing her relationship with Tchaikovsky as they both had, with all its extravagantly expressed terms, would have been extraordinarily awkward if she dictated her letters to a servant or relative. Tchaikovsky's biographer John Warrack maintains that von Meck knew her relationship with Tchaikovsky had to be altered, but she never intended to break it off totally. At von Meck's request, Vladimir Pakhulsky urged Tchaikovsky to write, assuring that von Meck's feelings had not really changed. Tchaikovsky, however, felt at a loss and was perhaps unwilling to make further attempts to maintain contact that might be met with more of what seemed to him silent rebuffs.
By the time his relationship with von Meck had ended, Tchaikovsky no longer really needed the annual allowance she had provided. Tchaikovsky had already achieved success throughout Europe and by 1891, even greater accolades in the United States. In fact, he was the conductor, on May 5th, 1891, at the official opening night of Carnegie Hall. With fame came financial independence, so money was not hardly as much of a concern as it had been at the beginning of his correspondence with von Meck.
As Warrack phrased it, "Her faith in him as an artist worthy of support was more important to him than the actual money ... It was, indeed, the fact that her interest in him seemed to go with the money she gave him that upset him most deeply, the more enduringly when he found that neither his willingness to start repaying the subsidy nor simply to continue the friendship apparently affected her decision. He could not even let her know how distressed and hurt he was, for even now he did not wish to hurt in return someone who had done so much for him, and who had once represented an ideal relationship to him[1]."
One person who may have welcomed the break was Tchaikovsky's brother Modest. Like his brother, Modest was also homosexual, although he too married. When the two brothers discussed the break, Modest did not try to explain her behavior. He told the composer that, in his view, what had been to Tchaikovsky the unique and mutual relationship of two friends had been for von Meck the passing fancy of a wealthy woman.
This judgment on Modest's part might be accepted with a certain degree of doubt. For all his adulation for his brother, Modest's feelings were actually deeply ambivalent. Modest may have been intensely jealous of his brother's creative success and equally insecure about this secret friend being his closest rival for his brother's attention and affections. Just as Tchaikovsky's break with his wife Antonina might have brought joy to Nadezhda von Meck, so now the break with von Meck nay have brought joy to Modest.
Modest, who also became the composer's biographer, maintained that Tchaikovsky's bitterness at what he considered von Meck's betrayal remained unassuaged, and that on his deathbed, the composer constantly repeated von Meck's name, reproaching her. However, a very different story persisted within the von Meck family. Galina von Meck -- the daughter of von Meck's son Nikolay and Tchaikovsky's niece Anna Lvovna Davidova -- maintained that the rift was secretly healed. In September 1893, only weeks before his death, Tchaikovsky had approached Galina's mother, Anna. Anna was about to leave for Nice to help nurse her dying mother-in-law. Tchaikovsky asked her to beg his former friend for forgiveness for his own silence. This apology was reportedly accepted wholeheartedly by von Meck and reciprocated.
Another biographer, David Brown, maintains that Galina’s account “contains much hearsay and a good deal that is romantically heightened.” He concedes some plausibility in her account of this reconciliation, however, especially since Galina received the story directly from the intermediary, her mother[2].
When Brown interviewed Galina shortly before her death in 1985, she confirmed her grandmother had an "atrophied" arm which made writing nearly impossible in her last years. He also asked her about Modest's fundamental feeling toward his brother. Galina, who had known Modest well during the first 25 years of her life, answered in one word: "Jealousy[3]."
柴可夫斯基死於1893年的11月6日,正好是第六交響曲首演後九天。他的屍體被運至聖彼得堡亚历山大·涅夫斯基修道院的Tikhvin Cemetery,墳墓就在相熟的作曲家亞歷山大·鮑羅丁(Alexander Borodin)和穆索斯基(Modest Mussorgsky)的附近。
大部分當時的學者都認為他死於霍亂,起因是因為喝下受到污染的自來水。但是近幾十年來,另外幾種理論逐漸流行起來,一般都相信他自殺的可能性很大,有可能是法學院校友會對同性戀的抵制運動導致。
音樂史學家亞莉珊卓歐洛娃(Aleksandra Orlova)在他未出版的「柴可夫斯基點滴」(Tchaikovsky Day by Day)一書手稿中,口頭證詞做為證據來支持柴可夫斯基死於自殺的推論。他認為柴可夫斯基服用砒霜自殺,所以死亡日期和屍體處理才會遮遮掩掩,產生前後不一的說詞。然而,歐洛娃的論點缺乏書面上的證據,因此受到多方質疑,至今柴可夫斯基的真正死因還是個未解的謎。
英國籍作曲家麥克芬尼希(Michael Finnissy)以柴可夫斯基生前的最後幾天與死亡為題,作了一部名為「羞恥罪衍」(Shameful Vice)的歌劇。