【翻译听写】练习之十三 - 原文 + 汇总 (The Importance of Scientific Expreiments

The Importance of Scientific Expreiments


　　
The rise of modern science may perhaps be considered to date as far back as the time of Roger Bacon(1), the wonderful monk and philosopher of Oxford(2), who lived between the years 1214 and 1292. He was probably the first, in the middle ages to assert that we must learn science by observing and experimenting on the things around us, and he himself made many remarkable discoveries. Galileo(3), however, who lived more than 300 years later (1564 to 1642), was the greatest of several great men, who in Italy, France, Germany, or England, began by degrees to show how many important truths could be discovered by well-directed observation. Before the time of Galileo, learned men believed that large bodies fall more rapidly towards the earth than small ones, because Aristotle(4) said so. But Galileo, going to the top of the Leaning Tower of Pisa(5), let fall two unequal stones, and proved to some friends, whom he had brought there to see his experiment, that Aristotle was in error. It is Galileo's spirit of going direct to Nature, and verifying our opinions and theories by experiment, that. has led to all the great discoveries of modern science.(6)

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　From Logic by William-Stanley Jevons







注释:

(1) Roger Bacon： 罗杰·培根(1214-1292)，英国僧侣及哲学家，实验科学的先驱。
(2) Oxford： 牛津，举世闻名的英国的一所大学城。牛津大学(Oxford University)位于此。
(3) Galileo： 伽利略(1564--1642)，意大利物理学家及天文学家。
(4) Aristotle： 亚理斯多德(公元前384-322)，古希腊哲学家和科学家。
(5) the Leaning Tower of Pisa： 比萨斜塔。Pisa：意大利中部城市。
(6) It is Galileo's spirit…that has led to…：这是强调主语的结构。

Additional words and their definitions:

ver·i·fy (vr-f) tr.v. ver·i·fied, ver·i·fy·ing, ver·i·fies 1. To prove the truth of by presentation of evidence or testimony; substantiate. 2. To determine or test the truth or accuracy of, as by comparison, investigation, or reference: experiments that verified the hypothesis. See Synonyms at confirm. 3. Law a. To affirm formally or under oath. b. To append a verification to (a pleading); conclude with a verification. con·firm (kn-fûrm) tr.v. con·firmed, con·firm·ing, con·firms 1. To support or establish the certainty or validity of; verify. 2. To make firmer; strengthen: Working on the campaign confirmed her intention to go into politics. 3. To make valid or binding by a formal or legal act; ratify. 4. To administer the religious rite of confirmation to. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [Middle English confirmen, from Old French confermer, from Latin cnfirmre : com-, intensive pref.; see com- + firmre, to strengthen (from firmus, strong; see dher- in Indo-European roots).] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- con·firma·bili·ty n. con·firma·ble adj. con·firma·tory (-fûrm-tôr, -tr) adj. con·firmer n. Synonyms: confirm, corroborate, substantiate, authenticate, validate, verify These verbs mean to affirm the truth, accuracy, or genuineness of something. Confirm implies removal of all doubt: "We must never make experiments to confirm our ideas, but simply to control them" (Claude Bernard). Corroborate refers to supporting something by means of strengthening evidence: The witness is expected to corroborate the plaintiff's testimony. To substantiate is to establish by presenting substantial or tangible evidence: "one of the most fully substantiated of historical facts" (James Harvey Robinson). Authenticate implies the establishment of genuineness of something by the testimony of an expert: Never purchase an antique before it has been authenticated. Validate refers to establishing the validity of something, such as a theory, claim, or judgment: The divorce validated my parents' original objection to the marriage. Verify implies proving by comparison with an original or with established fact: The bank refused to cash the check until the signature was verified.

汉译：


科学实验的重要性


现代科学的兴起也许要追溯到罗杰·培根的时代.罗杰·培根是牛津杰出的僧侣和哲学家，他出生于1214年，死于 1292年。他可能是中世纪第一个提出我们必须通过对周围事物进行观察和实验来学习科学的人，他自己也有许多卓越的发现。然而，生活在三百多年之后的伽利略(1564-1642),却是好几个伟大人物中最伟大的一个，这些人在意大利，法国，德国和英国开始逐步使人们看到许多重要的真理是可以通过掌握得当的观察去发现的。在伽利略之前，学者们相信大的物体掉到地面比小的物体要快，因为亚理斯多德是这样说的。可是，伽利略登上比萨斜塔的顶端，让两块体积不相等的石头同时落地，从而向一些他带去观看实验的朋友们证明，亚理斯多德错了。正是伽利略的这种直接到大自然中去通过实验来证明我们的判断和理论的精神，导致了所有现代科学的伟大发现。 （唐力行　译）


作者简介：


　　JEVONS, WILLIAM STANLEY(1835-1882) British economist and logician. Professor of logic, political economy and philosophy, Ovens College, Manchester(1866-1879). Author of Pure Logic (1864), Elementary Lessons in Logic(1870), Studies in Deductive Logic (1880), Theory of Political Economy (1871), etc.
 
　　威廉·斯坦利·杰文斯（1835-1882） 英国经济学家和逻辑学家。1866-1879年任曼彻斯特的欧文学院逻辑学政治经济学和哲学教授。著有：《纯逻辑》（1864）、《逻辑学基础教程》（1870）、《演绎逻辑的研究》（1880）、《政治经济学原理》（1871）等。 

　　

下面框框里是大家的英译总汇：

Source:  http://bbs.wenxuecity.com/zhongyiingfanyi/111711.html cutestream     The origin of modern science can probably be retrospected to the era of Roger Bacon. Roger Bacon was born in 1214, and died in 1292. He was a famous monk and philosopher in Oxford. He perhaps was the first one in medieval times who pointed out that people must study science via observing things around us. Roger Bacon had lots of preeminent discoveries of his own. Galileo, however, was the most famous one of several great scientists three hundred years later. In Italy, France, Germany and England, those scientists gradually made people believe that many truths could be found through appropriate observation. Before Galileo, researchers believed, according to Aristotle, that big objects fell on the ground faster than small ones. But Galileo proved to some his friends Aristotle was wrong by taking them to watch an experiment. Galileo threw two stones in different volumes from the top of the leaning Tower of Pisa, and the two stones fell on the around simultaneously. It is Galileo’s spirit, proving our judgments and theories by doing experiments directly in the nature that led to all the great discoveries of modern science.     NewVoice   The importance of scientific experiments The rise of modern science perhaps dates back to the age of Roger Bacon. Roger Bacon was a renowned monk and philosopher in Oxford. He was born in 1214 and died in 1292. He might be the first one in the Medieval Time to propose that we must study science through making observations and experiments about the things surrounding us, and he made many outstanding discoveries himself. However, Galileo (1564-1642), who lived more than 300 years later, was the greatest among several great figures in Italy, France, Germany, and England, who began gradually showing people that many important truths could be discovered through employing  proper observational methods. Before Galileo, the scholars believed that the bigger object could reach the ground faster than the smaller one, because that was what Aristotle had said. However, Galileo climbed to the top of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, letting two rocks with different volumes drop to the ground at the same time, therefore proving to his friends whom he had brought to watch the experiment that Aristotle was wrong. It was Galileo’s spirit of proving our judgments and theories through exploring nature directly and conducting experiments that had led to all the great scientific discoveries in modern time.     i999   The importance of scientific experiments   The emerging of modern science could be traced back to the era of Roger Bacon who was an outstanding monk and philosopher in Oxford. He was born in 1214 and died in 1292. With many extraordinary findings by himself, he might be the first in the Middle Ages to bring up the thought that science must be explored through observing and experimenting on the surroundings. Galileo, however, born 300 years later, was the greatest among several great persons in Italy, France, Germany and England who convinced the public in steps that many important truths could be discovered via appropriate observations.  Before Galileo，the scholars believed without any doubt that larger objects fell to the ground at a faster rate than the smaller ones just because Aristotle said so. However, from the top of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, Galilleo dropped two stones of distinctively different sizes which landed on the ground at exactly the same time, and thereby, testified that Aristotle was wrong, to his friends who witnessed this experiment. It is Galileo’s spirit of experimenting directly in nature to verify our judgments and theories that has brought the modern science to fruition in all great discoveries.     同学小薇     The rise of modern science may be traced back to the era of Roger Bacon. Bacon, born in 1214, died in 1292, was an outstanding monk and philosopher at Oxford. He had many remarkable discoveries and may be the first during medieval times to propose to studay science through observing and experiemnting on what surround us. However, three hundred years later, the great figures who lived in Italy, France, Germany and Britain made people gradually realized that many truth can be found through proper observing, and Galileo (1564-1642) was the greatest amongst them. Prior to Galileo, scholars had believed that a larger object fell to the ground faster than a smaller one, as said by Aristotle. However, Galileo proved to the observers that Aristotle’s theory was wrong by showing two objects with different volumes reaching the ground the same time from the top of Leaning Tower of Pisa. It is Galileo’s believe – proving a theory or judgment through experiments in the nature, that leads to all the great discoveries of modern science.   EnLearner     The rise of modern science may be traced back to the era of Roger Bacon. Roger Bacon, who was an outstanding monk and philosopher at Oxford, was born in 1214 and died in 1292.  He may be the first in Middle Ages who suggested that we must study science through observing things around us and experiment and who himself had many remarkable discoveries.  However, Galileo, who lived more than 300 years later, was the greatest of the greatest schoolars who in Italy, French, Germany, and England gradually made people belive that many important truths could be discovered by well managed observation.  Before Galileo, schoolars believed that bigger objects would fall faster than smaller objects, for Aristotle had said so.  However, Galileo went to the top of the leaningTower of Pisa, and let two stones with different sizes fall and reach the ground at the same time.  The experiment approved to the friends who he took to observe the experiment that Aristotle was wrong.   It is the Galileo's spirit of going directly to the Nature and approving our judgement and theories through experiments that led to the many important discoveries of modern science. bolang The importance of scientific experiment The booming of the modern science can be traced back to Roger Bacon’s time. Roger Bacon was an outstanding monk and philosopher from Oxford.  He was born at 1214, and died at 1299. He probably was the first one at the middle age brought up that we have to study science through observing and experimenting the surroundings,  he himself had a lot of significant discoveries . Galileo(1564-1642), who was  300 hundreds years later,  was the most greatest one among the greatest peoples,  those peoples gradually let peoples  in Italy, France, German and England, to know that a lot of truth can be discovered  through mastering the appropriate observation.  Before Galileo, scholars believed that big objects fell faster to ground much faster than small objects did, because Aristotle said so. But, when Galileo climbed to the Leaning Tower of Pisa, let two different size stones fall to the ground the same time, he proved to the friends watching his experiment that Aristotle was wrong.  The Galileo sprit, our theory or judge need to be tested through experiment in nature, leads to all the discoveries in modern science. newton123 The rise of modern sciences may be traced back to the time of Roger Bacon of Oxford, an outstanding clergy and philosopher. He was born in 1214 and died in 1292.  He might be the first to propose to study sciences about surrounding objects necessarily through observations and experiments. He himself had a lot of brilliant discoveries. But Galileo, more than three hundred years after him, was the greatest among the great who, living in Italy, France, German and Britain, enabled the world realize that many important truths can be found through proper observations. Before Galileo, scholars believed that big objects fall faster than small objects, just because Aristotle said so. But, Galileo climbed to the top of the leaning Tower of Pizza and let two rocks of different volume fall to the ground simultaneously, which showed to the friends coming to watch the experiment that Aristotle was wrong. It is the spirit in which Galileo tested and verified our judgments and ideas directly through experiments in nature that leads to all great discoveries in modern sciences.   jennea     The Importance of Scientific Experiments The upspring of modern science probably can be traced back to the era of Roger Bacon. Roger Bacon is a great monk and philosopher from Oxford, who was born in 1214, and died in 1292. He might be the first person who brought up the idea that we had to study science by observing and experimenting the objects around us. While he himself had many significant discoveries, Galileo, who lived 300 years later,  was the greatest among several other great men. They, came from several different countries, such as Italy, French, Germany and England, made people realize gradually that many important truth could be discovered through well-controlled observations. Before Galileo, scholars believed that the small objects would fall faster than the larger ones, because Aristotle said so. But Galileo climbed up the Leaning Tower of Pisa and proved to his friends, whom he brought to observe the experiment, that Aristotle was wrong by demonstrating that two stones with different volumes touched the ground at exactly the same time. This very spirit of Galileo, i.e. proving our judgements and theories by direct experiments in nature,  introduced all the great discoveries of modern science.     toast2011     The importance of scientific experiments The rise of modern science may be tracked back to Roger Bacon times. Roger Bacon, a famous monk and philosopher in Oxford, was born in 1214 and died in 1292. He probably is the first person in the mid-century who pointed out that we must learn science through observing and experimenting things around. He also had many remarkable findings himself. However, Galieo, living 300 years after, was the greatest among several great figures. Those figures in Italy, French, German and British gradually make people see that lots of important truth can be discovered through mastering appropriate observation. Before Galieo, scholars believed that big objects fell more quickly than small ones because Aristotle said so. However Galieo, climbing up to the top of the leaning Tower of pisa and letting two stones with different volume reached on the ground at the same time, proved to the friends that he brought to watch experiment that Aristotle was wrong. It is the spirit from Galieo, going directly to the nature to prove our judgment and theory through experiments, which leads to all important modern scientific discoveries. beautifulwind The importance of scientific experiments   The start of modern science may trace back to Roger Bacon's time. Roger Bacon was an outstanding monk and philosopher. He was born in 1214 and expired in 1292. He might be the first person who mentioned that we should study science through observation and experiments in medieval times. He himself had lots of extrodinary discoveries. More than three hundreds years later,  however, Galileo was  the greatest one of all the great men who in Italy, France, and England raised awarenes gradually that many important theories could be discovered through appropriate observation.   Anterior to Galileo, scholars believed that the speed of a bigger object falling on floor was faster than that of a smaller one, because Aritotle said this.  However, Galileo climbed up to the top of the Leaning Tower of Pisa. He carried two different sized stones which dropped on floor at the same time.   It showed  his friends who went to see the experient with him that Aristotle was wrong.  It was the spirit,  which Galileo testified our judgement and theories through nature directly, that led to all of the important discoveries of modern science.

讨论：

1。　the middle ages 是否该以大写字母开头？

2。　两块体积不相等的石头同时落地。-　这句话改如何翻译才达意？

下面的译法准确吗？

Two unequal stones dropped to the ground at the same time.
Two unequal stones dropped on the ground at the same time.
Two unequal stones fell on the ground at the same time.
Two unequal stones fell to the ground at the same time.