历史上的八月二十三日

历史上的8/23日

今天是8/23日，2023年的第235天，今年还剩130天。
世界历史上的今天发生了如下值得我关注的事件：

1，1856
美国女科学家Eunice Foote展示她的关于全球变暖的研究
2，1884
马尾海战爆发
3，1939
苏德签订臭名昭著的《苏德互不侵犯条约》
4，1942
斯大林格勒保卫战打响
5，2021
美国食品药品监督管理局批准辉瑞新冠肺炎疫苗

以下是较为详细的介绍和编者按?

1856
美国女科学家Eunice Foote展示她的关于全球变暖的研究

1856年8月23日，Eunice Foote的作品在纽约奥尔巴尼举行的美国科学促进协会（AAAS）会议上发表。她是第一个阐明大气中二氧化碳可能导致全球变暖的人。

Eunice Foote’s research on global warming is presented publicly
On August 23, 1856, Eunice Foote's work is presented to a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in Albany, New York. She is the first to articulate the possibility of global warming from carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

1884
马尾海战爆发

1884年8月23日，停泊于福建马尾的法国舰队突然向大清福建水师发起攻击，马尾海战爆发。时逢落潮，大部分中国军舰舰尾朝向法舰，暴露在法方炮火之下，无法进行有力还击，但广大爱国官兵仍英勇抵抗，扬武号、扬威号、飞云号、福星号、福胜号等舰官兵皆壮烈殉国，福建水师全军覆没，马尾船厂被毁。这是中国近代海军史上惨痛的一页。

编者?一页一页的惨痛，一篇一篇的控诉，why？

1939
苏德签订臭名昭著的《苏德互不侵犯条约》

1939年8月23日，德国外长里宾特洛甫到苏联访问，同斯大林、莫洛托夫举行会谈。当晚，苏德两国签订互不侵犯条约及其秘密协议书。条约规定：缔约双方不得采取任何侵略行动，不得使用武力进攻对方，一方遭到进攻时另一方不得援助进攻之国等。秘密协定书则划分了苏德在东欧地区的势力范围。条约签订后，苏联加紧建立“东方战线”，扩展了西部边界，争取了更多的备战时间。1941年6月22日，德国撕毁《苏德互不侵犯条约》，执行巴巴罗萨计划，以闪电战战术，企图快速攻克苏联北至阿尔汉格尔斯克、南至阿斯特拉罕的西部领土，摧毁苏联打造的“东方战线”，苏德战争爆发。 
编者?这是分赃合同；是希特勒的缓兵之计合同；合同是人签订的，也是人撕毁的，合同一纸，随意签，随意撕；有何意义！编者?

Germany, Soviet Union sign non-aggression pact

On August 23, 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union sign a non-aggression pact, stunning the world, given their diametrically opposed ideologies. But the dictators were, despite appearances, both playing to their own political needs.
After Nazi Germany’s invasion of Czechoslovakia, Britain had to decide to what extent it would intervene should Hitler continue German expansion. Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, at first indifferent to Hitler’s capture of the Sudetenland, the German-speaking area of Czechoslovakia, suddenly snapped to life when Poland became threatened. He made it plain that Britain would be obliged to come to the aid of Poland in the event of German invasion. But he wanted, and needed, an ally. The only power large enough to stop Hitler, and with a vested interest in doing so, was the Soviet Union. But Stalin was cool to Britain after its effort to create a political alliance with Britain and France against Germany had been rebuffed a year earlier. Plus, Poland’s leaders were less than thrilled with the prospect of Russia becoming its guardian; to them, it was simply occupation by another monstrous regime.
WWII Spy Strategy

Hitler believed that Britain would never take him on alone, so he decided to swallow his fear and loathing of communism and cozy up to the Soviet dictator, thereby pulling the rug out from the British initiative. Both sides were extremely suspicious of the other, trying to discern ulterior motives. But Hitler was in a hurry; he knew if he was to invade Poland it had to be done quickly, before the West could create a unified front. Agreeing basically to carve up parts of Eastern Europe—and leave each other alone in the process—Hitler’s foreign minister, Joachim von Ribbentrop, flew to Moscow and signed the non-aggression pact with his Soviet counterpart, V.M. Molotov (which is why the pact is often referred to as the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact). Supporters of bolshevism around the world had their heretofore romantic view of “international socialism” ruined; they were outraged that Stalin would enter into any kind of league with the fascist dictator.

1942
斯大林格勒保卫战打响

1942年8月23日，德国主力部队渡过顿河，对斯大林格勒展开全面进攻，二战期间举世闻名的斯大林格勒保卫战从这一天开始。
德国企图迅速攻下斯大林格勒和高加索，以切断伏尔加河这条贯通南北的交通命脉，夺取巴库油田、乌克兰小麦、顿巴斯的煤，以加强自己的战争经济，然后向东北迂回包抄莫斯科，南出波斯湾。为了达到这个目的，德军主力每天出动上千架飞机，投下了100多万颗炸弹，把斯大林格勒炸成一片废墟。苏联军民怀着誓死保卫斯大林格勒的钢铁意志，冒着敌人的狂轰滥炸，在废墟堆中和冲进市区的敌人展开惊心动魄的搏斗，打退了德军一次次整师、整团的集团冲锋。每寸土地，每座楼房，每条街道都成了德军丧生之地。
斯大林及时聚集了大量的后备部队，在同年11月19日，以迅雷不及掩耳之势，突破德军防线，转入大反攻，构成“铁钳之势”，在5天之内，就把聚集在斯大林格勒城下的33万德军包围起来。1943年元旦过后，苏军以5000门大炮进行猛烈轰击，到2月2日，全部歼灭了被围德军。这次保卫战以苏军的彻底胜利而告终。

2021
美国食品药品监督管理局批准辉瑞新冠肺炎疫苗

2021年8月23日，在对该公司的扩大临床试验进行制造审查和分析后，美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）完全批准了针对16岁及以上人群的辉瑞生物科技新冠肺炎疫苗，该试验包括约44,000名参与者，并发现该疫苗在预防新冠肺炎方面有91%的有效性。

编者?当时中国政府在通过第一阶段严格封城赢得抗疫初步胜利之后，应该放下身段，为了本国公民的健康福祉与西方国家合作生产高效疫苗或者直接向西方国家购买高效疫苗，进一步科学防疫。没成想当局者鲁莽蛮干，置草民百姓生命、国计民生于不顾，仅靠野蛮封城；错失良机，导致死人无数，经济疲惫。
保住了一个人的面子，
丧失了无数人的生命。编者?
FDA fully approves the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine

On August 23, 2021, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) fully approves the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine for people aged 16 and older, following a manufacturing review and analysis of the company’s expanded clinical trial, which included approximately 44,000 participants and found the vaccine to be 91 percent effective in preventing COVID-19.