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历史上的八月十四号

(2023-08-14 04:18:25) 下一个

历史上的8/14

 

今天是8/14日,2023年的第226天,今年还剩139天。

世界历史上的今天发生了如下值得我关注的事件:

11784

俄罗斯人在阿拉斯加定居

21900

八国联军侵占北京

31917

中国正式对德国、奥地利宣战

41935

FDR签署《社会保障法》

51945

中华民国与苏联签订《中苏友好同盟条约》

61947

巴基斯坦独立

71953

苏联宣布拥有氢弹

81997

科学家发现最早的人类足迹

 

以下是较为详细的介绍:

 

1784

俄罗斯人在阿拉斯加定居

 

欧洲在1741由丹麦航海家Vitus Bering率领的俄罗斯探险队发现了阿拉斯加大陆。俄罗斯猎人很快就入侵了阿拉斯加,岛上土著阿罗伊特人因接触外国疾病后遭受了巨大损失。

 

1784年八月十四日,俄罗斯毛皮商人格里戈里·谢利霍夫(Grigory Shelikhov)在科迪亚克岛上,建立了三圣湾(Three Saints Bay),这是俄罗斯在阿拉斯加的第一个永久定居点。三圣湾殖民地于建立后,谢利霍夫与他的妻子和200名男子在那里生活了两年。从三圣湾探索了阿拉斯加大陆,并建立了其他毛皮贸易中心。1786年,谢利霍夫回到俄罗斯,1790年派遣亚历山大·巴拉诺夫管理他在阿拉斯加的事务。

 

Russians settle Alaska

On Kodiak Island, Grigory Shelikhov, a Russian fur trader, founds Three Saints Bay, the first permanent Russian settlement in Alaska.

The European discovery of Alaska came in 1741, when a Russian expedition led by Danish navigator Vitus Bering sighted the Alaskan mainland. Russian hunters were soon making incursions into Alaska, and the Indigenous Aleut population suffered greatly after being exposed to foreign diseases. The Three Saints Bay colony was founded on Kodiak Island in 1784, and Shelikhov lived there for two years with his wife and 200 men. From Three Saints Bay, the Alaskan mainland was explored, and other fur-trade centers were established. In 1786, Shelikhov returned to Russia and in 1790 dispatched Aleksandr Baranov to manage his affairs in Alaska.

 

1900

八国联军侵占北京

 

    1900814日,是北京历史上永远不能忘却的日子。这一天,由世界上八个主要帝国主义国家英、美、德、意、日、法、俄、奥组成的侵华联军占领了北京城。

 

1917

中国正式对德国、奥地利宣战

 

  1917814日,北京政府发布《大总统布告》,正式宣布对德、奥宣战。布告称:我中华民国政府前以德国施行潜水艇计划,违背国际公法,危害中立国人民生命财产,曾于本年二月九日向德政府提出抗议,并声明万一抗议无效,不得已将与德国断绝外交关系等语。不意抗议之后,其潜水艇计划曾不少变,中立国之船只,交战国之商船,横被轰毁,日增其数。……遂于三月十四日向德政府宣告断绝外交关系,并将经过情形宣示中外。……与德国取同一政策之奥国,亦始终未改其度。既背公法,复伤害吾人民,我政府责善之深心,至是实己绝望。爰自中华民国六年八月十四日上午十时起,对德国、奥国宣告立于战争地位。所有以前我国与德、奥两国订立之条约及其他国际条款、国际协议属于中德、中奥之关系者,悉依据国际公法及惯例,一律废止。

 

China declares war on Germany

On August 14, 1917, as World War I enters its fourth year, China abandons its neutrality and declares war on Germany.

From its inception, the Great War was by no means confined to the European continent; in the Far East, two rival nations, Japan and China, sought to find their own role in the great conflict. The ambitious Japan, an ally of Britain since 1902, wasted no time in entering the fray, declaring war on Germany on August 23, 1914 and immediately plotting to capture Tsingtao, the biggest German overseas naval base, located on the Shantung Peninsula in China, by amphibious assault. Some 60,000 Japanese troops, assisted by two British battalions, subsequently violated Chinese neutrality with an overland approach from the sea towards Tsingtao, capturing the naval base on November 7 when the German garrison surrendered. That January, Japan presented China with the so-called 21 Demands, which included the extension of direct Japanese control over most of Shantung, southern Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia and the seizure of more territory, including islands in the South Pacific controlled by Germany.

 

1935

FDR签署《社会保障法》

 

富兰克林总统罗斯福于1935814日签署了《社会保障法》。新闻摄影师扑捉到了这一历史性镜头:FDR罗斯福在国会高级议员的陪同下,签署了一项历史性法案,以保证失业者和退休人员的收入。罗斯福赞扬了国会他认为的爱国行为。

 

1932年,罗斯福在大萧条时期掌舵了这个国家,这是该国最严重的经济危机。《社会保障法》(SSA)与他的其他新政计划保持一致,包括建立工程进度管理局和平民保护团,该团试图通过让美国人重返工作岗位来将美国从大萧条中提升出来。

 

FDR signs Social Security Act

 

President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs into law the Social Security Act on August 14, 1935. Press photographers snapped pictures as FDR, flanked by ranking members of Congress, signed into law the historic act, which guaranteed an income for the unemployed and retirees. FDR commended Congress for what he considered to be a “patriotic” act.

Roosevelt had taken the helm of the country in 1932 in the midst of the Great Depression, the nation’s worst economic crisis. The Social Security Act (SSA) was in keeping with his other “New Deal” programs, including the establishment of the Works Progress Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps, which attempted to hoist America out of the Great Depression by putting Americans back to work.

 

1945

中华民国与苏联签订《中苏友好同盟条约》

t01ad6d5c44874935da.png

《中苏友好同盟条约》,是1945814日中华民国政府与苏联政府就对日作战后期及战争结束后解决双方争议问题的一个条约。根据条约换文,中华民国政府允许将依公正的公民投票的结果决定外蒙古是否独立。19451020日,外蒙人民在外蒙当局的监视和控制下进行公民投票,结果显示97.8%的公民赞成外蒙古独立。中华人民共和国成立后﹐根据1950年签订《中苏友好同盟互助条约》时的换文规定﹐《中苏友好同盟条约》失效。

 

1947

巴基斯坦独立

 

每年814日庆祝的独立日(乌尔都语:???? ?????; Yāum-e-?zādi)是巴基斯坦的国定假日。它纪念巴基斯坦在19478月英属印度终止后获得独立并被宣布为主权国家的那一天。巴基斯坦的独立是巴基斯坦民族运动的成果,该运动旨在通过分治,在英属印度西北部地区建立一个独立的穆斯林国家。1][2][3]该运动由穆罕默德·阿里·真纳领导的全印度穆斯林联盟领导。

 

在伊斯兰日历中,独立日恰逢斋月27日,斋月27日前夕是Laylat al-Qadr,被穆斯林视为神圣的。

 

档案上巴基斯坦先印度一天从英国独立。

 

Pakistan Independence Day 

 

images.jpg

14 August 1947

 

Pakistan emerged in 1947 from a British India, which was partitioned into two Dominions, India and Pakistan. On 14 August 1947, Pakistan achieved independence one day prior to Indian independence.

 

Independence Day (Urdu???? ?????Yāum-e-?zādi), observed annually on 14 August, is a national holiday in Pakistan. It commemorates the day when Pakistan achieved independence and was declared a sovereign state following the termination of the British Raj in August of 1947. Pakistan came into existence as a result of the Pakistan Movement, which aimed for the creation of an independent Muslim state in the north-western regions of British India via partition.[1][2][3] The movement was led by the All-India Muslim Leagueunder the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The event was brought forth by the Indian Independence Act 1947 under which the British Raj gave independence to the Dominion of Pakistan which comprised West Pakistan (present-day Pakistan) and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). During that time, In the Islamic calendar, the day of independence coincided with Ramadan 27, the eve of which, being Laylat al-Qadr, is regarded as sacred by Muslims.

 

1953

苏联宣布拥有氢弹

 

1953814苏联宣布拥有氢弹,1953814日,苏联总理马林科夫宣布美国已不再垄断氢弹的生产了。

 

1997

科学家发现最早的人类足迹

 

  1997814日,美国和南非的两名科学家在华盛顿宣布,他们发现了11.7万年前人类祖先脚印的化石,这是迄今为止所发现的最早的人类祖先的足迹。

 

这组脚印是由美国古人类学家李·伯格和南非地理学家大卫·罗伯茨19959月在南非开普敦以北约97公里处的大西洋海岸的岩石中发现的。经过近两年的研究,他们认为这组脚印是人类祖先留下的,脚印长21.6厘米,可能是一名身高1.6l米的妇女的脚樱当时,暴雨过后,沙滩潮湿,脚印留下后很快被大风吹来的细沙掩埋,后经漫长岁月形成砂砾岩石,脚印因此被保留下来。

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