智慧即财富
陈立功的文学城博客：驰纵骋横，谈今博古，飞花扬月，行文交友
阅 兵
阅兵通常被认为是一个政权对内对外展示武力和道义并由此建立某种信誉的一种方式。中国自毛泽东建立政权的那天起，每一次最高领导人更迭后都要借阅兵来彰显其权力的稳固，迄今已总共进行过四次大的阅兵，就是为了达到这一目的。我大学毕业后留校担任公共卫生学院的学生政治辅导员时，所在学生办公室的主任就是在我毕业前一年从空军复员来的轰炸机副团级驾驶员黄冠杰先生，他正是1984年邓小平那次阅兵时率领受阅的空军战机机群飞过天安门上空的那架轰6上的驾驶员。
（以下文字引自百度百科词条阅兵仪式
http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/119491482.html）
据记载公元前，古埃及、波斯、罗马等国，已有阅兵的活动。在我国，早在春秋时期就有“观兵以威诸侯”的记载。如在齐桓公六年8月，曾举行“大阅”。“大阅者何？阅兵车也。”近年挖掘出来的秦陵兵马俑，就很象古代阅兵的阵式。那时的阅兵，通常是在军队出征、凯旋或演习结束时，军事长官调集所辖军队进行检阅。
据史料记载，在我国古代的春秋时期就开始阅兵了。最初的阅兵是以打猎的方式进行的。军队列好阵势，最高统治者成长官在阵前先用弓箭射猎禽兽，然后检阅部队，所以叫“搜”(音sōu，意为春天里打猎)。以后，又发展为定期检阅军队或战车。每年一次检阅步兵叫“搜”，三年一次检阅战车叫“大阅”，五年一次检阅步兵和战车叫“大搜”。
统治者这样定期阅兵，其用意除了检查兵员装备状况外，主要还在于向百姓示威。如春秋时晋文公认为“民未知礼(威仪)，未生其共(共同恭：敬肃)”，于是乎“大搜以示之礼”。另外，还有在战前或战斗间隙进行的不定期的阅兵，叫“观兵”或“观师”。这样的阅兵，除在战前鼓舞士气外，更主要的还在于向敌方示威。公元前625年，郑国由于攻打宋国，遭到各诸侯国的讨伐。诸侯军队把郑国围住后，“观兵于南门”。郑国慑于诸侯军队的阵势，“乃行成”(求和)。
“阅兵”这个名称是从汉代以后才开始叫起来的。在汉代，定期阅兵常与立秋之日“祭兽”一起进行，其中增加一些打斗的内容。以后，各个建朝时间较长的朝代都有类似定期或不定期的阅兵仪式。但到清代，督抚三年一次的阅兵却仍叫“大阅”。
现代最早的国庆阅兵来源于法国，7月14日国庆阅兵这是法国国庆的传统，来于拿破仑时代的法国。法国的国庆阅兵式逢每年的7月14日举行，也即是纪念法国大革命时期民众攻陷封建王朝的象征——巴士底狱的那一天。
我国最早的国庆阅兵是中华民国国庆阅兵，1911年10月10日辛亥革命爆发，推翻了清朝政府，建立了中华民国，10月10日便成为国庆日，每年都要组织庆祝活动。1912年10月10日上午，北平举行了阅兵仪式，袁世凯派段祺瑞进行了阅兵，袁世凯穿着军服就登上了检阅台，历时一个多小时。后来1913、1914年也都举行了阅兵。1915年袁世凯忙于复辟，因此没有阅兵，1916年恢复阅兵。 （引用截止于此）
此前的希特勒非常热衷于用这种国家级形式来达到自己的目的。朝鲜的金氏政权也很崇尚武力和阅兵仪式。不过，现当代国家中将阅兵仪式搞成家常便饭式习惯的当属前苏联和俄罗斯，其中的一个重要原因是因为这个国家在第二次世界大战——他们自称为“伟大卫国战争”——中蒙受了巨大的牺牲，在付出了巨大的代价后才取得了对纳粹德国的胜利，因而，每年在五月九日举行的“胜利日”阅兵仪式成了吸引人们眼球的重要事件，前苏联和俄罗斯领导人也总是会借此机会向世界解释他们对国际事务的核心政策。
在2010年俄罗斯为纪念战胜纳粹德国65周年的“胜利日”阅兵式上，世界各主要大国的领袖都应邀观摩了阅兵式。欧美主要战胜国如波兰、英国、法国和美国等还应邀派出军队参加了阅兵式。这被认为是西方国家的军队首次踏在了在莫斯科的红场上。遗憾的是，作为当时反法西斯同盟国成员的中国却没有被邀请派军队参加阅兵仪式。
美国在其独立日、老兵日以及总统就职典礼日都会有军事力量的代表参与纪念或庆典游行，但这类游行都不是严格意义上的阅兵，因为通常都会包含民间团体参与其中。很难在美国看到像俄罗斯和中国那样的阅兵式。生活在首都华盛顿一带的我有幸观摩过两次独立日游行和小布什总统的第二任就职庆典仪式，其中的美军方阵都是队形不整自由散漫地走过大街，即使有武器展示，也都是些身着18-19世纪古军装的军人操持着老式火枪和火炮。武器虽然落后，但对于看惯了现代兵器的人来说，还是很难得的养眼机会。另一次在美国亲临军事力量的游行是2005年秋在马里兰州的首府Annapolis小镇上看到的Navy Academy的海军学员们身着便装列队上街，但无人手中持有武器。当队伍走上大街上时，学员们都是欢呼雀跃、手舞足蹈，队形那个凌乱得啊，不是人可以对军人队伍作出想象的。不过，在2010年俄罗斯邀请下，一队美军整齐地走过红场，领头的将领后面是三位棋手，左边是士兵举着国旗，右边那个举着军旗，而中间一个举的像是一个用各种颜色的布条制作的拖地的拖把样的东西。这里找到了一个非国家级行为的美军阅兵式的视频，列在本文最后。
在观看俄罗斯的阅兵式之前，请允许我简单介绍一下其中几个最关键的音乐。这些音乐中除了中国人普遍熟悉的《喀秋莎》(Katyusha)外，还有首先奏响的《神圣的战争》(The Sacred War)。这是在阅兵司令官向全体官兵发出向国旗致敬的指令后响起的第一个音乐。它是一首非常著名的战争进行曲。在总统致词结束后响起的是前苏联国歌的旋律。它也是现在俄罗斯国歌的旋律，但已对原苏联国歌的歌词作了修改。最后一个音乐作品是《一个斯拉夫女人的告别》(Farewell of a Slavianka)。这也是一首非常有名的俄国军乐，据说是十月革命后国内战争年代红军从原创于白军那里偷过来的，后来就成了红军的军乐了（待考证）。
历史总是有其荣耀和伟大的一面，但也不乏丑陋和罪恶的内容。后人在缅怀前人的荣耀和伟大时，千万不要忽视了其丑陋和罪恶，而是要努力将它们甄别出来并摆脱它们的纠缠，以便让荣耀和伟大沉淀为人类精神的财富。请看纳粹准军事部队1934年的阅兵式、彩色记录片《希特勒》、2010年和2012年俄罗斯的两次阅兵仪式的全程直播，以及八一电影制片厂基于2009年中国国庆阅兵制作的电影纪录片《盛世大阅兵》。
Nazi Parade of Paramilitary Formations – 1934(Part 1/2)
http://youtu.be/J2VpNqqBdGg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2VpNqqBdGg
Hitler in Color
http://youtu.be/OEerqYY8N4U
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OEerqYY8N4U&feature=related
2010年红场阅兵式
http://youtu.be/70skQqd7tgM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=70skQqd7tgM
由于无法找到当时梅德韦杰夫的演讲文，这里选用的是他在2011年阅兵式上的演讲全文：
Dear veterans, comrades, soldiers and sailors, sergeants and starshinas, comrade officers, generals, and admirals, I congratulate you on the holiday of victory, a day of valor for our glorious notion and people who defended our motherland, and liberated the world from Nazism.
As the years go by, we realize more and more, what the war generation has accomplished its strength and courage, and self-denial. You dear veterans have set a high moral standard for us. You gave us the model of being faithful to your motherland. It is our debt that we remember this and to preserve the peace which you have won for us. You didn't spare yourselves on your way to victory. Losing your friends and loved ones, you fought for every town, every village, you have defeated the Nazis, and did not allow them to destroy the world, and you achieved the victory in the Great Patriotic War.
In modern Russia, we have a very special attitude for the events of those years. Our grandchildren, great grandchildren, honor the memory of their ancestors, and have no doubt that our children and grandchildren will preserve the memory of the heroes of the Great Patriotic War. Now we see a new generation strengthening friendship with other peoples that celebrate this day with us. And I would like to congratulate sincerely, the veterans in all countries. The day of victory is a common holiday, a great day for us all. Citizens of Russia, we are proud of the people who came out of the war, and were able to rebuild the country from ruin in a short time. We were the first to restore out infrastructure and agriculture. We were the first to go into outer space, and achieve great results in science, education, and culture. Today, Russia is firmly dependent on the principle of peaceful cooperation. We are promoting the indivisibility of security, and making our contribution to general efforts to support global stability.
Our armed forces are effective in peacekeeping operations around world. The Russian Army and Navy are defending the people of Russian. Our Soldiers and Officers and their comrades today will march on the Red Square. Many among them have been awarded for their courage and valorous performance. The state will continue to do everything it can to provide for our servicemen of the armed forces. To supply with modern arms and techniques, and you will see some of it in victory parade today.
Dear veterans, we celebrate the most sacred holiday. We thank all of you, because you have given us freedom. You knew what you were fighting for, what your comrades paid with their lives for. We can never abandon or forget about. This is the freedom and dignity of our motherland and peace for our country. These things are dear to us all. This is what makes us a united and strong nation.
Happy holiday to you! Happy day of the great victory! Glory to the victorious people!
Ura!
2012年红场阅兵式
http://youtu.be/9CKJEpfawCI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9CKJEpfawCI
总统普京的演讲：
Dear veterans, comrades, soldiers and sailors, sergeants and starshinas, petty of officers and warrant offices, Comrade Officers, generals, and admirals, I congratulate you on the jubilee of the great victory! This is a holiday of triumph and glory of our peoples. This is a day of memory, triumph and sorrow that unites all the citizens of Russia today.
67 years ago Nazism was vanquished. A terrible and cynical force, we cannot forget how it emerged, grew stronger and became insolent in the face of the whole world, how those barbarians planned the destruction of whole nations, and deciding the future of states and continents.
We need to openly acknowledge that aggressive intentions of Fascist Germany did not receive a collective response properly. Nations were divided and suspicious of each other. The ideological confrontation prevented them from stopping World War II at the very beginning. And mankind had to pay an immense price for that. Yet eventually what happened was the prevailing of the determination to come together over evil with the forces of the Anti-Hitler Coalition. They stood together and we pay tribute to those countries that made an important contribution to the victory over this cruel enemy. We all should remember how the war started and analyze the reasons learn the lessons of this war, they are still relevant today. I'd like to stress today that strictly following international law, respecting sovereignty and free choice of every nation is one of the basic guarantees that the tragedy of this war will never happen again.
Russia is consistently pursuing the policy of strengthening international security, and we have the moral right to insist on our position, because it was our country that suffered the most from Nazism. It offered heroic resistance and went through extreme trials. We determined the outcome of that war! We defeated the enemy and brought liberation to the nations of the whole world. This victory serves as an example for younger generation. They should remember that they have inherited this victory and freedom.
Our dear veterans, you went through this war marching together as a single brotherhood. You experienced trials, tribulations, and suffering that seam unbearable. Yet you did not succumb to the enemy. You really achieved this victory, you were inspired by the glorious traditions of Russia Army, the genuine values that became evident during the severe trials of wartime. You have demonstrated that one can prevail not only through the force of weapons, but through great faith and inner strength.
The Great Patriotic War has become history now, but your courage, your devotion to defending your motherland will never be forgotten. It will be a standard of patriotic duty for children and grandchildren. Today, they are also looking at the Banner of Victory, and they will march past Red Square. This will be a symbol of their great respect to those who gave this day to us. To those who remain on the battle fields and will never be able to celebrate this sacred day together with us. We will always remember what you have done, this means we have a future and we will do all we need to make sure that our future is peaceful and secure. Glory to our victorious peoples! Congratulations on this day of great victory! Glory to Russia!
Ura!
2009年中国国庆阅兵
http://youtu.be/7ms9A4he-ho
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ms9A4he-ho
8th & I honors Sgt. Dakota Meyer with parade
http://youtu.be/ysgcTmpEM6U
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ysgcTmpEM6U&feature=related
多谢提醒。我这就去找。