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Cancer therapeutics continue to be one of the most active areas, in terms of drug development, there is still a significant unmet need in this domain. In fact, conventional cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy, surgery and radiation therapy, have demonstrated very limited efficacy in late-stage cancers.
The global CAR T-cell therapy market size is projected to grow from USD 4.6 billion in 2024 to USD 15.2 billion by 2035, growing at a CAGR of 11.4% during the period, till 2035.
Fundamentals of Cancer Immunotherapy
Once the body recognizes an entity as foreign, it is capable of mounting an immune response against it that ultimately results in the selective elimination of the foreign entity. Moreover, the immune system retains a memory of the event and has the capability to keep it from relapsing. Immuno-oncology involves the study of the above phenomenon in order to develop novel treatment options that leverage innate potential of the immune system to treat disease in a specific manner and prevent it from recurring. Immunotherapies have been shown to stimulate the immune system in the following ways:
- Blocking immune inhibitory signals
- Activating immunostimulatory pathways
- Stimulating components of the innate and adaptive immune systems to elicit a disease-specific immune response
Classification of Cancer Immunotherapies
By Mechanism of Action
Based on mechanism of action, there are two main classes of cancer immunotherapies, namely active and passive immunotherapies. Further details on these classes are highlighted in the following sections.
- Active Immunotherapy: Active immunotherapy aims to stimulate / activate the immune system using methods, such as administration of diseases-specific antigens to invoke an immune response. In case of cancers, the antigens present on tumor cells are used to train / stimulate the immune system to combat the specific disease. Once specific tumor antigens are recognized by the immune system, the body activates and mobilizes an army of lymphocytes and natural killer cells to detect and specifically eliminate the population of cells bearing the tumor antigen. However, this kind of response is primarily governed by the presence of a unique antigen on the tumor cell that helps distinguish them from healthy cells. Examples of this approach include dendritic cell-based immunotherapy, T-cell based adoptive immunotherapy and therapeutic vaccines.
- Passive Immunotherapy: Passive immunotherapy involves the introduction of pre-sensitized immune system mediators, against a specific antigen, into a diseased host. These components may include one (or more) of several types of immune system mediators, such as antibodies, cytokines, T-cells and macrophages. It is also worth highlighting that this form of therapy provides immediate protection against tumor antigens. Examples of immunosuppressive drugs based on this approach are cytostatic drugs, glucocorticoids and immunophilins.
By Type of Target
Based on the target, Immunotherapies can also be categorized as
- Specific target
- Non-specific target
By Approach
Based on the approach, Immunotherapies can also be categorized as
- Activation immunotherapy
- Suppression immunotherapy
By Product Class
- Monoclonal Antibodies: In this form of immunotherapy, patients are treated with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which are synthesized in vitro and sensitized against tumor antigens. Currently, there are several mAb based therapies available in the market; examples include bevacizumab (Avastin) for lung cancer, colon cancer and breast cancer, and trastuzumab (Herceptin) for HER2+ breast cancer and HER2+ metastatic gastric cancer.
- Bispecific Antibodies: A bispecific antibody (bsAb) is a second-generation immunotherapy, which represents an upgraded version of a monoclonal antibody with an improved structure and functionality. These are essentially antibodies that are synthesized by physically fusing two monoclonal antibodies or the specificity determining regions of two monoclonal antibodies. This results in the formation of chimeric immunoglobulin having different binding specificities that enable it to simultaneously bind to two different epitopes. Depending on the chosen target antigens, a combination product may have additive or synergistic effects in combating a disease.
Research Methodology
Our analysts have performed an accurate examination of the various aspects of the global market leveraging avant-garde primary and secondary sources of data collection. The report has gathered the necessary data and information from several reliable sources. Additionally, the report offers many strategic recommendations for companies involved in this ever-growing business sector to help them attain a competitive edge in the Car T-cell therapy Market.
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