厚古源于薄今,这点英国人和中国人颇有相通。国人一在现实中失去方向,就魏晋风骨,汉唐气度的上下求索,英国人也如是,所谓拉斐尔前派是十九世纪中叶的七 位英国画家,不满于维多利亚时代画界言必称拉斐尔的陈腐学院派风气,希望从文艺复兴以前的中世纪找到灵感而成立的宗派。宗派由William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais 和 Dante Gabriel Rossetti三人创立,后来又有William Michael Rossetti, James Collinson, Frederic George Stephens 和 Thomas Woolner四位加入。以后影响大了,追随者到不可计数。拉斐尔是文艺复兴时期众多杰出人物中与米开朗其罗,达芬奇并称的天才。他也算是一位建筑师,在 意大利见过一些他设计的房子,平和秀丽,和米开朗琪罗的雕塑性的建筑比起来更像二维的绘画。有一年看过一个关于当年拉斐尔工作室(workshop)的展 览,原来他当年画画多有由工作室内其他人代作的,大的画幅更有多人合作。工作室中几位高手的构思素描(完成的画作都让拉斐尔签名了)丝毫不在拉斐尔之下, 才知道大师的后面实在是一群大师。十九世纪的英国学院派不知是如何神化僵化拉斐尔的。时过境迁,我们今天都无从想象了。只有这几位青年画家的奋身一跃衬出 其时画界的无可忍耐。当时正是维多利亚盛世,和所有的盛世一样,仔细看去,全是陈腐和无聊。
当法国的艺术家们奋身一跃时,他们总是跃向未知的未来,从新的角度,搞出些前所未见的概念风格,形式技法。英国的艺术家奋身一跃,就跌回到历史里去了。歌 剧《Cat》里有一句“these modern productions are all very good, but there’s nothing equal from what I hear tell” 应是道出了英国人的心性。纽约时报对这个展览在伦敦泰德美术馆展出时的标题 - 《维多利亚时代的先锋派》极尽揶揄,说拉菲尔前派对英国学院派的反动和受照相术影响的写实主义的手法并不能赋予他们先锋派的美称。比起同时代的法国印象派 画家,拉菲尔前派根本没有思考绘画作为艺术的本质意义,更不用提概念和形式技法创新,他们只是把思古幽情一板一眼的画出而已。尽管被精英如此评价,拉菲尔 前派对后来新艺术运动,立体主义,乃至毕加索蓝色时期的影响还是公认的。抛开艺术评论家的精致分析,静静花几个小时看一百多年前的人们一丝不苟的描绘的心 境,还是很享受的事。
宗教题材是拉斐尔前派的另一大主题,John Everett Millais 在1849-1850年画的大幅油画 《基督在父母家中》(Christ in the House of His Parents (The Carpenter's Shop) 当时争议巨大,也使得拉斐尔前派声名远播。 画中表现基督的父亲约瑟夫在家中的木匠作坊正在做一扇门,基督划破了手,母亲玛丽在安慰他,父亲约瑟夫在察看基督的伤口, 一旁的同为幼年的约翰端着水准备清洗伤口,也象征着他多年后为基督施洗的历史宿命。
社会题材总是引人入胜,《夏特敦之死》(The Death of Chatterton) 是Henry Wallis 1856年完成的油画。色彩大胆。夏特敦是个少年即富盛名的诗人,1770年自杀时年仅17岁。不知为什么画中窗外的景色很引人入胜,圣保罗教堂的天际线 清晰可见,似乎从窗户飞出去就能看见当时的伦敦。
Edward Burne-Jones 1873-78年的大幅油画《赞美维纳斯》(Laus Veneris)是书本上熟悉的,真的画很富有视觉冲击力,一是画幅巨大,有大概2米宽,二是色彩极其明艳。一袭金红的维纳斯是爱情的化身,她和她所在的 室内就是一切爱情中人体会的世界,温暖明亮,美丽优雅,心意相通,生命升华。而她淡淡的怠倦,不满,4位女侍隐隐的期待和被拒止在窗外荒凉世界里的骑士又 显示了爱情使人恐惧绝望孤独的毁灭力量。
Edward Burne-Jones 1888年的另一画作《金色楼梯》(Golden Stair)。画家在这里特别强调非故事性,和音乐性。沿楼梯盘旋向上排列的十八位古装少女像是在一个素淡的古希腊建筑空间里展开的一系列音符。和谐空灵 从容。对色彩的着意淡化和大量流畅的线条在拉斐尔前派绘画中比较少见,倒有些年深日久后退色的敦煌壁画感觉。
Frederic Leighton 是比较晚的拉斐尔前派画家,他1895年画的油画《Flaming June 》虽然没有参加这次画展,但是很典型的表达了女人花朵一样短暂而永恒的美丽,至于这种美丽是不是在睡眠时才得以彰显,那就得问终身未婚的作者了。
丁尼生(Alfred Tennyson )是维多利亚时期的英国桂冠诗人,他的诗激励了很多拉斐尔前派画家的画作,比如根据他的诗《夏洛特姑娘》(The Lady of Shalott)的画就有好几幅。夏洛特姑娘的故事一目了然,网上也有不少中译,这里选一个比较贴切的,省得讲了。当然丁尼生原诗一如既往的优美音节,鲜 明节奏,译文是没法译出的。
The Lady of Shalott
by Alfred, Lord Tennyson
The Lady of Shalott PART I
On either side the river lie 在那条河的两岸,是一片
Long fields of barley and of rye, 种着大麦和黑麦的农田;
That clothe the wold and meet the sky; 麦覆盖着平野,远接长天
And thro' the field the road runs by 还有一条路穿行田野间,
To many-tower'd Camelot; 通向古堡卡默洛特;
(Camelot:亚瑟王宫廷所在地,意为灿烂繁华之地。)
And up and down the people go, 人们在那路上来来往往,
Gazing where the lilies blow把大片盛开的睡莲凝望——
Round an island there below,盛开在小岛的四面八方,
The island of Shalott.那就是小岛夏洛特。
Willows whiten, aspens quiver,柳树泛白光,山杨在颤抖,
Little breezes dusk and shiver拂过的风儿虽说极轻柔,
Thro' the wave that runs for ever也吹暗河面,把河水吹皱;
By the island in the river而河水在岛旁流啊流,
Flowing down to Camelot.永远流往卡默洛特。
Four gray walls, and four gray towers,灰色的四座角楼和四墙
Overlook a space of **s,俯视着大片开花的地方;
And the silent isle imbowers在这寂静小岛上的绣房
The Lady of Shalott.深居着女郎夏洛特。
Only reapers, reaping early大麦长芒刺,收割人起早:
In among the bearded barley,只有田间的他们才听到
Hear a song that echoes cheerly一支轻快的歌回声袅绕——
From the river winding clearly,来自那蜿蜒而去的河道,
Down to tower'd Camelot:去往古堡卡默洛特。
And by the moon the reaper weary,凭着月光,疲乏的收割人
Piling sheaves in uplands airy,在多风的高处堆垛麦捆;
Listening, whispers ''Tis the fairy他们倾听着歌,低语出声:
Lady of Shalott.'“是那成仙的夏洛特。”
The Lady of Shalott PART II
There she weaves by night and day她在那里日夜地织着网,
A magic web with colours gayi.织一块色彩鲜艳的魔网;
She has heard a whisper say,她听到一声低语在耳旁:
A curse is on her if she stay她得遭殃,倘她住手张望,
To look down to Camelot.张望那座卡默洛特。
She knows not what the 'curse' may be,得遭什么殃她可弄不清,
And so she weaveth steadily,所以她只顾织啊织不停,
And little other care hath she,其他的事情全然不经心——
The Lady of Shalott.她就是女郎夏洛特。
And moving thro' a mirror clear整年有镜子挂在她眼前,
That hangs before her all the year,就在那清澈的镜子里面,
Shadows of the world appear.有人间的种种影像出现;
There she sees the highway near由此她看见大路并不远——
Winding down to Camelot:逶迤通向卡默洛特。
And sometimes thro' the mirror blue有时在蓝莹莹的镜子里,
The knights come riding two and two:可看见联袂并辔的骑士;
She hath no loyal knight and true,但没有一位对她矢志不移,
The Lady of Shalott.对她这女郎夏洛特。
But in her web she still delights然而她总喜欢织她的网,
To weave the mirror's magic sights,织上她镜中古怪的景象;
For often thro' the silent nights因为常常在寂静的晚上,
A funeral, with plumes and lights,有送葬队伍,有羽饰、火光、
And music, went to Camelot:音乐去往卡默洛特。
Or when the moon was overhead,有时候,月亮在当空照耀,
Came two young lovers lately wed;一对新婚的恋人会来到,
"I am half-sick of shadows," said“我可讨厌这影像”,她说道——
The Lady of Shalott. 她就是女郎夏洛特。
John William Waterhouse 1916年的油画《我厌倦这些影像》(“I am half-sick of shadows, ” said The Lady of Shalott )就是上面这两行诗的景象。
The Lady of Shalott PART III
A bow-shot from her bower-eaves,她的闺房一箭之遥处,
He rode between the barley-sheaves,有位骑手在麦捆间驰过;
The sun came dazzling thro' the leaves,叶间筛下的阳光在闪烁,
And flamed upon the brazen greaves让勇士的金甲亮得像火——
Of bold Sir Lancelot.这是骑士蓝斯洛。
(亚瑟王的第一骑士。)
A red-cross knight for ever kneel'd他的盾牌上有一个图案:
To a lady in his shield,红十字骑士跪在女士前;
That sparkled on the yellow field,这盾在金黄色田间忽闪,
Beside remote Shalott.远处是小岛夏洛特。
His broad clear brow in sunlight glow'd;他开朗的脸上闪着阳光,
On burnish'd hooves his war-horse trode;战马锃亮的蹄踏在地上,
From underneath his helmet flow'd骑马的他一路朝前直闯,
His coal-black curls as on he rode,盔下的漆黑鬈发在飘扬,
As he rode down to Camelot.他呀驰向卡默洛特。
From the bank and from the river岸上的本人、河里的倒影,
He flash'd into the crystal mirror,一起映进那水晶的明镜;
'Tirra lirra,' by the river岸上传来了啦啦的歌声,
Sang Sir Lancelot.唱的人是蓝斯洛。
She left the web, she left the loom,她离开织机、离开织的网,
She made three paces thro' the room,她三步两步走过她闺房,
She saw the water-lily bloom,她看见睡莲的花儿开放,
She saw the helmet and the plume,看见那盔顶的鸟羽飘扬,
She look'd down to Camelot.她望着那卡默洛特。
Out flew the web and floated wide;那网飞出窗,直朝远处飘,
The mirror crack'd from side to side;那镜子一裂两半地碎掉,
'The curse is come upon me!' cried她喊道,“我呀已在劫难逃”——
The Lady of Shalott.她就是女郎夏洛特。
John William Waterhouse 1887年的油画《夏洛特姑娘》就是上面这一段。当夏洛特姑娘离开镜子用眼睛直接看世界,她的世界就四散破碎了。
William Holman Hunt 在1888-95也画了同名油画《夏洛特姑娘》,同样是夏洛特姑娘的世界粉碎崩溃的瞬间。画中她的头发漫天飞舞,秀美而且疯狂。
The Lady of Shalott PART IV
In the stormy east-wind straining,萎黄的树林已日渐凋零,
The pale yellow woods were waning,正在狂烈的东风里挣扎;
The broad stream in his banks complaining,宽阔的河在两岸间呻吟,
Heavily the low sky raining低沉的天空大雨下不停,
Over tower'd Camelot;洒向城堡卡默洛特。
Down she came and found a boat她出门来到一株柳树前,
Beneath a willow left afloat,找到遗在那里的一条船,
And round about the prow she wrote就把几个字写在船头边:
The Lady of Shalott.岛上的女郎夏洛特
And down the river's dim expanse—那河的水面上幽暗昏沉;
Like some bold seer in a trance,像个恍惚的勇敢占卜人
Seeing all his own mischance— 预见到自己的全部不幸——
With a glassy countenance她那木然而呆滞的眼睛
Did she look to Camelot.遥望着那卡默洛特。
And at the closing of the day天光将冥的茫茫暮色里,
She loosed the chain, and down she lay;她解开船索,躺下在船底,
The broad stream bore her far away,让宽阔的河载着她远去,
The Lady of Shalott.载着这女郎夏洛特。
John William Waterhouse 1888年的另一幅《夏洛特姑娘》是这个题材中最著名的一幅。画中的深秋景色,灰暗的背景,甚至船头已经三灭其二的蜡烛都象征着夏洛特姑娘即将陨灭的生 命。她披散的头发和视而不见的眼神显示她对命运,目的完全没有控制。荒无一人的景象和船边凌乱的编织了一生的毯子是夏洛特姑娘孤寂一生的写照。这个形象比 前面的《奥菲丽娅》更深入英国人们的心底。看来淑女最凄美的死法是死在水上,香魂一缕随波逝。
最后三段也录在下面;
Heard a carol, mournful, holy,他们听见的歌忧郁圣洁,
Chanted loudly, chanted lowly,一会声音高,一会声音低,
Till her blood was frozen slowly,唱到她血液渐渐地冷却,
And her eyes were darken'd wholly,唱到她完全丧失了视力——
Turn'd to tower'd Camelot;望着城堡卡默洛特。
For ere she reach'd upon the tide她随波逐流地一路漂去;
The first house by the water-side,没漂到岸边第一幢屋子,
Singing in her song she died,已在自己的歌声中去世——
The Lady of Shalott.去世了,女郎夏洛特。
Under tower and balcony,白糊糊的身影显得惨白,
By garden-wall and gallery,让船带着漂过塔楼、跳台;
A gleaming shape she floated by,她无声地漂过圆墙、阳台,
Dead-pale between the houses high,漂过耸立在两岸的高宅,
Silent into Camelot.就此漂进卡默洛特。
Out upon the wharfs they came,爵爷和夫人、骑士和市民,
Knight and burgher, lord and dame,都拥到码头上看个究竟——
And round the prow they read her name,在船头上读到她的芳名:
The Lady of Shalott.岛上的女郎夏洛特。
Who is this? and what is here?这里是什么?这是什么人?
And in the lighted palace near附近灯火通明的宫殿中,
Died the sound of royal cheer;国王举行的欢宴寂无声,
And they cross'd themselves for fear,划十字的骑士个个惊恐——
All the knights at Camelot:个个身在卡默洛特。
But Lancelot mused a little space;但蓝斯洛沉思了一会,
He said, 'She has a lovely face;说道,“她的脸长的很美,
God in His mercy lend her grace,愿仁慈的上帝给她恩惠——
The Lady of Shalott.'给这位女郎夏洛特。”
“厚古源于薄今,这点英国人和中国人颇有相通。国人一在现实中失去方向,就魏晋风骨,汉唐气度的上下求索,”
“当法国的艺术家们奋身一跃时,他们总是跃向未知的未来,从新的角度,搞出些前所未见的概念风格,形式技法。英国的艺术家奋身一跃,就跌回到历史里去了。”
“至于引出这一大堆糟心事的最初的那一个心灵悸动,倒像是个多余的引子,多数时候反 而是省却了了事。 ”’