谷歌翻译联合国新疆人权评估2

谷歌翻译联合国新疆人权评估

Background

• 背景

 

9、XUAR is China’s largest region, covering one-sixth of its total territory, with a population of 25.85 million. It is rich in resources such as coal, gas, oil, lithium, zinc and lead, as well as being a major source of agricultural production, such as of cotton. As it shares external borders with Afghanistan, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Pakistan,Russian Federation and Tajikistan, the region also provides important routes and access to Central Asian markets and beyond.

新疆是中国面积最大的地区，占国土面积的六分之一，人口2585万。它拥有丰富的煤炭、天然气、石油、锂、锌和铅等资源，是棉花等农业生产的主要来源。由于与阿富汗、印度、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、蒙古、巴基斯坦、俄罗斯联邦和塔吉克斯坦接壤，该地区还提供了通往中亚及其他地区市场的重要路线和通道。

10、Demographically, XUAR has been one of the fastest growing regions in China and its ethnic composition has gradually shifted since 1949.In 1953, at the time of the first census, over 75 per cent of the total population in the region was constituted by Uyghurs, who are predominantly Sunni Muslim, with ethnic Han Chinese accounting for seven per cent. Other predominantly Muslim ethnic groups living in the region include, in alphabetical sequence, Hui, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Mongol, and Tajik peoples. According to the latest census and the Government’s White Paper on “Xinjiang Population Dynamics and Data”, while the overall population of both Han and Uyghur ethnic groups has grown, the Uyghur population now constitutes about 45 per cent of the region’s total and Han Chinese about 42 per cent. These shifts appear to be largely the consequence of ethnic Han migration into the western regions, including as a result of incentives provided by Government policies.

在人口方面，新疆维吾尔自治区一直是中国发展最快的地区之一，其民族构成自1949年以来逐渐发生变化。1953年，在第一次人口普查时，该地区总人口的75%以上由维吾尔人构成，主要是逊尼派穆斯林，汉族占7%。居住在该地区的其他主要穆斯林民族包括按字母顺序排列的回族、哈萨克族、吉尔吉斯族、蒙古族和塔吉克族。根据最新的人口普查和政府的“新疆人口动态和数据”白皮书，虽然汉族和维吾尔族的总人口都在增长，但维吾尔族人口现在占全区总人口的45%左右，汉族人口约42%。这些转变似乎主要是汉族迁移到西部地区的结果，包括政府政策提供的激励措施的结果。

11、Historically, the population of XUAR is one of the poorest in China. It has been the focus of numerous development and poverty alleviation policies by the central authorities.According to State media, 2.3 million people in XUAR emerged from poverty between 2014 and 2018, of which 1.9 million were from southern Xinjiang, which has the highest population of ethnic groups. According to official Government information, in 2021, Xinjiang registered seven per cent growth in gross domestic product (GDP) and an increase of per capita disposable income for urban and rural residents of eight per cent and 10.8 per cent. Moreover, 1.69 million rural houses and 1.56 million government-subsidized housing projects in cities and towns have reportedly been constructed. UN human rights mechanisms have raised concerns, however, about discrimination in economic, social and cultural spheres in ethnic regions, including XUAR, over many years.

从历史上看，新疆的人口是中国最贫困的地区之一。它一直是中央多项发展和扶贫政策的重点。据官方媒体报道，2014年至2018年，新疆有230万人摆脱贫困，其中190万人来自南疆，南疆是中国民族人口最多的地区。根据政府官方信息，2021年，新疆国内生产总值（GDP）增长7%，城乡居民人均可支配收入分别增长8%和10.8%。另有169万套农村住房和156万套城镇保障性安居工程。然而，多年来，联合国人权机制对包括新疆在内的少数民族地区的经济、社会和文化领域的歧视提出了担忧。

12、In July 2009, riots broke out in the regional capital Urumqi. The then United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights called for an investigation into the causes of the violence.The Government reported that “from 1990 to the end of 2016, separatist, terrorist and extremist forces launched thousands of terrorist attacks in Xinjiang, killing large numbers of innocent people and hundreds of police officers, and causing immeasurable damage to property”. There were also a series of violent incidents in different Chinese cities outside XUAR, killing scores of people, and which the Government, for its part, has consistently characterised as terrorist in character. At the same time, the involvement of numbers of Uyghurs as fighters in armed groups, including in Afghanistan and Syria, subject to UN counter-terrorism sanctions, continued to be reported and remained a cause for concern for both the Chinese authorities and more widely in the international community.

2009年7月自治区首府乌鲁木齐爆发骚乱，时任联合国人权事务高级专员呼吁调查暴力起因。政府报告称：“1990年至2016年底，分裂、恐怖、极端势力在新疆发动了数千起恐怖袭击，造成大量人员死亡。无辜人民和数百名警察，并造成无法估量的财产损失”。新疆以外的中国不同城市也发生了一系列暴力事件，造成数十人死亡，而政府方面一直将其定性为恐怖分子。与此同时，继续有报道称，许多维吾尔人作为战斗人员参与包括阿富汗和叙利亚在内的武装团体，并受到联合国反恐制裁，这仍然是中国当局和更广泛关注的原因。2014年5月，随着这些事态发展，政府发起了所谓的“严厉打击”运动，以打击恐怖主义威胁，并将其与新疆的宗教“极端主义”和分裂主义联系起来。

13、In May 2014, in the wake of these developments, the Government launched what it termed a “Strike Hard” campaign” to combat terrorist threats, which it linked to religious “extremism” and separatism in XUAR. In a 2019 White Paper, the Government stated that “since 2014, Xinjiang has destroyed 1,588 violent and terrorist gangs, arrested 12,995 terrorists, seized 2,052 explosive devices, punished 30,645 people for 4,858 illegal religious activities, and confiscated 345,229 copies of illegal religious materials”. The Government has asserted the success of its approach, reporting that there have been no terrorist incidents in XUAR since 2016.

政府在2019年的白皮书中表示，“2014年以来，新疆共捣毁暴力恐怖团伙1588个，抓获恐怖分子12995人，缴获爆炸装置2052件，查处非法宗教活动4858件30645 人，收缴非法宗教资料345229份。”政府声称其方法取得了成功，报告称自2016年以来新疆没有发生恐怖事件。