今天是国际母语日
联合国教科文组织于 1999 年将每年的 2 月 21 日规定为国际母语日( The International Mother Language Day ),旨在倡导语言的多样化和多元文化。
每一个民族都有自己的语言,语言是文化不可分割的一部分,它维系着一个民族的精神和情感,尤其对于中国人,我们的母语,甚至成了我们崇拜的精神图腾。
可是,由于方块字和发音没有必然的联系,这就造成了我们的方言俚语五里不同音十里不同调,同一种语言就分成了许许多多“方言”。
一个传统的“大一统”国家,自然需要一个“共同的语言”,中国历史上出现过好几种“官话”,上世纪的 50 年代,中国政府制定了汉语拼音方案,确立了“普通话”为中国的官方语言。
由于政府过分的强调“人人都说普通话”,造成了许多方言的流失,如今以粤语和吴语的困境最为显著。在广州,曾有千人游行“捍卫粤语”,上海有大学教授发明了电脑“上海话输入法”。
中国人对于“家乡话”非常的敏感,老乡异地相逢,只要一开口找到了同胞,自然两眼泪汪汪。于是,中国人对于政府强制的普通话政策多有抵触。
平心而论,普通话由于是以北方方言为基础,以北京话发音为基调,完全忽略了南方方言的特征,确实对于中国这样一个幅员辽阔的国家来说不是一个成熟的语言政策,不过,木已成舟,再改是不可能,对于民间的不满,我们则应该正确认识和引导。
看到有人将一份 2003 年联合国教科文组织的一份资料拿来以证明“联合国将粤语列为语言而不是方言”颇感不解。
语言和方言有区别吗?
语言就是语言,方言是语言的一个种类,方言当然是语言!就中国而言,中国的所有语言都是方言,包括 Mandarin 。如果说“语言”是指一个国家的官方语,那对应的方言则是一个特定地区所使用的语言。
现代汉语的方言可按语系分为七大种:
1. 北方方言。以北京话为代表,使用的人口占汉族总人数的 70% 以上
2. 吴方言。以上海话为代表,使用人口约中汉族总人口的 8.4% 。
3. 粤方言。以广州话为代表,使用人口约占汉族总人口数的 5%
4. 湘方言。以长沙话为代表,使用人世间口约占汉族总人口数的 5% 。
5. 闽方言。以福州、厦门话为代表,使用人口约占汉族总人口数的 4.2% 。
6. 客家方言。以广东梅县话为代表,使用人口约占汉族总人口数的 4% 。
7. 赣方言。以南昌话为代表,使用人口占汉族总人口数的 2.4% 。
由于粤语在海外的影响,西方人一度认为粤语是中国的官方语言,事实上,在中华民国成立初期,国会在讨论设立官方语言的时候曾一度有将粤语设为“国语”,但由于历史的影响,亦由于孙中山从大局出发,否定了粤语成为国语的提案。
这里要说明的是,英语“ Mandarin ”本质上指的是“满族官员用语”,其实也是一种方言,中国的官方语言严格说应该是“ Pu Tong Hua ”。
就语言学而言,没有“语言”和“方言”的区别,但由于社会文化或政治的影响,某种强势语言成为“官话”,人们有时又把语言和方言分开。语言学家 Max Weinreich 曾幽默地说:“语言不过是有陆军和海军的方言”( A language is a dialect with an army and navy )——谁的拳头硬,谁说的话就是(官方)语言。
至于联合国教科文组织引用的文件来由马里兰州教育局的 Frank Edgerton 提供,只是列出了全世界各个国家和地区的官方语言和使用最广的日常语言( Leading languages in daily use )。
对于中国,该文的条文是:
China
Official Languages = Mandarin
Leading Languages in daily use = Mandarin, Cantonese, Xiang, Min, Hakka
粤语列在了 Mandarin 之后,其它“语言”还有“湘”,“闽”,“客家”,可是,真正使用最广的吴语却没有列入,可见这一条文并不准确。
无论如何,我们不必在乎哪种语言如何如何,作为中国人,我们都应该爱护自己的母语——汉语,我们身在海外,更有责任让我们的下一代了解自己的母语,通过母语了解那个养育了我们祖祖辈辈的家园。
上海已故著名语文教师商友敬说:“我梦想所有的语文老师,都能给孩子打开一片语言的空间,我说的主要是汉语,我们的母语,我们朝夕与共、血肉相连的母语。”
我们这些游子别忘了母语,同时督促我们的小洋鬼子们学好母语。
正如联合国教科文组织总干事伊琳娜·博科娃在今年国际母语日上所说:“语言的活力在于 那些使用语言并致力于保护那些语言的人,语言的多样化是一个活资源,让我们好好地利用它并受益与它。”
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联合国教科文组织总干事伊琳娜•博科娃在今年国际母语日上的讲话
Message from Ms Irina Bokova, Director-General of UNESCO, on the occasion of International Mother Language Day
UNESCO, 21 February 2012
Nelson Mandela once said that “if you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his language, that goes to his heart”. The language of our thoughts and our emotions is our most valuable asset.
Multilingualism is our ally in ensuring quality education for all, in promoting inclusion and in combating discrimination. Building genuine dialogue is premised on respect for languages. Each representation of a better life, each development goal is expressed in a language, with specific words to bring it to life and communicate it. Languages are who we are; by protecting them, we protect ourselves.
UNESCO has celebrated International Mother Language Day for 12 years now and directs its energies towards protecting linguistic diversity. This thirteenth celebration is dedicated to multilingualism for inclusive education. The work of researchers and the impact of multilingualism policies have proven that people perceive intuitively that linguistic diversity accelerates the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and Education for All goals in particular. Use of the mother tongue at school is a powerful remedy against illiteracy. The challenge, however, lies in achieving this truth in the classroom. Excluded population groups, such as indigenous peoples, are often those whose mother tongues are ignored by education systems.
Allowing them to learn from a very early age in their mother tongue, and then in national, official or other languages, promotes equality and social inclusion.
UNESCO Mobile Learning Week has shown that use of mobile technologies in education is an excellent means of boosting inclusive education. Combined with multilingualism, these technologies increase our scope for action tenfold. Let us make the most of them. Our generation is advantaged by having new communication media and a new Internet-based worldwide public arena: it cannot accept an impoverishment of languages.
Linguistic diversity is our common heritage. It is fragile heritage. Nearly half of the more than 6,000 languages spoken in the world could die out by the end of the century. UNESCO’s Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger is the performance chart for this struggle. Language loss impoverishes humanity. It is a retreat in the defence of everyone’s rights to be heard, to learn and to communicate. Moreover, each language also conveys cultural heritage that increases our creative diversity.
Cultural diversity is as important as biological diversity in nature. They are closely linked. Some indigenous peoples’ languages carry knowledge on the biodiversity and management of ecosystems. This linguistic potential is an asset for sustainable development and deserves to be shared. UNESCO also intends to highlight this message at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio.
The vitality of languages depends on all those who speak them and rally round to protect them. UNESCO pays tribute to them and ensures that their voices are heard when education, development and social cohesion policies are being formulated.
Multilingualism is a living resource; let us use it for the benefit of all.
Irina Bokova
I expect the aggregated percentage should be great than 100% because many people use more then one dialects. Of course, I don't know the ratio of deaf and speech impaired in Han.
你現在因該是在國外,如果你跟不同族的兩個朋友在一起,他們兩個不說普通話而說家鄉話,把你分開,不知道你是怎麼個感想,是覺得非常的舒服呢,還是覺得三個人在一起應該說大家都聽得懂的語言好呢?
粤语是很古老的语言, 秦始皇派50万秦兵驻番禺 (现在的广州), 这50万人与他们后代全留在广东。我太太是陕西人,一对比陕西土话与粤语,才发现粤语有很多秦腔痕迹。
至于普通话, 参照元剧 (绝大部分用当时北京用语写的)就知道普通话只是在中国流传200多年一种外族语言。
明朝南京为都时, 当时官话肯定时淮西话, 不跟从皇帝的语言回人头落地的。 然而, 朱棣定都北京, 也应该是淮西话, 因朱棣为马皇后所出。
现在只是在中国民间,几乎没有人会讲满语,读满文。
然而, 满洲人原是女真族, 源自西伯利亚, 现在仍有很多女真族人住在西伯利亚, 他们仍然说满语 (女真语), 但满文却没有, 因为满文是占领了中国, 在中国才有。
Thanks for sharing!
I met a language expert before ( he was from Italy) and he had the same view on languages: 语言就是语言,方言是语言的一个种类,方言当然是语言!