历史上的6/21日
今天是6/21日,2023年的第172天,今年还剩193天。
人类历史上的今天,发生了如下值得我关注的事件:
1788
美国宪法获批准生效
到1786年,独立战争后战争《邦联条例》的缺陷显而易见,例如对外国和国内商业缺乏中央权威;因此国会批准了起草新宪法的计划。1787年5月25日,制宪会议在费城独立厅召开。1787年9月17日,在大会主席乔治·华盛顿主持的三个月辩论后,出席大会结束时的41名代表中的38人签署了新的美国宪法,该宪法创建了一个强大的联邦政府,具有复杂的制衡制度。根据第七条的规定,该文件必须在13个州中的9个州批准方能生效。1788年6月21日:新罕布什尔州成为第九个也是最后一个批准美国宪法的必要州,从而使该文件成为国家的法律。
June 21, 1788: New Hampshire becomes the ninth and last necessary state to ratify the Constitution of the United States, thereby making the document the law of the land.
By 1786, defects in the post-Revolutionary War Articles of Confederation were apparent, such as the lack of central authority over foreign and domestic commerce. Congress endorsed a plan to draft a new constitution, and on May 25, 1787, the Constitutional Convention convened at Independence Hall in Philadelphia. On September 17, 1787, after three months of debate moderated by convention president George Washington, the new U.S. constitution, which created a strong federal government with an intricate system of checks and balances, was signed by 38 of the 41 delegates present at the conclusion of the convention. As dictated by Article VII, the document would not become binding until it was ratified by nine of the 13 states.
——1900
清廷向列强宣战
(The Qing government declared war on the powers)
公元1900年6月21日( 庚子年五月廿五),八国联军进攻大沽炮台,中国清政府发布诏书,号召全国军民与西方侵略者们“一决雌雄”。后来,这份诏书一般称为“宣战诏书”。
不久,北京都城沦陷,朝廷逃亡,史称“庚子事变”。随后,清政府又答应八国“议和大纲”,被迫接受赔款要求。赔款共计4.5亿两,分39年还清。也就是说,列强让每一个中国人都感受到了赔款的存在,蒙受了国家无能的耻辱。这笔巨款连本带息,总数达白银10亿两以上,相当于清政府年财政收入的12倍,史称“庚子赔款”。但列强似乎有“良心发现”,先后又对庚款进行了有条件的退赔。 [4]
——1970
1970年国际足联世界杯决赛在墨西哥城阿兹特克体育场举行:贝利带领的巴西队在107412名观众观看之下,以4-1击败意大利,夺得本届世界杯冠军。也使巴西队和球星贝利成为3次赢得世界杯的第一支球队和球员,(巴西赢得了1958年、1962年和1970年的世界杯).
(而德国赢得了1954年、1974年和1990年的世界杯。没有其他球队赢得三次或更多的世界杯。)—-编者按
1970 FIFA World Cup Final, Estadio Azteca, Mexico City: Brazil and Pelé become first team and player to win World Cup 3 times, beating Italy, 4-1 in front of 107,412
——1982
行刺美国总统罗纳德·里根的刺客被判无罪
1982年6月21日,枪击里根总统及其他3人时在场的约翰·W·欣克利因精神失常,被判无罪。然而,由于他对社会的明显威胁,他被安置在华盛顿圣.伊丽莎白医院,一家精神病院接受治疗。20世纪90年代末,Hinckley的律师开始争辩说,Hinkley的精神疾病已经缓解,因此他有权恢复正常生活。从1999年8月开始,他被允许在医院场地进行有监督的一日游,后来又被允许在没有监督的情况下每周去看望父母一次。2018年,他完全被释放。
一个升斗小民行刺美国总统,却被判无罪,堂堂的美国总统白白地吃了枪子儿,这说明什么?
——编者按
John Hinckley Jr., who attempted to assassinate Ronald Reagan, found not guilty
John W. Hinckley, Jr., who on March 30, 1981, shot President Ronald Reagan and three others outside a Washington, D.C., hotel, was found not guilty of attempted murder by reason of insanity.
The June 1982 verdict of “not guilty by reason of insanity” aroused widespread public criticism, and many were shocked that a would-be presidential assassin could avoid being held accountable for his crime. However, because of his obvious threat to society, he was placed in St. Elizabeth’s Hospital, a mental institution. In the late 1990s, Hinckley’s attorney began arguing that Hinkley’s mental illness was in remission and thus he had a right to return to a normal life. Beginning in August 1999, he was allowed supervised day trips off the hospital grounds and later was allowed to visit his parents once a week unsupervised. In 2018, he was fully released.
——1990
伊朗发生七点七级大地震
1990年6月21日,伊朗里海附近发生7.7级大地震,地震对该地区简简易房屋造成了严重破坏,造成约5万人死亡,另有13.5万人受伤。
Earthquake devastates Iran
An earthquake near the Caspian Sea in Iran kills an estimated 50,000 and injures another 135,000 people on June 21, 1990. The 7.7-magnitude tremor wrecked havoc on the simply constructed houses in the area.
——1993
英国数学家安德鲁·怀尔斯在356年后证明了法国数学家皮埃尔·德·费马的最后一个定理,这是世界上最困难的数学问题.
1993 English mathematician Andrew Wiles proves last theorem of French mathematician Pierre de Fermat after 356 years, the world's most difficult maths problem.