正文
null从美国civil rights movement看中国的民主进程
最近我有一个朋友在中学读到美国civil rights movement，也问到大陆六四的历史。很多大陆的年轻人都很崇尚美国的人权和民主，从美国历史可以看到美国的人权发展也是不一帆风顺，而是通过四十年很多领袖人物和民众的努力。这包括著名的Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.，他为人权运动在监狱里度过，在１９６８年被刺杀。
以下是美国人权运动的历史：
The civil rights key timeline
1954 -- U.S. Supreme Court declares school segregation unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ruling.
1955 -- Rosa Parks refuses to move to the back of a Montgomery, Alabama, bus as required by city ordinance; boycott follows and bus segregation ordinance is declared unconstitutional.
Federal Interstate Commerce Commission bans segregation on interstate trains and buses.
1956 -- Coalition of Southern congressmen calls for massive resistance to Supreme Court desegregation rulings.
1957 -- Arkansas Gov. Orval Rubus uses National Guard to block nine black students from attending a Little Rock High School; following a court order, President Eisenhower sends in federal troops to ensure compliance.
1960 -- Four black college students begin sit-ins at lunch counter of a Greensboro, North Carolina, restaurant where black patrons are not served.
Congress approves a watered-down voting rights act after a filibuster by Southern senators.
1961 -- Freedom Rides begin from Washington, D.C., into Southern states.
1962 -- President Kennedy sends federal troops to the University of Mississippi to quell riots so that James Meredith, the school\'s first black student, can attend.
The Supreme Court rules that segregation is unconstitutional in all transportation facilities.
The Department of Defense orders full integration of military reserve units, the National Guard excluded.
1963 -- Civil rights leader Medgar Evers is killed by a sniper\'s bullet.
Race riots prompt modified martial law in Cambridge, Maryland.
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivers I Have a Dream speech to hundreds of thousands at the March on Washington.
Church bombing in Birmingham, Alabama, leaves four young black girls dead.
1964 -- Congress passes Civil Rights Act declaring discrimination based on race illegal after 75-day long filibuster.
Three civil rights workers disappear in Mississippi after being stopped for speeding; found buried six weeks later.
Riots in Harlem, Philadelphia.
1965 -- March from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, to demand protection for voting rights; two civil rights workers slain earlier in the year in Selma.
Malcolm X assassinated.
Riot in Watts, Los Angeles.
New voting rights act signed.
1966 -- Edward Brooke, R-Massachusetts, elected first black U.S. senator in 85 years.
1967 -- Riots in Detroit, Newark, New Jersey.
Thurgood Marshall first black to be named to the Supreme Court.
Carl Stokes (Cleveland) and Richard G. Hatcher (Gary, Indiana) elected first black mayors of major U.S. cities.
1968 -- Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee; James Earl Ray later convicted and sentenced to 99 years in prison.
Poor People\'s March on Washington -- planned by King before his death -- goes on.
1973 -- Maynard Jackson (Atlanta), first black elected mayor of a major Southern U.S. city.
1975 --Voting Rights Act extended.
1978 -- Supreme Court rules that medical school admission programs that set aside positions based on race are unconstitutional (Bakke decision).
1979 -- Shoot-out in Greensboro, North Carolina, leaves five anti-Klan protesters dead; 12 Klansmen charged with murder.
1983 -- Martin Luther King Jr. federal holiday established.
1988 -- Congress passes Civil Rights Restoration Act over President Reagan\'s veto.
1989 -- Army Gen. Colin Powell becomes first black to serve as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
1989 -- L. Douglas Wilder (Virginia) becomes first black elected governor.
1990 -- President Bush vetoes a civil rights bill he says would impose quotas for employers; weaker bill passes muster in 1991.
1991 -- Civil rights museum opens at King assassination site in Memphis.
1994 -- Byron De La Beckwith convicted of 1963 Medgar Evers assassination.
1995 -- Supreme Court rules that federal programs that use race as a categorical classification must have compelling government interest to do so.
1996 -- Supreme Court rules consideration of race in creating congressional districts is unconstitutional.
历史告诉我们，既得利益者不会轻易放弃他们的权利，这是一个长期斗争和争取的过程。这不可能通过一个几周的运动就实现了。
从美国civil rights movement历史看了，中国民主进程缺乏以下几点：
１． 一个开放的社会环境
２． 带有理想主义的领袖
３． 据有纲领，和长期努力的组织
最近我有一个朋友在中学读到美国civil rights movement，也问到大陆六四的历史。很多大陆的年轻人都很崇尚美国的人权和民主，从美国历史可以看到美国的人权发展也是不一帆风顺，而是通过四十年很多领袖人物和民众的努力。这包括著名的Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.，他为人权运动在监狱里度过，在１９６８年被刺杀。
以下是美国人权运动的历史：
The civil rights key timeline
1954 -- U.S. Supreme Court declares school segregation unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ruling.
1955 -- Rosa Parks refuses to move to the back of a Montgomery, Alabama, bus as required by city ordinance; boycott follows and bus segregation ordinance is declared unconstitutional.
Federal Interstate Commerce Commission bans segregation on interstate trains and buses.
1956 -- Coalition of Southern congressmen calls for massive resistance to Supreme Court desegregation rulings.
1957 -- Arkansas Gov. Orval Rubus uses National Guard to block nine black students from attending a Little Rock High School; following a court order, President Eisenhower sends in federal troops to ensure compliance.
1960 -- Four black college students begin sit-ins at lunch counter of a Greensboro, North Carolina, restaurant where black patrons are not served.
Congress approves a watered-down voting rights act after a filibuster by Southern senators.
1961 -- Freedom Rides begin from Washington, D.C., into Southern states.
1962 -- President Kennedy sends federal troops to the University of Mississippi to quell riots so that James Meredith, the school\'s first black student, can attend.
The Supreme Court rules that segregation is unconstitutional in all transportation facilities.
The Department of Defense orders full integration of military reserve units, the National Guard excluded.
1963 -- Civil rights leader Medgar Evers is killed by a sniper\'s bullet.
Race riots prompt modified martial law in Cambridge, Maryland.
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivers I Have a Dream speech to hundreds of thousands at the March on Washington.
Church bombing in Birmingham, Alabama, leaves four young black girls dead.
1964 -- Congress passes Civil Rights Act declaring discrimination based on race illegal after 75-day long filibuster.
Three civil rights workers disappear in Mississippi after being stopped for speeding; found buried six weeks later.
Riots in Harlem, Philadelphia.
1965 -- March from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, to demand protection for voting rights; two civil rights workers slain earlier in the year in Selma.
Malcolm X assassinated.
Riot in Watts, Los Angeles.
New voting rights act signed.
1966 -- Edward Brooke, R-Massachusetts, elected first black U.S. senator in 85 years.
1967 -- Riots in Detroit, Newark, New Jersey.
Thurgood Marshall first black to be named to the Supreme Court.
Carl Stokes (Cleveland) and Richard G. Hatcher (Gary, Indiana) elected first black mayors of major U.S. cities.
1968 -- Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee; James Earl Ray later convicted and sentenced to 99 years in prison.
Poor People\'s March on Washington -- planned by King before his death -- goes on.
1973 -- Maynard Jackson (Atlanta), first black elected mayor of a major Southern U.S. city.
1975 --Voting Rights Act extended.
1978 -- Supreme Court rules that medical school admission programs that set aside positions based on race are unconstitutional (Bakke decision).
1979 -- Shoot-out in Greensboro, North Carolina, leaves five anti-Klan protesters dead; 12 Klansmen charged with murder.
1983 -- Martin Luther King Jr. federal holiday established.
1988 -- Congress passes Civil Rights Restoration Act over President Reagan\'s veto.
1989 -- Army Gen. Colin Powell becomes first black to serve as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
1989 -- L. Douglas Wilder (Virginia) becomes first black elected governor.
1990 -- President Bush vetoes a civil rights bill he says would impose quotas for employers; weaker bill passes muster in 1991.
1991 -- Civil rights museum opens at King assassination site in Memphis.
1994 -- Byron De La Beckwith convicted of 1963 Medgar Evers assassination.
1995 -- Supreme Court rules that federal programs that use race as a categorical classification must have compelling government interest to do so.
1996 -- Supreme Court rules consideration of race in creating congressional districts is unconstitutional.
历史告诉我们，既得利益者不会轻易放弃他们的权利，这是一个长期斗争和争取的过程。这不可能通过一个几周的运动就实现了。
从美国civil rights movement历史看了，中国民主进程缺乏以下几点：
１． 一个开放的社会环境
２． 带有理想主义的领袖
３． 据有纲领，和长期努力的组织
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