City Lights
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City Lights is a 1931 English language film written by, directed by and starring Charlie Chaplin. Chaplin also composed the musical score which comprised the majority of the film's sound, since there is no dialogue in the picture.
The Circus, released in 1928, was Chaplin's last film to debut before motion pictures with sound (known as "talkies" at the time) took over. Since The Circus, sound pictures quickly took over as the industry standard. It was not uncommon for silent actors to oppose the arrival of talking pictures. Had Chaplin been anybody else, he probably would not have been able to shoot City Lights as a silent film, but because of his power in Hollywood, and because he had complete artistic and financial control over his work, he was able to make this film silent (except for music, sound effects, and some unintelligible sounds that mock speech). Dialogue is presented with title cards. Charlie Chaplin was known for being a perfectionist; he was famous for doing many more takes than other directors at the time. At one point he actually fired Virginia Cherrill and began re-filming with Georgia Hale, Chaplin's co-star in The Gold Rush. This proved too expensive, even for his budget, and so he later re-hired Cherrill and was able to finish City Lights. (Approximately seven minutes of test footage of Hale survives and is included on the DVD release; excerpts were first seen in the documentary Unknown Chaplin along with an unused opening sequence from the film.) By the time the film was completed, silent films were unpopular. However, it was one of the great financial and artistic successes of Chaplin's career, and remained his own personal favorite of all his films. He was especially fond of the last scene. He commented: “ [I]n City Lights just the last scene … I’m not acting …. Almost apologetic, standing outside myself and looking … It’s a beautiful scene, beautiful, and because it isn’t over-acted.[1]
Plot
The plot concerns Chaplin's Tramp, broke and homeless, meeting a poor blind girl (Virginia Cherrill) selling flowers on the streets and falling in love with her. The blind girl mistakes him for a millionaire. Since he wants to help her and doesn't want to disappoint her he keeps up the charade. He saves a millionaire from committing suicide and the running gag throughout the film is when the millionaire is drunk he is the best of friends with the tramp right until he sobers up and can't remember him. Meanwhile the tramp works small jobs such as street sweeping and enters a boxing contest, all to raise money for an operation to restore the girl's sight.
In the end it is a casual gift of a thousand dollars from his drunken millionaire friend that eventually will pay for the operation that restores the blind girl's sight. Unfortunately like many of the tramp's efforts things go wrong and he is mistakenly accused of stealing the money when the millionaire sobers up. But the tramp manages to get the money to the blind girl, telling her that he is going away on a trip shortly before he is arrested and sent to jail for several months. The ending is widely acclaimed as one of cinema's most touching. Released from jail, the tramp ends up on the same street corner where the flower girl, her sight restored, has opened up a flower shop with her grandmother; every time a rich man comes into the shop she wonders if this is her mysterious benefactor. The tramp spots a flower in the gutter and as he goes to pick it up is tormented by a couple of kids as the flower girl laughs. Then he turns around, sees her, and stops. She laughs and tells her grandmother she has made another conquest. Seeing the flower fall apart in his hand, she goes out to give him a flower and a coin - and then she touches his hand and stops when she realizes it feels familiar. Slowly her hand goes up to touch the face of the tramp. 'You?' she says as she realizes that the tramp before her is the reason she can see. 'Yes' replies the nervous tramp, his face a map of shame, pride, love and devotion. 'You can see now?,' he asks. 'Yes. I can see now,' she replies (in later prints Chaplin removed the last title card since it was obvious what she is saying). The film ends with a close up of the tramp and the music continues to swell for some time after the shot fades to black. This ending has been mimicked in numerous films including Manhattan, Magnolia and La dolce vita.
Cast
Virginia Cherrill - A Blind Girl
Florence Lee - The Blind Girl's Grandmother
Harry Myers - An Eccentric Millionaire
Al Ernest Garcia - The Eccentric Millionaire's Butler (as Allan Garcia)
Hank Mann - A Prizefighter
Charles Chaplin - A Tramp
Reception
Charlie Chaplin and Virginia Cherrill in City Lights.Several well-known directors have praised City Lights. In 1963, the American magazine Cinema asked Stanley Kubrick what he felt were the top-ten films; he listed City Lights at number 5. In 1972, renowned Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky was asked to list his 10 favorite films and placed City Lights at number 5 whilst expressing his admiration for the director, "Chaplin is the only person to have gone down into cinematic history without any shadow of a doubt. The films he left behind can never grow old." Celebrated Italian director, Federico Fellini, has often praised this film and his Nights of Cabiria makes quotations from it. In the 2003 documentary Charlie: The Life and Art of Charles Chaplin, Woody Allen said it was Chaplin's best picture. Allen is said to have based the final scene of his 1978 film Manhattan on the final scene of City Lights. Of the final scene, critic James Agee wrote in Life magazine in 1949 that it was the "greatest single piece of acting ever committed to celluloid". The film has been selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. In 2007, the American Film Institute's tenth anniversary edition of "100 Years...100 Movies" named City Lights the eleventh greatest American film of all time (in the original list the AFI ranked the film 76th), making it both the highest ranking silent film and comedy. For the first Sight and Sound poll of the ten best films of all time in 1952, City Lights was voted the second best film of all time, bested only by DeSica's Bicycle Thieves.[2] Though it has not reappeared on subsequent lists (voted on by select critics every ten years) City Lights did receive five votes in the 2002 poll, making its ranking 45th.[3] In the first ever Sight and Sound poll of directors in 2002, City Lights received 8 votes, giving it an overall ranking of 19th.[4] French experimental musician and film critic Michel Chion has written an analysis of City Lights, published as Les Lumières de la ville. Slavoj Žižek also used the film as a primary example in one of his essays on Jacques Lacan, Why Does a Letter Always Arrive at Its Destination?. Rock singer-songwriter Lou Reed wrote a tribute to Chaplin called "City Lights" on his 1979 album The Bells.
References
- ^ City Lights at charliechaplin.com
- ^ British Film Institute: The Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll: 1952
- ^ British Film Institute: The Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll 2002 (critics' list)
- ^ British Film Institute: The Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll 2002 (directors' list)
Retrived from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Lights
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